{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:43:17Z","timestamp":1792449797598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018217","name":"Universidade Federal De S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Endocr Metab Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Obesity is a chronic neurometabolic disorder characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation, adipose tissue dysfunction, and impaired central regulation of energy balance. This review summarizes mechanistic and translational evidence showing that diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota contribute to altered signaling along the gut-hypothalamus-adipose tissue axis. Obesogenic diets modify microbial metabolic activity by reducing short-chain fatty acid production, altering bile acid composition, and increasing endotoxin-related signaling, which together impair intestinal barrier function and promote metabolic endotoxemia. These signals reach the brain through endocrine (GLP-1, PYY), immune (cytokines, TLR4-dependent pathways), and neural (vagal\/neuropod) routes, and are associated with hypothalamic microinflammation, impaired leptin and insulin signaling, and a persistent orexigenic drive. At the same time, adipose tissue undergoes hypertrophy and immunometabolic remodeling, reinforcing systemic inflammation and central dysregulation in a self-sustaining feedback loop. Incretin-based therapies, including GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists, act in part through modulation of this axis, including microbiota-related mechanisms. However, the frequent regain of weight after treatment discontinuation indicates that central and peripheral circuits are not fully reprogrammed. Viewing obesity as a disorder of disrupted inter-organ signaling highlights microbial metabolic pathways as relevant targets for more durable metabolic improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-026-10038-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:34:10Z","timestamp":1776753250000},"page":"625-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From diet to hypothalamic dysfunction: Neuroanatomical and hormonal integration of the microbiota-hypothalamus-adipose tissue axis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena Dias","family":"de Freitas Queiroz Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breno Picin","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2704-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Dias","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6154-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Antonio Jose","family":"Mutran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Marques","family":"Telles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora","family":"Estadella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Pellegrini","family":"Pisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10038_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00316-4","volume":"13","author":"F Rubino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH, Brown WA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:221\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00316-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10038_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-014-9301-0","volume":"15","author":"N Kl\u00f6ting","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kl\u00f6ting N, Bl\u00fcher M. Adipocyte dysfunction, inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014;15:277\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-014-9301-0.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"10038_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040432","volume":"10","author":"MM Rogero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogero MM, Calder PC. Obesity, inflammation, toll-like receptor 4 and fatty acids. Nutrients. 2018;10:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10040432.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. WHO | Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2025 May 5]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 5 May 2025."},{"key":"10038_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ha S, Lau HCH, Yu J. Excess body weight: Novel insights into its roles in obesity comorbidities. 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.03.008"},{"key":"10038_CR6","unstructured":"WOF. World Obesity Atlas 2024 [Internet]. London; 2024. https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wof-files\/WOF_Obesity_Atlas_2024.pdf"},{"key":"10038_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","volume":"393","author":"A Afshin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay KA, Cornaby L, Ferrara G, Salama JS, et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393:1958\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10038_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu W, Ou T, Song Q. others. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Abdominal Obesity. 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14223955","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223955"},{"key":"10038_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.102896","author":"A Ferreira-Hermosillo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Ibanez RM, Perez-Dionisio EK, Villalobos-Mata KA. Obesity as a neuroendocrine disorder. Arch Med Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.102896.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10038_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.009902","volume":"5","author":"C-X Yi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yi C-X, Tsch\u00f6p MH. Brain\u2013gut\u2013adipose-tissue communication pathways at a glance. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5:583\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.009902.","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"10038_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2151","volume":"154","author":"E Sch\u00e9le","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sch\u00e9le E, Grahnemo L, Anesten F, Hall\u00e9n A, B\u00e4ckhed F, Jansson J-O. The gut microbiota reduces leptin sensitivity and the expression of the obesity-suppressing neuropeptides Proglucagon (Gcg) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Bdnf) in the central nervous system. Endocrinology. 2013;154:3643\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-2151.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10038_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071045","author":"BE Kase","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kase BE, Liese AD, Zhang J, Murphy EA, Zhao L, Steck SE. The development and evaluation of a literature-based dietary index for gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16071045.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes, O\u2019Keefe. Lindeberg, Cordain. The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Res Rep Clin Cardiol. 2011;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRCC.S16919.","DOI":"10.2147\/RRCC.S16919"},{"key":"10038_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/482186","volume":"2012","author":"PW Franks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franks PW, Hindawi Limited. The complex interplay of genetic and lifestyle risk factors in type 2 diabetes: an overview. Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;2012:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6064\/2012\/482186.","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"10038_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2016.02.007","author":"M Fisberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fisberg M, Maximino P, Kain J, Kovalskys I, Elsevier Editora Ltda. Obesogenic environment \u2013 intervention opportunities. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jped.2016.02.007.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio. J)"},{"key":"10038_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malesza IJ, Malesza M, Walkowiak J. others. High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota. 2021; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10113164","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113164"},{"key":"10038_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.682721","author":"Q Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin Q, Yan S, Yang Y, Chen J, Li T, Gao X, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of the gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome. Front Microbiol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.682721.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10038_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01761-1","volume":"17","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Li T, Cui H, Song J. Dietary index for gut microbiota, metabolic syndrome, and long-term mortality: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132018. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17:191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01761-1.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10038_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2304900","author":"D Chanda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chanda D, De D. Meta-analysis reveals obesity associated gut microbial alteration patterns and reproducible contributors of functional shift. Gut Microbes. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2024.2304900.