{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:20:02Z","timestamp":1792300802754,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Endocr Metab Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the pandemic of the new millennium. COVID-19 can cause both pulmonary and systemic inflammation, potentially determining multi-organ dysfunction. Data on the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid have been emerging, and rapidly increasing since March 2020. The thyroid gland and the virus infection with its associated inflammatory-immune responses are known to be engaged in complex interplay. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 combined with the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) as the key molecular complex to infect the host cells. Interestingly, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels are high in the thyroid gland and more than in the lungs. Our literature search provided greater evidence that the thyroid gland and the entire hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid (HPT) axis could be relevant targets of damage by SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, COVID-19-related thyroid disorders include thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, as well as nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Moreover, we noticed that treatment plans for thyroid cancer are considerably changing in the direction of more teleconsultations and less diagnostic and therapeutical procedures. The current review includes findings that could be changed soon by new results on the topic, considering the rapidity of worldwide research on COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T16:02:49Z","timestamp":1606320169000},"page":"803-815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Scappaticcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Pitoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnoldo","family":"Piccardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Trimboli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9615_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. https:\/\/www.who.int. Accessed\u00a03 Sept 2020."},{"key":"9615_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9615_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201319): Situation report, 209. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/situation-reports\/.\u00a0Accessed 23 August 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-80.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"9615_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","volume":"181","author":"CGK Ziegler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell. 2020;181(5):1016-35.e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9615_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. Lancet. 2020;395:497\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9615_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091","volume":"368","author":"T Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. BMJ. 2020;368:m1091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1091.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"9615_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marazuela M, Giustina A, Puig-Domingo M. Endocrine and metabolic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020;1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09569-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09569-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","volume":"383","author":"M Ackermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(2):120\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9615_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756","volume":"383","author":"EM Dufort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dufort EM, Koumans EH, Chow EJ, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):347\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9615_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003","volume":"53","author":"F Coperchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine\/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;53:25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"15","key":"9615_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140711","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140711","volume":"5","author":"A Java","year":"2020","unstructured":"Java A, Apicelli AJ, Liszewski MK, et al. The complement system in COVID-19: Friend and foe? JCI Insight. 2020;5(15):140711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.140711.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"9615_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.01.022","volume":"133","author":"Y Guo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guo Y, Korteweg C, McNutt MA, Gu J. Pathogenetic mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Virus Res. 2008;133(1):4\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.01.022.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"10233","key":"9615_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30798-4","volume":"395","author":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition","year":"2020","unstructured":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition. Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings. Lancet. 2020;395(10233):1322\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30798-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9615_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1089\/ct.2020;32.154-155","volume":"32","author":"JV Hennessey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hennessey JV. COVID-19 and how it is affecting me as a thyroidologist. Clin Thyroidology. 2020;32:154\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ct.2020;32.154-155.","journal-title":"Clin Thyroidology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0429","volume":"21","author":"P De Vito","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Vito P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Luly P, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormones as modulators of immune activities at the cellular level. Thyroid. 2011;21(8):879\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2010.0429.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"9615_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-14-1-107","volume":"14","author":"Y Tomer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tomer Y, Davies TF. Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity. Endocr Rev. 1993;14(1):107\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv-14-1-107.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"9615_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00170","volume":"40","author":"C Franceschi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franceschi C, Ostan R, Mariotti S, Monti D, Vitale G. The aging thyroid: A reappraisal within the geroscience integrated perspective. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(5):1250\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00170.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"9615_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1372","volume":"145","author":"CH Shih","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shih CH, Chen SL, Yen CC, et al. Thyroid hormone receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation of fibrinogen and coagulation proteins. Endocrinology. 2004;145(6):2804\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2003-1372.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"9615_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147671","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3147671","volume":"2016","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Glinsky GV, Lin HY, Mousa SA. Actions of thyroid hormone analogues on chemokines. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:3147671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/3147671.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9615_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320386","volume":"132","author":"L Bartalena","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bartalena L, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Interleukin-6 and the thyroid. