{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T13:12:23Z","timestamp":1793884343323,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004434","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Endocr Metab Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sexual function, and testosterone (T) levels, progressively decline in aging men. Associated morbidities and metabolic disorders can accelerate the phenomenon. The specific contribution of low T to sexual function impairment in aging men has still not been completely clarified. Similarly, the role of T replacement therapy (TRT), as well as the combination of TRT with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED), is still conflicting. Here we aim to summarize and critically discuss all available data supporting the contribution of low T to sexual impairment observed with aging as well as the possible role of TRT. Available data on men with sexual dysfunction show that reduced sexual desire is the most important correlate of male hypogonadism. Conversely, aging and associated morbidities substantially attenuate the relationship between ED and T. TRT is effective in improving sexual function in middle-aged and older subjects but its role is small and extremely variable. Lifestyle interventions can result in similar outcomes to those of TRT. In conclusion, it is our opinion that PDE5i along with lifestyle measures should be considered the first approach for treating ED even in subjects with milder T deficiency. When these interventions fail or are difficult to apply, TRT should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09748-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1661277756000},"page":"1159-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["The role of testosterone in male sexual function"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.01.005","volume":"10","author":"A Sansone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sansone A, et al. Harm reduction in sexual medicine. Sex Med Rev. 2022;10(1):3\u201322.","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.055","volume":"64","author":"A Nicolosi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nicolosi A, et al. Sexual behavior and sexual dysfunctions after age 40: The global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. Urology. 2004;64(5):991\u20137.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9748_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067423","volume":"357","author":"ST Lindau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lindau ST, et al. A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(8):762\u201374.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"9748_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01601.x","volume":"7","author":"G Corona","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Age-related changes in general and sexual health in middle-aged and older men: Results from the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). J Sex Med. 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1362\u201380.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"9481","key":"9748_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66911-5","volume":"366","author":"CA Holden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holden CA, et al. Men in Australia Telephone Survey (MATeS): A national survey of the reproductive health and concerns of middle-aged and older Australian men. Lancet. 2005;366(9481):218\u201324.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.01.021","volume":"15","author":"S Zhong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhong S, et al. Sensory dysfunction and sexuality in the U.S. population of older adults. J Sex Med. 2018;15(4):502\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)01091-8","volume":"57","author":"MH Blanker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blanker MH, et al. Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction in a community-based sample of men 50 to 78 years old: Prevalence, concern, and relation to sexual activity. Urology. 2001;57(4):763\u20138.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"7","key":"9748_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01747.x","volume":"7","author":"AC Woloski-Wruble","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woloski-Wruble AC, et al. Sexual activities, sexual and life satisfaction, and successful aging in women. J Sex Med. 2010;7(7):2401\u201310.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.05.007","volume":"27","author":"G Corona","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Sexual function of the ageing male. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(4):581\u2013601.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1745632","volume":"18","author":"G Corona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: A review of current findings. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020;18(3):155\u201364.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.02.008","volume":"15","author":"MS Allen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen MS, Walter EE. Health-related lifestyle factors and sexual dysfunction: A meta-analysis of population-based research. J Sex Med. 2018;15(4):458\u201375.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"9748_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c810","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c810","volume":"340","author":"ST Lindau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lindau ST, Gavrilova N. Sex, health, and years of sexually active life gained due to good health: Evidence from two US population based cross sectional surveys of ageing. BMJ. 2010;340:c810.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"9748_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02948.x","volume":"9","author":"V Boddi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boddi V, et al. \u201cIt takes two to tango\u201d: The relational domain in a cohort of subjects with erectile dysfunction (ED). J Sex Med. 2012;9(12):3126\u201336.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9748_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01257-x","volume":"43","author":"G Corona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. People smoke for nicotine, but lose sexual and reproductive health for tar: A narrative review on the effect of cigarette smoking on male sexuality and reproduction. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(10):1391\u2013408.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2021.100434","volume":"9","author":"M Dewitte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dewitte M, et al. A psychosocial approach to erectile dysfunction: position statements from the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM). Sex Med. 2021;9(6):100434.","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_61_19","volume":"22","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, Corona G, Maggi M. Both comorbidity burden and low testosterone can explain symptoms and signs of testosterone deficiency in men consulting for sexual dysfunction. Asian J Androl. 2020;22(3):265\u201373.