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"7946","key":"10038_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05620-1","volume":"614","author":"M Valles-Colomer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valles-Colomer M, Blanco-M\u00edguez A, Manghi P, Asnicar F, Dubois L, Golzato D, et al. The person-to-person transmission landscape of the gut and oral microbiomes. Nature. 2023;614(7946):125\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05620-1.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10038_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4358","volume":"23","author":"R Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu R, Hong J, Xu X, Feng Q, Zhang D, Gu Y, et al. Gut microbiome and serum metabolome alterations in obesity and after weight-loss intervention. Nat Med. 2017;23(7):859\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4358.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10038_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-021-00703-6","volume":"17","author":"Z Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu Z, Jiang W, Huang W, Lin Y, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Gut microbiota in patients with obesity and metabolic disorders \u2014 a systematic review. Genes & Nutrition. 2021;17(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12263-021-00703-6.","journal-title":"Genes & Nutrition"},{"key":"10038_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.9.763","volume":"22","author":"JH Cummings","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cummings JH. Short chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut. 1981;22:763\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.22.9.763.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10038_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051655","volume":"13","author":"P Cronin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cronin P, Joyce SA, O\u2019Toole PW, O\u2019Connor EM. Dietary fibre modulates the gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2021;13:1655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051655.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203440","volume":"16","author":"E Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu E, Ji X, Zhou K. Akkermansia muciniphila for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and obesity: a meta-analysis of animal studies. Nutrients. 2024;16:3440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16203440.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giannoudaki E, Hernandez-Santana YE. others. Interleukin-36 cytokines alter the intestinal microbiome and can protect against obesity and metabolic dysfunction. 2019; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-12038-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12038-1"},{"key":"10038_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3593-3599.2006","volume":"72","author":"A Belenguer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Belenguer A, Duncan SH, Calder AG, Holtrop G, Louis P, Lobley GE, et al. Two routes of metabolic cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate-producing anaerobes from the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:3593\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3593-3599.2006.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10038_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","volume":"3","author":"HJ Flint","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flint HJ, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Louis P, Forano E. Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes. 2012;3:289\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/gmic.19897.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10038_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.005","volume":"17","author":"CJ Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly CJ, Zheng L, Campbell EL, Saeedi B, Scholz CC, Bayless AJ, et al. Crosstalk between microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and intestinal epithelial HIF augments tissue barrier function. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:662\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.005.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10038_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913","volume":"64","author":"ES Chambers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A, Morrison DJ, Murphy KG, Zac-Varghese SEK, et al. Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut. 2015;64:1744\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10038_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211609200","volume":"278","author":"AJ Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, Eilert MM, Tcheang L, Daniels D, et al. The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:11312\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M211609200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10038_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03262-3","author":"D Rosendo-Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosendo-Silva D, Viana S, Carvalho E, Reis F, Matafome P. Are gut dysbiosis, barrier disruption, and endotoxemia related to adipose tissue dysfunction in metabolic disorders? Overview of the mechanisms involved. Int Emerg Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03262-3.","journal-title":"Int Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10038_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01246-5","volume":"7","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang Z, He L, Li D, Zhuo L, Chen L, Shi RQ, et al. Human gut microbial aromatic amino acid and related metabolites prevent obesity through intestinal immune control. Nat Metab. 2025;7(4):808\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-025-01246-5.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.028","volume":"26","author":"K Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang K, Liao M, Zhou N, Bao L, Ma K, Zheng Z, et al. Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids. Cell Rep. 2019;26:222-235.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.028.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10038_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2400385121","volume":"121","author":"W Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du W, Jiang S, Yin S, Wang R, Zhang C, Yin BC, et al. The microbiota-dependent tryptophan metabolite alleviates high-fat diet\u2013induced insulin resistance through the hepatic AhR\/TSC2\/mTORC1 axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024;121:e2400385121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2400385121.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10038_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.011","volume":"28","author":"B Swaminathan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Swaminathan B, Gerner-Smidt P. Bile acid receptor Tgr5 prevents macrophage hyperinflammation during bacterial sepsis through metabolic and epigenetic silencing. iScience [Internet]. Elsevier. 2025;28:113929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.011.","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"10038_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castellanos-Jankiewicz A, Guzm\u00e1n-Quevedo O, F\u00e9nelon VS, Zizzari P, Quarta C, Bellocchio L et al. Hypothalamic bile acid-TGR5 signaling protects from obesity. Cell Metab [Internet]. Cell Press; 2021 [cited 2026 Mar 26];33:1483\u20131492.e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10038_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4106","volume":"22","author":"V Rothhammer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Bunse L, Takenaka MC, Kenison JE, Mayo L, et al. Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Med. 2016;22(6):586\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4106.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10038_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","volume":"39","author":"T Zelante","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zelante T, Iannitti RG, Cunha C, DeLuca A, Giovannini G, Pieraccini G, et al. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity. 2013;39(2):372\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10038_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2011_192","volume":"358","author":"M Blaut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blaut M. Ecology and physiology of the intestinal tract. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013;358:247\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/82_2011_192.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10038_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0191-1","author":"NM Delzenne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delzenne NM, Cani PD. Gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-011-0191-1.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10038_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae033","volume":"46","author":"MJA Saad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saad MJA, Santos A. The Microbiota and Evolution of Obesity. Endocr Rev. 2025;46:300\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnae033.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10038_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051474","volume":"12","author":"F Magne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, Zazueta A, Pesoa S, Navarrete P, et al. The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients? Nutrients. 