{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:27:57Z","timestamp":1782818877673,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Endocr Metab Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing high and rapid morbidity and mortality. Immune system response plays a crucial role in controlling and resolving the viral infection. Exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoid excess is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, due to impairment of the innate and adaptive immune system. In addition, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and thromboembolism are conditions overrepresented in patients with hypercortisolism. Thus patients with chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess may be at high risk of developing COVID-19 infection with a severe clinical course. Care and control of all comorbidities should be one of the primary goals in patients with hypercortisolism requiring immediate and aggressive treatment. The European Society of Endocrinology (ESE), has recently commissioned an urgent clinical guidance document on management of Cushing\u2019s syndrome in a COVID-19 period. In this review, we aim to discuss and expand some clinical points related to GC excess that may have an impact on COVID-19 infection, in terms of both contagion risk and clinical outcome. This document is addressed to all specialists who approach patients with endogenous or exogenous GC excess and COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T23:07:10Z","timestamp":1602025630000},"page":"703-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Glucocorticoid excess and COVID-19 disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Guarnotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Ferrigno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Barbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Isidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Scaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Arnaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1731-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","volume":"92","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020;92:424\u201332.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"9598_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.043","volume":"76","author":"PR Martins-Filho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martins-Filho PR, Tavares CSS, Santos VS. Factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. A quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical and laboratory data. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:97\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"9598_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","volume":"88","author":"G Arnaldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, Bertagna X, Cavagnini F, Chrousos GP, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5593\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9598_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.010","volume":"37","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pivonello R, De Martino MC, De Leo M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2008;37:135\u201349.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am"},{"key":"9598_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacroix A, Feelders RA, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK (2015) Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Lancet. 29; 386: 913\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1"},{"key":"9598_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00086-3","volume":"4","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, Newell-Price J, Biller BM, Colao A. Complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:611\u201329.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasenmajer V, Sbardella E, Sciarra F, Minnetti M, Isidori AM, Venneri AM (2020) The immune system in Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.04.004"},{"key":"9598_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00951-1","volume":"22","author":"O Ragnarsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ragnarsson O, Olsson DS, Chantzichristos D, Papakokkinou E, Dahlqvist P, Segerstedt E, et al. The incidence of Cushing\u2019s disease: a nationwide Swedish study. Pituitary. 2019;22:179\u201386.","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"key":"9598_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0352","volume":"183","author":"J Newell-Price","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newell-Price J, Nieman L, Reincke M, Tabarin A. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Management of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183:G1\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350337","volume":"21","author":"RC Bakker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bakker RC, Gallas PR, Romijn JA, Wiersinga WM. Cushing\u2019s syndrome complicated by multiple opportunistic infections. J Endocrinol Investig. 1998;21:329\u201333.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"9598_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.278","volume":"83","author":"C Tatsi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tatsi C, Boden R, Sinaii N, Keil M, Lyssikatos C, Belyavskaya E, et al. Decreased lymphocytes and increased risk for infection are common in endogenous pediatric Cushing syndrome. Pediatr Res. 2018;83:431\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"9598_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, Xie C, Ma K, Shang K, Wang W, Tan D (2020) Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020. Clin Infect Dis. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248"},{"key":"9598_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2004-168","volume":"50","author":"A Tufan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tufan A, G\u00fcler A, Matucci-Cerinic M. COVID-19, immune system response, Hyperinflammation and repurposing Antirheumatic drugs. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50:620\u201332.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"9598_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa150","volume":"221","author":"F Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang F, Nie J, Wang H, Zhao Q, Xiong Y, Deng L, et al. Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2020;221:1762\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"9598_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respira- tory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected\u2014 Interim guidance. Published January 28, 2020. Accessed March 13, 2020."},{"key":"9598_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goursaud S, Descamps R, Daubin C, du Cheyron D, Valette X (2020) Corticosteroid use in selected patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome related to Covid-19. J Inf Secur; [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.023"},{"key":"9598_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2","volume":"395","author":"CD Russell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395:473\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"9598_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30361-5","volume":"395","author":"L Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Du R, Cao B. On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Lancet. 