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;132(4):386\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1320386.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9615_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0093","volume":"90","author":"G Mazziotti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mazziotti G, Sorvillo F, Piscopo M, et al. Innate and acquired immune system in patients developing interferon-alpha-related autoimmune thyroiditis: A prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):4138\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-0093.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"9615_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9463-2","volume":"19","author":"SM Ferrari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Galetta F, Citi E, Benvenga S, Antonelli A. Thyroid disorders induced by checkpoint inhibitors. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018;19(4):325\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-018-9463-2.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01105-7","volume":"43","author":"L Scappaticcio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scappaticcio L, Castellana M, Virili C, et al. Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid events in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(2):219\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-019-01105-7.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0740","volume":"47","author":"E Nishihara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nishihara E, Ohye H, Amino N, et al. Clinical characteristics of 852 patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment. Intern Med. 2008;47(8):725\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0740.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9615_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0243","volume":"28","author":"T Akamizu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akamizu T. Thyroid storm: A japanese perspective Thyroid. 2018;28(1):32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0243.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"7","key":"9615_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029618774150","volume":"24","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Schechter GP. New interfaces of thyroid hormone actions with blood coagulation and thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2018;24(7):1014\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1076029618774150.","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01293-7","volume":"43","author":"L Bartalena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bartalena L, Chiovato L, Marcocci C, Vitti P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML. Management of graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism and orbitopathy in time of COVID-19 pandemic. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1149\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01293-7.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"9615_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boelaert K, Visser WE, Taylor PN, Moran C, L\u00e9ger J, Persani L. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19. Management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G33-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0445.","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0445"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02364-8","volume":"68","author":"D Dworakowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dworakowska D, Grossman AB. Thyroid disease in the time of COVID-19. Endocrine. 2020;68(3):471\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02364-8.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"7","key":"9615_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01276-8","volume":"43","author":"R Pal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pal R, Banerjee M. COVID-19 and the endocrine system: Exploring the unexplored. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(7):1027\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01276-8.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"9615_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vrachimis A, Iakovou I, Giannoula E, Giovanella L. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19. Management of thyroid nodules and cancer. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G41-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0269.","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0269"},{"issue":"7","key":"9615_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30334-X","volume":"21","author":"H Mehanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehanna H, Hardman JC, Shenson JA, et al. Recommendations for head and neck surgical oncology practice in a setting of acute severe resource constraint during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):e350-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30334-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"9615_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li M, Marquez RC, Vinales KL, et al. Considerations for Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) biopsies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Thyroidology. 2020:156\u20138.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ct.2020;32.156-158.","DOI":"10.1089\/ct.2020;32.156-158"},{"issue":"7","key":"9615_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa276","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa276","volume":"105","author":"A Brancatella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgr\u00f2 D, Santini F, Latrofa F. Subacute thyroiditis after sars-COV-2 infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(7):dgaa276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa276.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9615_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brancatella A, Ricci D, Cappellani D, et al. Is subacute thyroiditis an underestimated manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Insights from a case series [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 11]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;dgaa537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa537.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa537"},{"key":"9615_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0363","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen M, Zhou W, Xu W. Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. Thyroid. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2020.0363.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01312-7","volume":"43","author":"S Ippolito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ippolito S, Dentali F, Tanda ML. SARS-CoV-2: A potential trigger for subacute thyroiditis? Insights from a case report. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1171\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01312-7.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01316-3","volume":"43","author":"E Asfuroglu Kalkan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asfuroglu Kalkan E, Ates I. A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1173\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01316-3.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"9615_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruggeri RM, Campenn\u00ec A, Siracusa M, Frazzetto G, Gullo D. Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: An endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hormones (Athens). 2020;1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42000-020-00230-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00230-w"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e237336","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-23733","volume":"13","author":"SAM Mattar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ. Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(8):e237336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-23733.