2020;12:1474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12051474.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinart M, D\u00f6tsch A, Schlicht K, Laudes M, Bouwman J, Forslund SK, et al. Gut microbiome composition in obese and non-obese persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. MDPI; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14010012.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010012"},{"key":"10038_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102263","author":"A Kara\u010di\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kara\u010di\u0107 A, Renko I, Krznari\u0107 \u017d, Klobu\u010dar S, Liberati Pr\u0161o AM. The association between the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio and body mass among European population with the highest proportion of adults with obesity: an observational follow-up study from Croatia. Biomedicines. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12102263.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10038_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulecka M, Jaworski P, Zeber-Lubecka N, Ba\u0142abas A, Pi\u0105tkowska M, Czarnowski P et al. The Gut Microbiome Obesity Index: A New Analytical Tool in the Metagenomics Workflow for the Evaluation of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Humans. Nutrients 2025, Vol 17, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2025 [cited 2026 Mar 26];17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17142320","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142320"},{"key":"10038_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03278-5","volume":"24","author":"X Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu X, Yu C, He Y, Zhu S, Wang S, Xu Z, et al. Integrative metagenomic analysis reveals distinct gut microbial signatures related to obesity. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24:119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03278-5.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10038_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","volume":"56","author":"PD Cani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56:1761\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db06-1491.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10038_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1219","volume":"87","author":"J Amar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amar J, Burcelin R, Ruidavets JB, Cani PD, Fauvel J, Alessi MC, et al. Energy intake is associated with endotoxemia in apparently healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet] Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1219\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1219.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr [Internet] Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10038_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30147-4","volume":"2","author":"C Torres-Fuentes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torres-Fuentes C, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in obesity. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:747\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30147-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10038_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1747046","volume":"0","author":"G Jamar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jamar G, Ribeiro DA, Pisani LP. High-fat or high-sugar diets as trigger inflammation in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr Taylor Francis. 2020;0:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1747046.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr Taylor Francis"},{"key":"10038_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/137579","volume":"2013","author":"D Estadella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Estadella D, da Penha Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, D\u00e2maso AR, de Piano A. Lipotoxicity: effects of dietary saturated and transfatty acids. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/137579.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10038_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.07.002","volume":"113","author":"G Jamar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jamar G, Santamarina AB, Dias GC, Masquio DCL, de Rosso VV, Pisani LP. Relationship between fatty acids intake and Clostridium coccoides in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome. Food Res Int. 2018;113:86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.07.002.","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"10038_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000865","volume":"25","author":"I Djuricic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Djuricic I, Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolic health: novel insights. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2022;25:436\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000865.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10038_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lancaster GI, Langley KG, Berglund NA, Kammoun HL, Reibe S, Estevez E, et al. Evidence that TLR4 is not a receptor for saturated fatty acids but mediates lipid-induced inflammation by reprogramming macrophage metabolism. Cell Metab. 2018;27:1096-1110.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.014"},{"key":"10038_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2019.101020","volume":"77","author":"B Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li B, Leung JCK, Chan LYY, Yiu WH, Tang SCW, Elsevier. A global perspective on the crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and Toll-like receptor 4 in the etiology of inflammation and insulin resistance. Prog Lipid Res [Internet]. 2020;77:101020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plipres.2019.101020.","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res [Internet]"},{"key":"10038_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.026","volume":"22","author":"R Caesar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caesar R, Tremaroli V, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Cani PD, B\u00e4ckhed F. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling. Cell Metab. 2015;22:658\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.026.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cunha de S\u00e1 RDC, Cruz MM, Farias TM, Silva VS, Jesus Sim\u00e3o J, Telles MM, et al. Fish oil reverses metabolic syndrome, adipocyte dysfunction, and altered adipokines secretion triggered by high-fat diet\u2010induced obesity. Physiol Rep. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.14380.","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14380"},{"key":"10038_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108751","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Salazar","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Salazar V, Tapia MS, Tob\u00f3n-Cornejo S, D\u00edaz D, Alem\u00e1n-Escondrillas G, Granados-Portillo O, et al. Consumption of soybean or olive oil at recommended concentrations increased the intestinal microbiota diversity and insulin sensitivity and prevented fatty liver compared to the effects of coconut oil. J Nutr Biochem. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108751.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10038_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li H, Zhu Y, Zhao F, Song S, Li Y, Xu X, et al. Fish oil, lard and soybean oil differentially shape gut microbiota of middle-aged rats. Sci Rep Nat Publishing Group. 2017;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-00969-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00969-0"},{"key":"10038_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schoeler M, Ellero-Simatos S, Birkner T, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Olsson L, Brolin H, et al. The interplay between dietary fatty acids and gut microbiota influences host metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Nat Commun. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-41074-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41074-3"},{"key":"10038_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hou K, Wu ZX, Chen XY, Wang JQ, Zhang D, Xiao C, et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. Springer Nature; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4"},{"key":"10038_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1069954","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Liu B, Ren L, Du H, Fei C, Qian C, et al. High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1069954.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10038_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","volume":"486","author":"The Human Microbiome Project Consortium","year":"2012","unstructured":"The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nat [Internet]. 2012;486:207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11234.","journal-title":"Nat [Internet]"},{"key":"10038_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25973","volume":"555","author":"D Rothschild","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E, Kurilshikov A, Korem T, Zeevi D, et al. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature. 2018;555:210\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25973.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10038_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","volume":"334","author":"GD Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen Y-Y, Keilbaugh SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334:105\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1208344.