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Its development and function are regulated by multiple hormones (i.e. steroids such as androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids) but also by other key hormonal systems such as those comprised by insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin, which are sourced by different tissues [e.g. testicles\/adrenal-gland\/adipose-tissue\/liver\/pancreas, etc.). Particularly important for the endocrine control of prostatic pathophysiology and anatomy are hormones produced and\/or secreted by different cell types of the pituitary gland [growth-hormone, luteinizing-hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin, oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone], which affect prostate gland function either directly or indirectly under physiological and pathophysiological conditions [e.g. metabolic dysregulation (e.g. obesity), and prostate transformations (e.g. prostate cancer)]. This review summarizes the impact of all pituitary hormone types on prostate gland under these diverse conditions including in vivo and in vitro studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09948-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T03:59:27Z","timestamp":1738814367000},"page":"187-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From pituitary cells to prostate gland in health and disease: direct and indirect endocrine connections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Sarmento-Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2069-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio C.","family":"Fuentes-Fayos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4126-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Mata","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2668-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0994-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel D.","family":"Gahete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal M.","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9948_CR1","volume-title":"Hypothalamus as an endocrine organ","author":"IJ Clarke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clarke IJ. 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