2020;395:683\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"9598_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000486002","volume":"49","author":"F Ferrau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrau F, Korbonits M. Metabolic syndrome in Cushing\u2019s syndrome patients. Front Horm Res. 2018;49:85\u2013103.","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"9598_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0119","volume":"55","author":"I Hochberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hochberg I, Harvey I, Tran QT, Stephenson EJ, Barkan AL, Saltiel AR, et al. Gene expression changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue due to Cushing\u2019s disease. J Mol Endocrinol. 2015;55:81\u201394.","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1297","volume":"93","author":"B Kola","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kola B, Christ-Crain M, Lolli F, Arnaldi G, Giacchetti G, Boscaro M, et al. Changes in adenosine 5\u2032-monophosphate-activated protein kinase as a mechanism of visceral obesity in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4969\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9598_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13034","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13034","volume":"21","author":"R Kassir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kassir R. Risk of COVID-19 for patients with obesity. Obes Rev. 2020;21:e13034.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"9598_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.08.006","volume":"37","author":"E Stolarczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stolarczyk E. Adipose tissue inflammation in obesity: a metabolic or immune response? Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2017;37:35\u201340.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"9598_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","volume":"11","author":"K Kuba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11:875\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"9598_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia X, Yin C, Lu S, Chen Y, Liu Q, Bai J, Lu Y (2020) Two things about COVID-19 might need attention. Preprints. 2020020315.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0315.v1"},{"key":"9598_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02837","volume":"10","author":"C Bourgeois","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bourgeois C, Gorwood J, Barrail-Tran A, Lagathu C, Capeau J, Desjardins D, et al. Specific biological features of adipose tissue, and their impact on HIV persistence. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2837.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"9598_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0754","volume":"170","author":"C Giordano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giordano C, Guarnotta V, Pivonello R, Amato MC, Simeoli C, Ciresi A, et al. Is diabetes in Cushing\u2019s syndrome only a consequence of Hypercortisolism? Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;170:311\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0914-9","volume":"55","author":"V Guarnotta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guarnotta V, Amato MC, Pivonello R, Arnaldi G, Ciresi A, Trementino L, et al. The degree of urinary hypercortisolism is not correlated with the severity of cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrine. 2017;55:564\u201372.","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"9598_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1105","volume":"38","author":"C Scaroni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, Boscaro M. Glucose metabolism abnormalities in Cushing syndrome: from molecular basis to clinical management. Endocr Rev. 2017;38:189\u2013219.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"9598_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33213321","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3321","volume":"31","author":"E Maddaloni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: unveiling the interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;31:e33213321.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"9598_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108138","volume":"162","author":"C Villabona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villabona C. Commentary: COVID-19 and diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"9598_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.004","volume":"14","author":"AK Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:303\u201310.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"9598_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3319","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3319","volume":"31","author":"W Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;31:e3319.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"9598_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0375-y","volume":"13","author":"E Lontchi-Yimagou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lontchi-Yimagou E, Sobngwi E, Matsha TE, Kengne AP. Diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:435\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"9598_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.07.003","volume":"21","author":"S Gupta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gupta S, Koirala J, Khardori R, Khardori N. Infections in diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2007;21:617\u201338.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"9598_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0308","volume":"173","author":"AM Isidori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isidori AM, Minnetti M, Sbardella E, Graziadio C, Grossman AB. Mechanisms in endocrinology: the spectrum of haemostatic abnormalities in glucocorticoid excess and defect. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173:R101\u201313.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.09.020","volume":"302","author":"SM Bindom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bindom SM, Lazartigues E. The sweeter side of ACE2: physiological evidence for a role in diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;302:193\u2013202.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01861.x","volume":"23","author":"JK Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY, Yuan SY, Fu HJ, Wu BY, et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabetic Med. 2006;23:623\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"9598_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0109-4","volume":"47","author":"JK Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47:193\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"9598_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30152-2","volume":"8","author":"SR Bornstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:546\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108125","volume":"162","author":"G Iacobellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iacobellis G. COVID-19 and diabetes: can DPP4 inhibition play a role? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108125.