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10038_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9","volume":"569","author":"J Lloyd-Price","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lloyd-Price J, Arze C, Ananthakrishnan AN, Schirmer M, Avila-Pacheco J, Poon TW, et al. Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature. 2019;569:655\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10038_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","volume":"99","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cryan JF, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, et al. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99:1877\u20132013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10038_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","volume":"13","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:701\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3346.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10038_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.01.006","volume":"7","author":"RA Liddle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liddle RA. Neuropods. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;7:739\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.01.006.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10038_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78361","volume":"125","author":"DV Boh\u00f3rquez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boh\u00f3rquez DV, Shahid RA, Erdmann A, Kreger AM, Wang Y, Calakos N, et al. Neuroepithelial circuit formed by innervation of sensory enteroendocrine cells. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:782\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI78361.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10038_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223506","volume":"82","author":"D Nikolopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikolopoulos D, Manolakou T, Polissidis A, Filia A, Bertsias G, Koutmani Y, et al. Microglia activation in the presence of intact blood-brain barrier and disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis via IL-6 and IL-18 mediate early diffuse neuropsychiatric lupus. Ann Rheum Dis BMJ Publishing Group. 2023;82:646\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2022-223506.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis BMJ Publishing Group"},{"key":"10038_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoon SH, Kim Cyoun, Lee E, Lee C, Lee KS, Lee J, et al. Microglial NLRP3-gasdermin D activation impairs blood-brain barrier integrity through interleukin-1\u03b2-independent neutrophil chemotaxis upon peripheral inflammation in mice. Nat Commun Nat Res. 2025;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56097-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56097-1"},{"key":"10038_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0168-8","volume":"15","author":"FM Gribble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gribble FM, Reimann F. Function and mechanisms of enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones in metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15:226\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-019-0168-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10038_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas","author":"BK Trevelline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trevelline BK, Kohl KD. The gut microbiome influences host diet selection behavior. PNAS [Internet]. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas. 119.","journal-title":"PNAS [Internet]"},{"key":"10038_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24326","volume":"57","author":"E Schneider","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schneider E, Schmidt R, Cryan JF, Hilbert A. A role for the microbiota-gut-brain axis in avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder: a new conceptual model. Int J Eat Disord. 2024;57:2321\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24326.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"10038_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170388","volume":"133","author":"MA Schalla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schalla MA, Stengel A. Effects of microbiome changes on endocrine ghrelin signaling \u2013 a systematic review. Peptides (NY). 2020;133:170388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170388.","journal-title":"Peptides (NY)"},{"key":"10038_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00880-5","volume":"6","author":"HS Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoon HS, Cho CH, Yun MS, Jang SJ, You HJ, Kim J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6:563\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-021-00880-5.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10038_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220180110","volume":"110","author":"K Kaliannan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaliannan K, Hamarneh SR, Economopoulos KP, Nasrin Alam S, Moaven O, Patel P, et al. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents metabolic syndrome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:7003\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1220180110.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10038_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17934","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.30.17934","volume":"270","author":"AH Taylor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Taylor AH, Heavner G, Nedelman M, Sherris D, Brunt E, Knight D, et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) neutralizing peptides reveal a lipid A binding site of LPS binding protein. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:17934\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.270.30.17934.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10038_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9074601","volume":"2017","author":"J Bilski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy A, Wojcik D, Zahradnik-Bilska J, Brzozowski B, Magierowski M, et al. The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in inflammatory disorders of gastrointestinal tract. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/9074601.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10038_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002643","volume":"10","author":"J Malo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malo J, Alam MJ, Islam S, Mottalib MA, Rocki MMH, Barmon G, et al. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase deficiency increases the risk of diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022;10:e002643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002643.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10038_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.09.006","volume":"10","author":"M Saberi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saberi M, Woods N-B, de Luca C, Schenk S, Lu JC, Bandyopadhyay G, et al. Hematopoietic cell-specific deletion of Toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice. Cell Metab. 2009;10:419\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.09.006.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00900","author":"ES Bliss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The gut-brain axis, the human gut microbiota and their integration in the development of obesity. Front Physiol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00900.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10038_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borgmann D, Ciglieri E, Biglari N, Brandt C, Cremer AL, Backes H, et al. Gut-brain communication by distinct sensory neurons differently controls feeding and glucose metabolism. Cell Metab. 2021;33:1466-1482.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.002"},{"key":"10038_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ye L, Bae M, Cassilly CD, Jabba SV, Thorpe DW, Martin AM, et al. Enteroendocrine cells sense bacterial tryptophan catabolites to activate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:179-196.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.011"},{"key":"10038_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051085","volume":"13","author":"B Buey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buey B, Forc\u00e9n A, Grasa L, Layunta E, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids: novel regulators of intestinal serotonin transporter. Life. 2023;13:1085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13051085.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10038_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572","author":"KJ O\u2019Riordan","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan KJ, Collins MK, Moloney GM, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Knox EG, Aburto MR, et al. Short chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10038_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li G, Yao W, Jiang H. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Enhance Adipocyte Differentiation. 