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"9615_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0335","volume":"183","author":"A Lania","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lania A, Sandri MT, Cellini M, Mirani M, Lavezzi E, Mazziotti G. Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: The THYRCOV study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(4):381\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0335.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9615_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li T, Wang L, Wang H, et al. Characteristics of laboratory indexes in COVID-19 patients with non-severe symptoms in Hefei City, China: Diagnostic value in organ injuries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-020-03967-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03967-9"},{"issue":"9","key":"9615_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30266-7","volume":"8","author":"I Muller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, et al. SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):739\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30266-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"9615_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2020106","author":"LY Tee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tee LY, Hajanto S, Rosario BH. COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 16]. Singapore Med J. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622\/smedj.2020106.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"9615_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01366-7","volume":"43","author":"M Mateu-Salat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mateu-Salat M, Urgell E, Chico A. SARS-COV-2 as a trigger for autoimmune disease: Report of two cases of Graves\u2019 disease after COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(10):1527\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01366-7.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"9615_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yao XH, TY L, ZC H, et al. Histopathological study of new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in three patients. Chin J Pathol 2020;49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193.","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193"},{"key":"9615_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hanley B, Naresh K, Roufosse C, Nicholson AG, Weir J, Cooke GS, et al. Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study. Lancet Microbe Published: August 20, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30115-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30115-4"},{"key":"9615_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa108","author":"E Lazartigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lazartigues E, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Endocrine significance of SARS-CoV-2\u2019s reliance on ACE2. Endocrinology. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa108.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9615_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00662-x","volume":"9","author":"MY Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-020-00662-x.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"9615_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104759","volume":"177","author":"CJ Sigrist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sigrist CJ, Bridge A, Le Mercier P. A potential role for integrins in host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res. 2020;177:104759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104759.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.205","volume":"12","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Goglia F, Leonard JL. Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(2):111\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2015.205.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800.2020.1767127","volume":"45","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Lin HY, Hercbergs A, Keating KA, Mousa SA. Coronaviruses and integrin \u03b1v\u03b23: does thyroid hormone modify the relationship? Endocr Res. 2020;45(3):210\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07435800.2020.1767127.","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4646","volume":"46","author":"R Kerslake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerslake R, Hall M, Randeva HS, et al. Coexpression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARSCoV2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID19 symptom. Int J Mol Med. 2020;46(3):949\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4646.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"9615_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Cooper KW, Di Pizio A, Joseph PV, Bhutani S, Parma V. Corona viruses and the chemical senses: Past, present, and future. Chem Senses. 2020;bjaa031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa031.","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa031"},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","volume":"203","author":"Y Ding","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, et al. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):622\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1560.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","volume":"202","author":"J Gu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005;202(3):415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20050828.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9615_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.06.011","volume":"38","author":"L Wei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wei L, Sun S, Xu CH, et al. Pathology of the thyroid in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(1):95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.06.011.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"10239","key":"9615_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30749-2","volume":"395","author":"C Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang C, Wang Y, Lv H, Guan Z, Gu J. Caution against corticosteroid-based COVID-19 treatment. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1759\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30749-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"9615_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1139\/O10-022","volume":"88","author":"L Wei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wei L, Sun S, Zhang J, et al. Endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;88(4):723\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/O10-022.","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"9615_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2020) Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected:interim guidance. (27 May 2020) https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/331446.","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2020.0003"},{"key":"9615_CR62","unstructured":"Wang W, YX Y, Yao H. Evaluation and observation of serum thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Chin Antituberculous Assoc. 2003;25:232-4."},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x25","volume":"63","author":"MK Leow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leow MK, Kwek DS, Ng AW, Ong KC, Kaw GJ, Lee LS. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x25.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"26","key":"9615_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021194","volume":"348","author":"EN Pearce","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2646\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra021194.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9615_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: An update. Virol J. 2009;6:5. Published 2009 Jan 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-6-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-5"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01311-8","volume":"43","author":"G Bellastella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Esposito K. Endocrine complications of COVID-19: What happens to the thyroid and adrenal glands? J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1169\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01311-8.