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.01.007","volume":"13","author":"G Corona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Endocrinologic control of men\u2019s sexual desire and arousal\/erection. J Sex Med. 2016;13(3):317\u201337.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"9748_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salonia A, et al. European association of urology guidelines on sexual and reproductive health-2021 update: Male sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.06.007"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05154","volume":"27","author":"G Corona","year":"2006","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Psychobiological correlates of delayed ejaculation in male patients with sexual dysfunctions. J Androl. 2006;27(3):453\u20138.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01812.x","volume":"7","author":"G Corona","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Psychobiological correlates of women\u2019s sexual interest as perceived by patients with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010;7(6):2174\u201383.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.10.001","volume":"18","author":"PY Chew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chew PY, et al. The association between female sexual dysfunction and sexual dysfunction in the male partner: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med. 2021;18(1):99\u2013112.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.02.008","volume":"8","author":"D Marieke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marieke D, et al. Sexual desire discrepancy: A position statement of the European Society for Sexual Medicine. Sex Med. 2020;8(2):121\u201331.","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9748_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02947.x","volume":"9","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, et al. Two unconventional risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events in subjects with sexual dysfunction: Low education and reported partner\u2019s hypoactive sexual desire in comparison with conventional risk factors. J Sex Med. 2012;9(12):3227\u201338.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12770","volume":"8","author":"G Corona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. European Academy of Andrology (EAA) guidelines on investigation, treatment and monitoring of functional hypogonadism in males: Endorsing organization: European Society of Endocrinology. Andrology. 2020;8(5):970\u201387.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02174.x","volume":"62","author":"BA Mohr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mohr BA, et al. Normal, bound and nonbound testosterone levels in normally ageing men: Results from the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62(1):64\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7219","volume":"86","author":"SM Harman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harman SM, et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(2):724\u201331.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.2.5495","volume":"84","author":"E Barrett-Connor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barrett-Connor E, Von M\u00fchlen DG, Kritz-Silverstein D. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(2):573\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65191-9","volume":"167","author":"EL Rhoden","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rhoden EL, et al. The relationship of serum testosterone to erectile function in normal aging men. J Urol. 2002;167(4):1745\u20138.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR29","first-page":"1821","volume":"81","author":"A Vermeulen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Giagulli VA. Influence of some biological indexes on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels in aging or obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(5):1821\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90057-3","volume":"46","author":"JE Morley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Morley JE, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism. 1997;46(4):410\u20133.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"9748_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1972","volume":"93","author":"FC Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu FC, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: The European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(7):2737\u201345.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12719","volume":"8","author":"E Nieschlag","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nieschlag E. Late-onset hypogonadism: A concept comes of age. Andrology. 2020;8(6):1506\u201311.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12705","volume":"8","author":"M Grossmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grossmann M, Ng Tang Fui M, Cheung AS. Late-onset hypogonadism: Metabolic impact. Andrology. 2020;8(6):1519\u201329.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.190061","volume":"38","author":"G Corona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Treatment of functional hypogonadism besides pharmacological substitution. World J Mens Health. 2020;38(3):256\u201370.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"9748_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.06.012","volume":"15","author":"G Corona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Endogenous testosterone levels and cardiovascular risk: Meta-analysis of observational studies. J Sex Med. 2018;15(9):1260\u201371.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12876","volume":"8","author":"F Sesti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sesti F, et al. Late-onset hypogonadism: Reductio ad absurdum of the cardiovascular risk-benefit of testosterone replacement therapy. Andrology. 2020;8(6):1614\u201327.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1424831","volume":"17","author":"G Corona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. The safety of available treatments of male hypogonadism in organic and functional hypogonadism. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17(3):277\u201392.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.11.270","volume":"17","author":"G Corona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corona G, Torres LO, Maggi M. Testosterone therapy: What we have learned from trials. J Sex Med. 2020;17(3):447\u201360.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911101","volume":"363","author":"FC Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu FC, et al. Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(2):123\u201335.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0425-1","volume":"39","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, et al. How to define hypogonadism? Results from a population of men consulting for sexual dysfunction. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(4):473\u201384.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.3.0430","volume":"22","author":"FR Kandeel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kandeel FR, Koussa VK, Swerdloff RS. Male sexual function and its disorders: Physiology, pathophysiology, clinical investigation, and treatment. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(3):342\u201388.