2014; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.114.198531","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.198531"},{"key":"10038_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","volume":"16","author":"B Dalile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16:461\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10038_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saha C, Kumar R, Das A. Understanding nucleosomal histone and DNA interactions. 2016; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07391102.2016.1225603","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2016.1225603"},{"key":"10038_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8914-3","volume":"52","author":"T Barichello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barichello T, Generoso JS, Sim\u00f5es LR, Faller CJ, Ceretta RA, Petronilho F, et al. Sodium Butyrate Prevents Memory Impairment by Re-establishing BDNF and GDNF Expression in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;52:734\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-014-8914-3.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10038_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.11.003","volume":"61","author":"RB Varela","year":"2015","unstructured":"Varela RB, Valvassori SS, Lopes-Borges J, Mariot E, Dal-Pont GC, Amboni RT, et al. Sodium butyrate and mood stabilizers block ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion and increase BDNF, NGF and GDNF levels in brain of Wistar rats. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;61:114\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.11.003.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10038_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1070-x","volume":"70","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suzuki T. Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013;70:631\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-012-1070-x.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10038_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003275","volume":"12","author":"C Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu C, Liu L, Li F. Acetate alters the process of lipid metabolism in rabbits. Anim. 2018;12:1895\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731117003275.","journal-title":"Anim"},{"key":"10038_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173736","volume":"15","author":"C Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun C, Li A, Wang H, Ma J, Hou J. Positive Regulation of Acetate in Adipocyte Differentiation and Lipid Deposition in Obese Mice. Nutrients. 2023;15:3736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15173736.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43199","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43199","volume":"7","author":"M Nepelska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nepelska M, de Wouters T, Jacouton E, B\u00e9guet-Crespel F, Lapaque N, Dor\u00e9 J, et al. Commensal gut bacteria modulate phosphorylation-dependent PPAR\u03b3 transcriptional activity in human intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep43199.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10038_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163","volume":"35","author":"CN Heiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heiss CN, Manner\u00e5s-Holm L, Lee YS, Serrano-Lobo J, H\u00e5kansson Gladh A, Seeley RJ, et al. The gut microbiota regulates hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism. Cell Rep. 2021;35:109163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10038_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040202","author":"A Woting","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woting A, Blaut M. The intestinal microbiota in metabolic disease. Nutrients. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8040202.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102162","volume":"97","author":"M Bergentall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bergentall M, Tremaroli V, Sun C, Henricsson M, Khan MT, Manner\u00e5s Holm L, et al. Gut microbiota mediates SREBP-1c-driven hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis in response to zero-fat high-sucrose diet. Mol Metab. 2025;97:102162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102162.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","volume":"108","author":"JA Bravo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:16050\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1102999108.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10038_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Goncalves D, Vinera J, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, et al. Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell. 2014;156:84\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016"},{"key":"10038_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niu H, Deng Q, Hu B, Dong Y, Long Y, Zeng X, et al. The structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, rheological behavior and anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides from Pueraria lobata: in-depth study focusing on the gut microbiota-hepatic FGF21 signaling. Food Res Int. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.118717.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.118717"},{"key":"10038_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill CM, Qualls-Creekmore E, Berthoud H-R, Soto P, Yu S, McDougal DH, et al. FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference. Endocrinology. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa019.","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa019"},{"key":"10038_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laeger T, Henagan TM, Albarado DC, Redman LM, Bray GA, Noland RC, et al. FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:3913\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI74915.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74915"},{"key":"10038_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Talukdar S, Owen BM, Song P, Hernandez G, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, et al. FGF21 regulates sweet and alcohol preference. Cell Metab. 2016;23:344\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.12.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.12.008"},{"key":"10038_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.044","volume":"16","author":"T Laeger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laeger T, Albarado DC, Burke SJ, Trosclair L, Hedgepeth JW, Berthoud HR, et al. Metabolic Responses to Dietary Protein Restriction Require an Increase in FGF21 that Is Delayed by the Absence of GCN2. Cell Rep Elsevier B V. 2016;16:707\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.044.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Elsevier B V"},{"key":"10038_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103780","author":"L Sessa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sessa L, Malavolta E, Sodero G, Cipolla C, Rigante D. The conspiring role of gut microbiota as primer of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a scoping focus. Autoimmun Rev Elsevier B V. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103780.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev Elsevier B V"},{"key":"10038_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","volume":"17","author":"SI Sayin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayin SI, Wahlstr\u00f6m A, Felin J, J\u00e4ntti S, Marschall HU, Bamberg K, et al. Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist. Cell Metab. 2013;17:225\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1267383","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Liu J, Zhang T, Wang Q, Zhang H, Frontiers Media SA. Complex relationship between gut microbiota and thyroid dysfunction: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1267383.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10038_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.014","volume":"26","author":"N Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez N, Seoane-Collazo P, Contreras C, Varela L, Villarroya J, Rial-Pensado E, et al. Hypothalamic AMPK-ER Stress-JNK1 Axis Mediates the Central Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Energy Balance. Cell Metab Cell Press. 2017;26:212\u2013e22912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.014.","journal-title":"Cell Metab Cell Press"},{"key":"10038_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rial-Pensado E, Canaple L, Guyot R, Clemmensen C, Wiersema J, Wu S, et al. Neuronal blockade of thyroid hormone signaling increases sensitivity to diet-induced obesity in adult male mice. Endocrinology (United States). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqad034.","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad034"},{"key":"10038_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burbridge S, Stewart I, Placzek M. Development of the Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus. Compr Physiol. Wiley; 2016. pp. 623\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c150023","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150023"},{"key":"10038_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040431","volume":"12","author":"A Campos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campos A, Port JD, Acosta A. Integrative hedonic and homeostatic food intake regulation by the central nervous system: insights from neuroimaging. Brain Sci. 2022;12:431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12040431.