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"9598_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02168.x","volume":"61","author":"T Mancini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mancini T, Kola B, Mantero F, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome according to 1999 WHO\/ISH guidelines. Clin Endocrinol. 2004;61:768\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00321","volume":"10","author":"M Barbot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barbot M, Ceccato F, Scaroni C. The pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:321.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.23.1.25","volume":"23","author":"A Sato","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sato A, Suzuki H, Murakami M, Nakazato Y, Iwaita Y, Saruta T. Glucocorticoid increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor and its gene expression. Hypertension. 1994;23:25\u201330.","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"9598_CR45","first-page":"hpaa057","volume":"6","author":"EL Schiffrin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schiffrin EL, Flack J, Ito S, Muntner P, Webb C. Hypertension and COVID-19. Am J Hypertens. 2020;6:hpaa057.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens."},{"key":"9598_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","volume":"111","author":"CM Ferrario","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111:2605\u201310.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"9598_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarcho JA, Ingelfinger JR, Hamel MB, D\u2019Agostino RB SR, Harrington DP (2020) Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Covid-19. N Engl J Med;NEJMe2012924.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2012924"},{"key":"9598_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","volume":"382","author":"HR Reynolds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, Troxel AB, Iturrate E, Johnson SB, et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; [Epub ahead of print];382:2441\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9598_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehra MR, Desai SS, Kuy S, Henry TD, Patel AN (2020) Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007621"},{"key":"9598_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923","volume":"382","author":"G Mancia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mancia G, Rea F, Ludergnani M, Apolone G, Corrao G. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and the risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; [Epub ahead of print];382:2431\u201340.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9598_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","volume":"436","author":"Y Imai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436:112\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"9598_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batlle D, Wysocki J, Satchell K (2020) Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci (Lond). 134: 543\u201345","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200163"},{"key":"9598_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134","volume":"126","author":"P Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin JJ, Xie J, et al. Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020;126:1671\u201381.","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"9598_CR54","unstructured":"ESH Statement on COVID-19. Statement of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) on hypertension, Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) blockers and COVID-19. April 15th 2020."},{"key":"9598_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000314349","volume":"92","author":"L Trementino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trementino L, Arnaldi G, Appolloni G, Daidone V, Scaroni C, Casonato A, et al. Coagulopathy in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92:55\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology."},{"key":"9598_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connors J, Levy J (2020) Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14849"},{"key":"9598_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25829","volume":"95","author":"E Terpos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, Kastritis E, Sergentanis TN, Politou M, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol. 2020;95:834\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"9598_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0665-z","volume":"52","author":"M Zilio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zilio M, Mazzai L, Sartori MT, Barbot M, Ceccato F, Daidone V, et al. A venous thromboembolism risk assessment model for patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrine. 2016;52:322\u201332.","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"9598_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","volume":"18","author":"N Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:844\u20137.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"9598_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0979-9","volume":"42","author":"MA Minetto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minetto MA, Caresio C, Salvi M, D\u2019Angelo V, Gorji NE, Molinari F, et al. Ultrasound-based detection of glucocorticoid-induced impairments of muscle mass and structure in Cushing\u2019s disease. J Endocrinol Investig. 2019;42:757\u201368.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"9598_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343903","volume":"24","author":"C Blanco","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blanco C, Marazuela M, Flores J, Alvarez J. Severe respiratory failure secondary to Cushing\u2019s myopathy. J Endocrinol Investig. 2001;24:618\u201321.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"9598_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1983.tb00030.x","volume":"19","author":"AA Khaleeli","year":"1983","unstructured":"Khaleeli AA, Betteridge DJ, Edwards RH, Round JM, Ross EJ. Effect of treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome on skeletal muscle structure and function. Clin Endocrinol. 1983;19:547\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.61.713.205","volume":"61","author":"EJ Ross","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ross EJ, Linch DC. The clinical response to treatment in adult Cushing\u2019s syndrome following remission of hypercortisolaemia. Postgrad Med J. 1985;61:205\u201311.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"9598_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Zandi MS, Lewis G, David AS. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; S2215-0366(20)30203\u20130.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30203-0"},{"key":"9598_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"P Devitt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devitt P. Can we expect an increased suicide rate due to Covid-19? Ir J Psychol Med. 2020;21:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Ir J Psychol Med"},{"key":"9598_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1818","volume":"100","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Murad MH, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, et al. Endocrine Society. Treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:2807\u201331.