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.03.078","volume":"18","author":"A Barbonetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barbonetti A, et al. Erectile dysfunction and decreased libido in Klinefelter syndrome: A prevalence meta-analysis and meta-regression study. J Sex Med. 2021;18(6):1053\u201364.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.00986.x","volume":"33","author":"G Corona","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Sexual dysfunction in subjects with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Int J Androl. 2010;33(4):574\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347072","volume":"34","author":"G Corona","year":"2011","unstructured":"Corona G, Baldi E, Maggi M. Androgen regulation of prostate cancer: Where are we now? J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34(3):232\u201343.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-021-00418-7","volume":"33","author":"G Corona","year":"2021","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Sexual function in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Int J Impot Res. 2021;33(4):439\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.11.005","volume":"7","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy for sexual symptoms. Sex Med Rev. 2019;7(3):464\u201375.","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"9748_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.06.013","volume":"14","author":"A Morgentaler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morgentaler A, et al. Delayed ejaculation and associated complaints: Relationship to ejaculation times and serum testosterone levels. J Sex Med. 2017;14(9):1116\u201324.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"9748_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01352.x","volume":"6","author":"G Corona","year":"2009","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Impairment of couple relationship in male patients with sexual dysfunction is associated with overt hypogonadism. J Sex Med. 2009;6(9):2591\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9748_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.13042","volume":"12","author":"V Boddi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boddi V, et al. Conflicts within the family and within the couple as contextual factors in the determinism of male sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2015;12(12):2425\u201335.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"9748_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.04.004","volume":"112","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, Corona G, Maggi M. Testosterone and sexual function in men. Maturitas. 2018;112:46\u201352.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"9748_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00594.x","volume":"28","author":"G Corona","year":"2005","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. The impotent couple: Low desire. Int J Androl. 2005;28(Suppl 2):46\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"9748_CR52","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12043","volume":"10","author":"G Corona","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Risk factors associated with primary and secondary reduced libido in male patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2013;10(4):1074\u201389.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9748_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12550","volume":"11","author":"GA Sartorius","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sartorius GA, Ly LP, Handelsman DJ. Male sexual function can be maintained without aromatization: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in healthy, older men for 24 months. J Sex Med. 2014;11(10):2562\u201370.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"9748_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206168","volume":"369","author":"JS Finkelstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finkelstein JS, et al. Gonadal steroids and body composition, strength, and sexual function in men. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(11):1011\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9748_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16003","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.3","volume":"2","author":"FA Yafi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yafi FA, et al. Erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16003.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"8","key":"9748_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.06.004","volume":"13","author":"CA Podlasek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Podlasek CA, et al. Translational perspective on the role of testosterone in sexual function and dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2016;13(8):1183\u201398.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2009.235","volume":"7","author":"G Corona","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corona G, Maggi M. The role of testosterone in erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(1):46\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"9748_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corona G, Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Maggi M. Androgens and male sexual function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;20:101615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101615. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35153145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101615"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00099-0","volume":"54","author":"JC Cappelleri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cappelleri JC, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function. Urology. 1999;54(2):346\u201351.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.03.032","volume":"72","author":"G Corona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Meta-analysis of results of testosterone therapy on sexual function based on international index of erectile function scores. Eur Urol. 2017;72(6):1000\u201311.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.01.012","volume":"63","author":"J Yuan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yuan J, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2013;63(5):902\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.03.031","volume":"68","author":"L Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen L, et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A trade-off network meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2015;68(4):674\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1130126","volume":"15","author":"G Corona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. The safety and efficacy of Avanafil, a new 2(nd) generation PDE5i: Comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(2):237\u201347.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.07.053","volume":"60","author":"RC Rosen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosen RC, et al. Minimal clinically important differences in the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function scale. Eur Urol. 2011;60(5):1010\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12832","volume":"12","author":"E Maseroli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maseroli E, et al. Prevalence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in subjects with erectile dysfunction: A comparative study. J Sex Med. 2015;12(4):956\u201365.