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10038_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.01.003","volume":"31","author":"EM Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez EM, Bl\u00e1zquez JL, Guerra M. The design of barriers in the hypothalamus allows the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus to enjoy private milieus: the former opens to the portal blood and the latter to the cerebrospinal fluid. Peptides (NY). 2010;31:757\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.01.003.","journal-title":"Peptides (NY)"},{"key":"10038_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zhou C, Li X, Li H, Han Q, Chen Z, et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host circadian rhythms, and metabolic diseases. Adv Nutr. Elsevier B.V.; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100416.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100416"},{"key":"10038_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen B, Gautron L. Gut-derived lipopolysaccharides and metabolic endotoxemia: a critical review. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Am Physiological Soc. 2025;E746\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00355.2025.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00355.2025"},{"key":"10038_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.09.001","volume":"24","author":"WA Banks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banks WA, Robinson SM. Minimal penetration of lipopolysaccharide across the murine blood-brain barrier. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24:102\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.09.001.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10038_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-101","volume":"9","author":"P Boss\u00f9","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boss\u00f9 P, Cutuli D, Palladino I, Caporali P, Angelucci F, Laricchiuta D, et al. A single intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin in rats induces long-lasting modifications in behavior and brain protein levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-18. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-9-101.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10038_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","volume":"18","author":"I Galea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galea I. The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18:2489\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10038_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31638","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15780","volume":"8","author":"Y Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu Y, Wang Z, Pan S, Zhang H, Fang M, Jiang H, et al. Melatonin protects against blood-brain barrier damage by inhibiting the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway after LPS treatment in neonatal rats. Oncotarget. 2017;8:31638\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.15780.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10038_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn055","volume":"20","author":"S Selleri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Selleri S, Palazzo M, Deola S, Wang E, Balsari A, Marincola FM, et al. Induction of pro-inflammatory programs in enteroendocrine cells by the Toll-like receptor agonists flagellin and bacterial LPS. Int Immunol. 2008;20:961\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxn055.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10038_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaelberer MM, Buchanan KL, Klein ME, Barth BB, Montoya MM, Shen X et al. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science (1979). 2018;361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aat5236","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236"},{"key":"10038_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miyata S. New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains. Front Neurosci. 2015;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2015.00390.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00390"},{"key":"10038_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.02.031","volume":"118","author":"X Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma X, Kim JK, Shin YJ, Park HS, Lee DY, Yim SV, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-producing Veillonella infantium and Escherichia fergusonii cause vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment in mice. Brain Behav Immun Acad Press Inc. 2024;118:136\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.02.031.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Acad Press Inc"},{"key":"10038_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.043","volume":"135","author":"X Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Karin M, Bai H, Cai D. Hypothalamic IKK\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB and ER stress link overnutrition to energy imbalance and obesity. Cell. 2008;135:61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.043.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10038_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59660","volume":"122","author":"JP Thaler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thaler JP, Yi C-X, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich MO, et al. Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2012;122:153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI59660.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest [Internet]"},{"key":"10038_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.018","volume":"9","author":"M Valdearcos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valdearcos M, Robblee MM, Benjamin DI, Nomura DK, Xu AW, Koliwad SK. Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function. Cell Rep. 2014;9:2124\u201338.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10038_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9029-6","volume":"53","author":"VP Nakka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakka VP, Prakash-babu P, Vemuganti R. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and autophagy: potential therapeutic targets for acute CNS injuries. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53:532\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-014-9029-6.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10038_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103478","author":"SSG Brown","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown SSG, Westwater ML, Seidlitz J, Ziauddeen H, Fletcher PC, Elsevier Inc. Hypothalamic volume is associated with body mass index. Neuroimage Clin. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103478.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10038_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00953-9","volume":"46","author":"O Contreras-Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Contreras-Rodriguez O, Arnoriaga-Rodr\u00edguez M, Miranda-Olivos R, Blasco G, Biarn\u00e9s C, Puig J, et al. Obesity status and obesity-associated gut dysbiosis effects on hypothalamic structural covariance. Int J Obes. 2022;46:30\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-021-00953-9.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10038_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1535","volume":"45","author":"JL Rosenbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosenbaum JL, Melhorn SJ, Schoen S, Webb MF, De Leon MRB, Humphreys M, et al. Evidence That Hypothalamic Gliosis Is Related to Impaired Glucose Homeostasis in Adults With Obesity. Diabetes Care Am Diabetes Association Inc. 2022;45:416\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-1535.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care Am Diabetes Association Inc"},{"key":"10038_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreutzer C, Peters S, Schulte DM, Fangmann D, T\u00fcrk K, Wolff S et al. Hypothalamic inflammation in human obesity is mediated by environmental and genetic factors Short title: Hypothalamic inflammation in human obesity. 2017.","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0067"},{"key":"10038_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.055","volume":"163","author":"W Zeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeng W, Pirzgalska RM, Pereira MMA, Kubasova N, Barateiro A, Seixas E, et al. Sympathetic neuro-adipose connections mediate leptin-driven lipolysis. Cell. 2015;163:84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.055.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10038_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.001","volume":"35","author":"TJ Bartness","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bartness TJ, Liu Y, Shrestha YB, Ryu V. Neural innervation of white adipose tissue and the control of lipolysis. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35:473\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.001.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10038_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.08.035","volume":"123","author":"N Balthasar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balthasar N, Dalgaard LT, Lee CE, Yu J, Funahashi H, Williams T, et al. Divergence of melanocortin pathways in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Cell. 2005;123:493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2005.08.035.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10038_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.345","volume":"18","author":"MT Foster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Foster MT, Song CK, Bartness TJ. