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The reciprocal influence between these two entities has been proven so extensive that some authors coined the term \"gut-thyroid axis\". However, since some paper<jats:bold>s<\/jats:bold> reported conflicting results, several aspects of this correlation need to be clarified. This systematic review was conceived to achieve more robust information about: 1)the characteristics of gut microbiota composition in patients with the more common morphological, functional and autoimmune disorders of the thyroid; 2)the influence of gut microbial composition on micronutrients that are essential for the maintenance of thyroid homeostasis; 3)the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, some of the most popular over-the-counter products, on thyroid balance; 4)the opportunity to use specific dietary advice. The literature evaluation was made by three authors independently. A five steps strategy was a priori adopted. After duplicates removal, 1106 records were initially found and 38 reviews were finally included in the analysis. The systematic reviews of reviews found that: 1) some significant variations characterize the gut microbiota composition in patients with thyroid disorders. However, geographical clustering of most of the studies prevents drawing definitive conclusions on this topic; 2) the available knowledge about the effect of probiotics and synbiotics are not strong enough to suggest the routine use of these compounds in patients with thyroid disorders; 3) specific elimination nutrition should not be routine suggested to patients, which, instead have to be checked for possible micronutrients and vitamins deficiency, often owed to gastrointestinal autoimmune comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09839-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T12:02:33Z","timestamp":1697112153000},"page":"215-237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The relationship between thyroid and human-associated microbiota: A systematic review of reviews"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4973-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Virili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Stramazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8465-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Flavia","family":"Bagaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8539-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Lucia","family":"Carretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Capriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-1649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Trimboli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Centanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"9839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","volume":"14","author":"R Sender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. 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