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00879.x","volume":"32","author":"DM Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee DM, et al. The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS): Design, methods and recruitment. Int J Androl. 2009;32(1):11\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"8","key":"9748_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12951","volume":"12","author":"G Corona","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corona G, Maggi M. Perspective: Regulatory agencies\u2019 changes to testosterone product labeling. J Sex Med. 2015;12(8):1690\u20133.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3580","volume":"102","author":"M Grossmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grossmann M, Matsumoto AM. A perspective on middle-aged and older men with functional hypogonadism: Focus on holistic management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):1067\u201375.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9748_CR70","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. The role of testosterone treatment in patients with metabolic disorders. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021: 1\u201313"},{"issue":"12","key":"9748_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01586-5","volume":"44","author":"S Cipriani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cipriani S, et al. Biochemical predictors of structural hypothalamus-pituitary abnormalities detected by magnetic resonance imaging in men with secondary hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(12):2785\u201397.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"9748_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01467.x","volume":"6","author":"S Filippi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Filippi S, et al. Testosterone partially ameliorates metabolic profile and erectile responsiveness to PDE5 inhibitors in an animal model of male metabolic syndrome. J Sex Med. 2009;6(12):3274\u201388.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.017","volume":"382","author":"A Morelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morelli A, et al. Metabolic syndrome induces inflammation and impairs gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus in rabbits. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;382(1):107\u201319.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E519","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00377.2018","volume":"316","author":"A Morelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morelli A, et al. Physical activity counteracts metabolic syndrome-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction in the rabbit. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019;316(3):E519-e535.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9748_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.005","volume":"401","author":"S Marchiani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marchiani S, et al. Metabolic syndrome-associated sperm alterations in an experimental rabbit model: Relation with metabolic profile, testis and epididymis gene expression and effect of tamoxifen treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;401:12\u201324.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9748_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01251-3","volume":"43","author":"S D'Andrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019Andrea S, et al. Endogenous transient doping: Physical exercise acutely increases testosterone levels-results from a meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(10):1349\u201371.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"19","key":"9748_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096418","volume":"51","author":"AB Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silva AB, et al. Physical activity and exercise for erectile dysfunction: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(19):1419\u201324.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-018-3557-5","volume":"29","author":"Y Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee Y, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on male sex hormones and sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2019;29(1):334\u201346.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2017.03.008","volume":"5","author":"FPA Glina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glina FPA, et al. What is the impact of bariatric surgery on erectile function? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Med Rev. 2017;5(3):393\u2013402.","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30367-3","volume":"9","author":"G Wittert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wittert G, et al. Testosterone treatment to prevent or revert type 2 diabetes in men enrolled in a lifestyle programme (T4DM): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-year, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(1):32\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2021.1962840","volume":"24","author":"B Lunenfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lunenfeld B, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of testosterone deficiency in men. Aging Male. 2021;24(1):119\u201338.","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00229","volume":"103","author":"S Bhasin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhasin S, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(5):1715\u201344.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.06.007","volume":"80","author":"A Salonia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salonia A, et al. European association of urology guidelines on sexual and reproductive health-2021 update: Male sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2021;80(3):333\u201357.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2020.01.13","volume":"9","author":"J Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu J, et al. Do testosterone supplements enhance response to phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in men with erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9(2):591\u2013600.","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12536","volume":"11","author":"G Corona","year":"2014","unstructured":"Corona G, et al. Testosterone supplementation and sexual function: A meta-analysis study. J Sex Med. 2014;11(6):1577\u201392.