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesion involvement in the sympathetic control of lipid mobilization. Obesity. 2010;18:682\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.345.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10038_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01280-3","volume":"7","author":"M Toledo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Toledo M, Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez S, Van Hul M, Laudo B, Eyre E, Pelicaen R, et al. Rapid modulation of gut microbiota composition by hypothalamic circuits in mice. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1123\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-025-01280-3.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.023","volume":"164","author":"I Gabanyi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gabanyi I, Muller PA, Feighery L, Oliveira TY, Costa-Pinto FA, Mucida D, et al. Neuro-immune interactions drive tissue programming in intestinal macrophages. Cell. 2016;164:378\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.023.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10038_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dischinger U, K\u00f6tzner L, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Kleinschmidt H, Haas C, Perez J, et al. Hypothalamic integrity is necessary for sustained weight loss after bariatric surgery: a prospective, cross-sectional study. Metabolism. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155341"},{"key":"10038_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16176","volume":"289","author":"JD Deem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deem JD, Faber CL, Morton GJ. AgRP neurons: regulators of feeding, energy expenditure, and behavior. FEBS J. 2022;289:2362\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.16176.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"10038_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.010","volume":"188","author":"VBI Johansen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johansen VBI, Petersen J, Lund J, Mathiesen CV, Fenselau H, Clemmensen C. Brain control of energy homeostasis: Implications for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. Cell. 2025;188:4178\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.010.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10038_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, Bernard S, Buchholz BA, Bergmann O, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453:783\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06902.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06902"},{"key":"10038_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129191","author":"L Vishvanath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vishvanath L, Gupta RK, American Society for Clinical Investigation. Contribution of adipogenesis to healthy adipose tissue expansion in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI129191.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10038_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090763","author":"C Iacobini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iacobini C, Vitale M, Haxhi J, Menini S, Pugliese G, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Impaired remodeling of white adipose tissue in obesity and aging: from defective adipogenesis to adipose organ dysfunction. Cells. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13090763.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10038_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1210\/JCEM.76.3.8445033","volume":"76","author":"T Petruschke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Petruschke T, Hauner H, Oxford Academic. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells and causes delipidation of newly developed fat cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:742\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/JCEM.76.3.8445033.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.2337\/DB08-1770","volume":"58","author":"P Isakson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Isakson P, Hammarstedt A, Gustafson B, Smith U, American Diabetes Association. Impaired Preadipocyte Differentiation in Human Abdominal ObesityRole of Wnt, Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, and Inflammation. Diabetes. 2009;58:1550\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DB08-1770.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10038_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong X, Zeng X, Li Y, Yan Y, Gao S, Chen Y, et al. Regulation of LCN-2\/PI3K\/Akt on TNF-\u03b1 induced inflammatory response of porcine intramuscular adipocytes. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim [Internet] Springer. 2025;1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11626-025-01087-2\/METRICS.","DOI":"10.1007\/S11626-025-01087-2\/METRICS"},{"key":"10038_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2012","volume":"93","author":"P Trayhurn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trayhurn P. Hypoxia and adipose tissue function and dysfunction in obesity. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00017.2012.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10038_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161156","volume":"34","author":"P Trayhurn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trayhurn P. Hypoxia and Adipocyte Physiology: Implications for Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity. Annu Rev Nutr. 2014;34:207\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161156.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10038_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"db160500","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0500","volume":"66","author":"BF Zamarron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zamarron BF, Mergian TA, Cho KW, Martinez-Santibanez G, Luan D, Singer K, et al. Macrophage Proliferation Sustains Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Formerly Obese Mice. Diabetes. 2016;66:db160500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-0500.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10038_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200","volume":"46","author":"S Cinti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:2347\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10038_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010059","volume":"16","author":"R Higos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Higos R, Renzi G, Taillandier P, Merabtene F, Rouault C, Abatan JB, et al. How adipocytes orchestrate inflammation within adipose tissue? Biomolecules. 2025;16:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom16010059.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10038_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01284-9","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Lei Y, Jiang S, Chen D, Wang X, Wang K, et al. Advances in understanding the role of gut microbiota in fat deposition and lipid metabolism. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2025;16:152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-025-01284-9.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"10038_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virtue AT, McCright SJ, Wright JM, Jimenez MT, Mowel WK, Kotzin JJ, et al. The gut microbiota regulates white adipose tissue inflammation and obesity via a family of microRNAs. Sci Transl Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav1892.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav1892"},{"key":"10038_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang H, Bu H, Liao L, Xiang Y, Chen Q, Fu G, et al. The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine is a potent antiobesity agent with potential effects on white adipose tissue remodeling in mice. Gut Microbes. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2025.2587400.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2587400"},{"key":"10038_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15330","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315330","volume":"23","author":"M Acosta-Martinez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acosta-Martinez M, Cabail MZ. The PI3K\/Akt pathway in meta-inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:15330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232315330.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10038_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00478-0","author":"M Kanzaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kanzaki M, Pessin JE. Insulin signaling: GLUT4 vesicles exit via the exocyst. Curr Biol. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00478-0.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10038_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5249.665","volume":"271","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-\u03b1- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science (1979). 1996;271:665\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.271.5249.665.","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"10038_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang J, Sharma R, Siyar S, Sharma V, Puri V, Lee KY. Adipocyte subpopulations mediate lipolysis and obesity-induced insulin resistance. J Endocrinol. 