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9598_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1048","volume":"36","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pivonello R, De Leo M, Cozzolino A, Colao A. The treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:385\u2013486.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"9598_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan. China JAMA. 2020;323:1061\u20139.","journal-title":"China JAMA"},{"key":"9598_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000331","volume":"29","author":"HD Torrance","year":"2016","unstructured":"Torrance HD, Pearse RM, O\u2019Dwyer MJ. Does major surgery induce immune suppression and increase the risk of postoperative infection? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016;29:376\u201383.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"9598_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy042","volume":"30","author":"K Shimizu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimizu K, Iyoda T, Okada M, Yamasaki S, Fujii SI. Immune suppression and reversal of the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Int Immunol. 2018;30:445\u201354.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"9598_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002183","volume":"125","author":"RJ Gordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gordon RJ, Lombard FW. Perioperative venous thromboembolism: a review. Anesth Analg. 2017;125:403\u201312.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"9598_CR72","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"AM Isidori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isidori AM, Arnaldi G, Boscaro M, Falorni A, Giordano C, Giordano R, et al. COVID-19 infection and glucocorticoids: update from the Italian Society of Endocrinology Expert Opinion on steroid replacement in adrenal insufficiency. J Endocrinol Investig. 2020;25:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"9598_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2017.10.010","volume":"78","author":"O Chabre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chabre O, Goichot B, Zenaty D, Bertherat J. Group 1. Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2017;78:490\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"9598_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13609","volume":"89","author":"M Quinkler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quinkler M, Ekman B, Zhang P, Isidori AM, Murray RD. Mortality data from the European adrenal insufficiency registry-patient characterization and associations. Clin Endocrinol. 2018;89:30\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24331","volume":"115","author":"B Polat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polat B, Fassnacht M, Pfreundner L, Guckenberger M, Bratengeier K, Johanssen S, et al. Radiotherapy in adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115:2816\u201323.","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"9598_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2330-6","volume":"40","author":"L Bodei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bodei L, Mueller-Brand J, Baum RP, Pavel ME, H\u00f6rsch D, O\u2019Dorisio MS, et al. The joint IAEA, EANM, and SNMMI practical guidance on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) in neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:800\u201316.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"9598_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0092","volume":"180","author":"F Castinetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castinetti F, Brue T, Ragnarsson O. Radiotherapy as a tool for the treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180:D9\u2013D18.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R263","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1014","volume":"172","author":"E Daniel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daniel E, Newell-Price JD. Therapy of endocrine disease: steroidogenesis enzyme inhibitors in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:R263\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR79","first-page":"13","volume":"8","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Fan JG. Characteristics and mechanism of liver injury in 2019 coronavirus disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8:13\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"9598_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00217","volume":"104","author":"SG Creemers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Creemers SG, Feelders RA, de Jong FH, Franssen GJH, de Rijke YB, van Koetsveld PM, et al. Osilodrostat is a potential novel Steroidogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of Cushing syndrome: an in vitro study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104:3437\u201349.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9598_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0274","volume":"167","author":"V Preda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Preda V, Sen J, Karavitaki N, Grossman AB. Etomidate in the Management of Hypercortisolaemia in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167:137\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3350","volume":"97","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, Biller BM, Findling JW, Molitch ME, Schteingart DE. Gross C; SEISMIC study investigators. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2039\u201349.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9598_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1276-7","volume":"59","author":"V Guarnotta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guarnotta V, Ciresi A, Pitrone M, Pizzolanti G, Giordano C. Pasireotide versus pituitary surgery: a retrospective analysis of 12 months of treatment in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Endocrine. 2018;59:454\u20137.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"9598_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1818-7","volume":"64","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Arnaldi G, Scaroni C, Giordano C, Cannav\u00f2 S, Iacuaniello D, et al. The medical treatment with pasireotide in Cushing\u2019s disease: an Italian multicentre experience based on \u201creal-world evidence\u201d. Endocrine. 2019;64:657\u201372.","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"9598_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00984-6","volume":"22","author":"L Manetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manetti L, Deutschbein T, Schopohl J, Yuen KCJ, Roughton M, Kriemler-Krahn U, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of subcutaneous Pasireotide in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease: interim results from a long-term real-world evidence study. Pituitary. 2019;22:542\u201351.","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"key":"9598_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0839-7","volume":"41","author":"V Guarnotta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guarnotta V, Pizzolanti G, Ciresi A, Giordano C. Insulin sensitivity and secretion and adipokine profile in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease treated with pasireotide. J Endocrinol Investig. 2018;41:1137\u201347.