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"9615_CR67","first-page":"81","volume":"15","author":"JI Hamburger","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hamburger JI. Subacute thyroiditis: Diagnostic difficulties and simple treatment. J Nucl Med. 1974;15(2):81\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"9615_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.05.101","volume":"29","author":"BP Dhakal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhakal BP, Sweitzer NK, Indik JH, Acharya D, William P. SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular disease: COVID-19 heart. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(7):973\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.05.101.","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"9615_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","author":"P Horby","year":"2020","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9615_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-20-0279","author":"VH Tsang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsang VH, Gild M, Glover A, Clifton-Bligh R, Robinson BG. Thyroid cancer in the age of COVID-19. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-20-0279.","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"9615_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smulever A, Abelleira E, Bueno F, Pitoia F. Thyroid cancer in the Era of COVID-19. Endocrine. 2020;1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02439-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02439-6"},{"key":"9615_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01128","volume":"10","author":"R Falcone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Falcone R, Grani G, Ramundo V, et al. Cancer care during COVID-19 era: The quality of life of patients with thyroid malignancies. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.01128.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02357-7","volume":"68","author":"CP Lombardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lombardi CP, D\u2019Amore A, Grani G, et al. Endocrine surgery during COVID-19 pandemic: Do we need an update of indications in Italy? Endocrine. 2020;68(3):485\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02357-7.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"9615_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bakkar S, Al-Omar K, Aljarrah Q, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on thyroid cancer surgery and adjunct therapy. Updates Surg. 2020;1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-020-00833-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-020-00833-3"},{"key":"9615_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01407-1","author":"D Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang D, Fu Y, Zhou L, et al. Thyroid surgery during coronavirus-19 pandemic phases I, II and III: Lessons learned in China, South Korea, Iran and Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01407-1.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"9615_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.044","volume":"14","author":"TI Hariyanto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hariyanto TI, Kurniawan A. Thyroid disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1429\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.044.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"9615_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000491388","volume":"7","author":"L Persani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Persani L, Brabant G, Dattani M, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018;7(5):225\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000491388.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0133","volume":"225","author":"EM de Vries","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Vries EM, Fliers E, Boelen A. The molecular basis of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol. 2015;225(3):R67-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-15-0133.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9615_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00225-9","volume":"3","author":"E Fliers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fliers E, Bianco AC, Langouche L, Boelen A. Thyroid function in critically ill patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:816\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00225-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9615_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01939","volume":"103","author":"A Hercbergs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hercbergs A, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. Nonthyroidal illness syndrome and thyroid hormone actions at integrin \u03b1v\u03b23. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(4):1291\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2017-01939.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"9615_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0201","volume":"24","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van den Berghe G. Non-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different faces. Thyroid. 2014;24(10):1456\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0201.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"9615_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0535","volume":"90","author":"RP Peeters","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peeters RP, Wouters PJ, van Toor H, Kaptein E, Visser TJ, Van den Berghe G. Serum 3,3\u2019,5\u2019-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3\u2019-triiodothyronine\/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4559\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-0535.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"9615_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04474-0","volume":"21","author":"C Pantos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pantos C, Kostopanagiotou G, Armaganidis A, Trikas A, Tseti I, Mourouzis I. Triiodothyronine for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-020-04474-0.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"9615_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.20.03216-2","volume":"45","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Ghosh R, Biswas P, Dubey S, Guria RT, Sharma CB, Kalra S. COVID-19: The endocrine opportunity in a pandemic. Minerva Endocrinol. 2020;45(3):204\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0391-1977.20.03216-2.","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"9615_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-20-0422","volume":"10","author":"M Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai M, Lu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-COV-2: a multi-center study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Discov. 2020;10:783\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-20-0422.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"9615_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.249821","author":"LS Freudenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freudenberg LS, Paez D, Giammarile F, et al. Global impact of COVID-19 on nuclear medicine departments: An international survey in April 2020. J Nucl Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.120.249821.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9615_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.246256","volume":"61","author":"D Albano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albano D, Bertagna F, Bertoli M, et al. Incidental findings suggestive of COVID-19 in asymptomatic patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures in a high-prevalence region. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(5):632\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.120.246256.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T04:12:56Z","timestamp":1641183176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9155","1573-2606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}