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01764.x","volume":"58","author":"A Aversa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aversa A, et al. Androgens improve cavernous vasodilation and response to sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;58(5):632\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-1100","volume":"174","author":"D Santi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santi D, et al. Six months of daily treatment with vardenafil improves parameters of endothelial inflammation and of hypogonadism in male patients with type 2 diabetes and erectile dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174(4):513\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9748_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03507.x","volume":"71","author":"C Foresta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Foresta C, et al. Effect of vardenafil on endothelial progenitor cells in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal patients: Role of testosterone treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71(3):412\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2019.02.005","volume":"7","author":"Y Hotta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hotta Y, Kataoka T, Kimura K. Testosterone deficiency and endothelial dysfunction: Nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and endothelial progenitor cells. Sex Med Rev. 2019;7(4):661\u20138.","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-019-0163-6","volume":"32","author":"A Sansone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sansone A, et al. Effect of treatment with testosterone on endothelial function in hypogonadal men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Impot Res. 2020;32(4):379\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/tam.6.2.94.99","volume":"6","author":"SY Kalinchenko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kalinchenko SY, et al. Oral testosterone undecanoate reverses erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone. Aging Male. 2003;6(2):94\u20139.","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"9748_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000124323.02868.68","volume":"171","author":"C Foresta","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foresta C, et al. Role of androgens in erectile function. J Urol. 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2358\u201362, quiz 2435.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"9748_CR93","first-page":"S97","volume":"179","author":"R Shabsigh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shabsigh R, et al. Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone. J Urol. 2008;179(5 Suppl):S97-s102.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00071.x","volume":"2","author":"R Shamloul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shamloul R, et al. Testosterone therapy can enhance erectile function response to sildenafil in patients with PADAM: A pilot study. J Sex Med. 2005;2(4):559\u201364.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901446","volume":"18","author":"TI Hwang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hwang TI, et al. Combined use of androgen and sildenafil for hypogonadal patients unresponsive to sildenafil alone. Int J Impot Res. 2006;18(4):400\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9748_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05077","volume":"27","author":"V Rochira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rochira V, et al. Sildenafil improves sleep-related erections in hypogonadal men: Evidence from a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of a synergic role for both testosterone and sildenafil on penile erections. J Androl. 2006;27(2):165\u201375.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"9748_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00991.x","volume":"43","author":"JA Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia JA, et al. Testosterone undecanoate improves erectile dysfunction in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome refractory to treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors alone. Andrologia. 2011;43(5):293\u20136.","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01956.x","volume":"8","author":"J Buvat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buvat J, et al. Hypogonadal men nonresponders to the PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil benefit from normalization of testosterone levels with a 1% hydroalcoholic testosterone gel in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (TADTEST study). J Sex Med. 2011;8(1):284\u201393.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"9748_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00004","volume":"157","author":"M Spitzer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spitzer M, et al. Effect of testosterone replacement on response to sildenafil citrate in men with erectile dysfunction: A parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(10):681\u201391.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2012.32","volume":"25","author":"JW Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim JW, et al. Combination therapy of testosterone enanthate and tadalafil on PDE5 inhibitor non-reponders with severe and intermediate testosterone deficiency. Int J Impot Res. 2013;25(1):29\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12146","volume":"10","author":"G Hackett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hackett G, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy with long-acting testosterone undecanoate improves sexual function and quality-of-life parameters vs. placebo in a population of men with type 2 diabetes. J Sex Med. 2013;10(6):1612\u201327.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9748_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.154304","volume":"18","author":"JQ Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan JQ, et al. A meta-regression evaluating the effectiveness and prognostic factors of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(1):60\u20135.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"7","key":"9748_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00018","volume":"158","author":"A Aversa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aversa A, et al. Effects of testosterone replacement on response to sildenafil citrate. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(7):569\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9748_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13756","volume":"89","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, et al. Symptomatic androgen deficiency develops only when both total and free testosterone decline in obese men who may have incident biochemical secondary hypogonadism: Prospective results from the EMAS. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;89(4):459\u201369.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"9748_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.02.019","volume":"83","author":"ER Goldfischer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldfischer ER, et al. Impact of low testosterone on response to treatment with tadalafil 5 mg once daily for erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2014;83(6):1326\u201333.","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09748-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09748-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09748-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T22:14:54Z","timestamp":1700950494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09748-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09748-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9155","1573-2606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}