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"9598_CR87","first-page":"1464967","volume":"2018","author":"L Petramali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petramali L, Olmati F, Conforti MG, Concistr\u00e8 A, Bisogni V, Alfieri N, et al. Autoimmune diseases in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome after resolution of Hypercortisolism: case reports and literature review. Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:1464967.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9598_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.112","volume":"11","author":"MT Nurmohamed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nurmohamed MT, Heslinga M, Kitas GD. Cardiovascular comorbidity in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:693\u2013704.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"9598_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2014.03.009","volume":"43","author":"T Bichile","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bichile T, Petri M. Prevention and management of co-morbidities in SLE. Presse Med. 2014;43:e187\u201395.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"9598_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6942(03)00041-X","volume":"17","author":"TR Mikuls","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mikuls TR. Co-morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:729\u201352.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"9598_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32831bc0c4","volume":"21","author":"TW Burner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burner TW, Rosenthal AK. Diabetes and rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21:50\u20134.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"9598_CR92","first-page":"471","volume":"35","author":"J Amann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amann J, Wessels AM, Breitenfeldt F, Huscher D, Bijlsma JWJ, Jacobs JWG, et al. Quantifying cutaneous adverse effects of systemic glucocorticoids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35:471\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"9598_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0370-z","volume":"16","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buttgereit. Views on glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatology: the age of convergence. F Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:239\u201346.","journal-title":"F Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"9598_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5444","volume":"315","author":"F Buttgereit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 2016;315:2442\u201358.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"9598_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E680","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190178","volume":"191","author":"J Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu J, Keeley A, Mallen C, Morgan AW, Rodriguez-Pujades M. Incidence of infections associated with Oral glucocorticoid dose in people diagnosed with polymyalgia Rheumatica or Giant cell arteritis: a cohort study in England. CMAJ. 2019;191:E680\u20138.","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"9598_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2070","volume":"164","author":"TH Rainer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rainer TH, Cheng CH, Janssens HJ, Man CY, Tam LS, Choi YF, et al. Oral prednisolone in the treatment of acute gout: a pragmatic, multicenter, double-blind. Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:464\u201371.","journal-title":"Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9598_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402225","volume":"372","author":"MC Dalakas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalakas MC. Inflammatory muscle diseases. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1734\u201347.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9598_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000312628","volume":"153","author":"S Deane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deane S, Selmi C, Teuber SS, Gershwin ME. Macrophage activation syndrome in autoimmune disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;153:109\u201320.","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9598_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","volume":"3","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGonagle D, Sharif K, O\u2019Regan A, Bridgewood C. The role of cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;3:102537.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"9598_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m421","volume":"368","author":"Z Wallace","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wallace Z, Miloslavsky EM. Management of ANCA associated vasculitis. BMJ. 2020;368:m421.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"9598_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011117","volume":"382","author":"E Akalin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akalin E, Azzi Y, Bartash R, Seethamraju H, Parides M, Hemmige V, et al. Covid-19 and kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2475\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9598_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217600","volume":"79","author":"A Tomelleri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomelleri A, Sartorelli S, Campochiaro C, Baldissera EM, Dagna L. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with large-vessel vasculitis in Italy: a monocentric survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020; [Epub ahead of print];79:1252\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"9598_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217424","volume":"79","author":"S Monti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monti S, Balduzzi S, Delvino P, Bellis E, Quadrelli VS, Montecucco C. Clinical course of COVID-19 in a series of patients with chronic arthritis treated with immunosuppressive targeted therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:667\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"9598_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikuls TR, Johnson SR, Fraenkel L, Arasaratnam RJ, Baden LR, Bermas BL, Chatham W, Cohen S, Costenbader K, Gravallese EM, Kalil AC, Weinblatt ME, Winthrop K, Mudano AS, Turner A, Saag KG (2020) American College of Rheumatology Guidance for the Management of Adult Patients with rheumatic disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arthritis Rheumatol [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41437"},{"key":"9598_CR105","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Green C, Felton T, Chadwick D, Rege K, Fegan C, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Juszczak E, Baillie JK, Haynes R, Landray MJ (2020) Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9598_CR106","unstructured":"The WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group (2020) Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: ameta-analysis. JAMA. Published online September 2"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T05:04:59Z","timestamp":1696827899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9155","1573-2606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}