2024;260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-23-0149.","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0149"},{"key":"10038_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069585","author":"S Pugazhenthi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pugazhenthi S, Zhang Y, Bouchard R, Mahaffey G. Induction of an inflammatory loop by interleukin-1\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 involves NF-kB and STAT-1 in differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells. PLoS One. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069585.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10038_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2277","volume":"54","author":"R Cancello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cancello R, Henegar C, Viguerie N, Taleb S, Poitou C, Rouault C, et al. Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes. 2005;54:2277\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2277.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10038_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-012-0231-6","volume":"69","author":"G Uriarte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uriarte G, Paternain L, Milagro FI, Mart\u00ednez JA, Campion J. Shifting to a control diet after a high-fat, high-sucrose diet intake induces epigenetic changes in retroperitoneal adipocytes of Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2013;69:601\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13105-012-0231-6.","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10038_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0073","volume":"245","author":"BP Casagrande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casagrande BP, de Souza DV, Ribeiro DA, Medeiros A, Pisani LP, Estadella D. Hepatic inflammation precedes steatosis and is mediated by visceral fat accumulation. J Endocrinol. 2020;245:369\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-20-0073.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10038_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01632-9","volume":"71","author":"BP Casagrande","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casagrande BP, Pisani LP, Estadella D, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. IL10\/AMPK pathway was associated with the hippocampal anti-inflammatory response to high-sugar and high-fat diet withdrawal. Inflamm Res. 2022;71:1365\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-022-01632-9.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10038_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183170","author":"K Phuong-Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Phuong-Nguyen K, McGee SL, Aston-Mourney K, Mcneill BA, Mahmood MQ, Rivera LR, et al. Yoyo dieting, post-obesity weight loss, and their relationship with gut health. Nutrients. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16183170.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08165-7","volume":"636","author":"LC Hinte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hinte LC, Castellano-Castillo D, Ghosh A, Melrose K, Gasser E, No\u00e9 F, et al. Adipose tissue retains an epigenetic memory of obesity after weight loss. Nature. 2024;636:457\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08165-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10038_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3062","volume":"7","author":"Z Almuwaqqat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almuwaqqat Z, Hui Q, Liu C, Zhou JJ, Voight BF, Ho Y-L, et al. Long-term body mass index variability and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e243062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3062.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10038_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01735-x","volume":"22","author":"RJ Massey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Massey RJ, Siddiqui MK, Pearson ER, Dawed AY. Weight variability and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01735-x.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10038_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","volume":"63","author":"MD Jensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. 2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the obesity society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2985\u20133023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10038_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(24)00272-9","author":"CM Prado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prado CM, Phillips SM, Gonzalez MC, Heymsfield SB. Muscle matters: the effects of medically induced weight loss on skeletal muscle. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(24)00272-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10038_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.03.010","volume":"67","author":"S Sokary","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sokary S, Bawadi H. Exploring beyond numeric weight loss: the metabolic effects of semaglutide. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;67:435\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.03.010.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"10038_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1676718","author":"K Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang K, Sun X, Li L. Editorial: incretin-based therapies in the treatment of metabolic syndrome: expanding roles beyond weight management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1676718.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10038_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081303","volume":"17","author":"KK Gofron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gofron KK, Wasilewski A, Ma\u0142gorzewicz S. Effects of GLP-1 analogues and agonists on the gut microbiota: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2025;17:1303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17081303.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.25.04306-4","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, He Z, Li Cothers. Mechanisms of efficacy of drug therapy in type 2 diabetes: the role of microbiomes. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S2724-6507.25.04306-4.","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol (Torino)"},{"key":"10038_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01041-8","volume":"6","author":"C Yun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yun C, Yan S, Liao B. others. The microbial metabolite agmatine acts as an FXR agonist to promote polycystic ovary syndrome in female mice. Nat Metab. 2024;6:947\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-024-01041-8.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18030531","volume":"18","author":"B Gong","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gong B, Shi Z, Qi J. others. GLP-1RA Liraglutide Attenuates Sepsis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Associated Metabolites. Nutrients. 2026;18:531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18030531.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10038_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01603-y","volume":"33","author":"RS da Silva","year":"2025","unstructured":"da Silva RS, de Paiva IHR, Mendonca IP. others. Anorexigenic and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways of semaglutide via the microbiota-gut\u2013brain axis in obese mice. Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33:845\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01603-y.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10038_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-024-10142-w","volume":"19","author":"IHR de Paiva","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Paiva IHR, da Silva RS, Mendonca IP. others. Semaglutide Attenuates Anxious and Depressive-Like Behaviors and Reverses the Cognitive Impairment in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mouse Model Via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2024;19:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-024-10142-w.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"10038_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562896","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1562896","volume":"16","author":"L Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun L, Shang B, Lv S. others. Effects of semaglutide on metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1562896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1562896.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10038_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00615","volume":"22","author":"L Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qi L, Kang H, Zeng F. others. Gut microbiota mediates semaglutide attenuation of diabetes-associated cognitive decline. Neurotherapeutics. 2025;22:e00615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00615.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10038_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17891","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17891","volume":"12","author":"J Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng J, Teng Z, Yang Y. others. Effects of semaglutide on gut microbiota, cognitive function and inflammation in obese mice. PeerJ. 2024;12:e17891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.17891.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10038_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17891","volume":"12","author":"J Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng J, Teng Z, Yang Y, Liu J, Chen S, PeerJ Inc. Effects of semaglutide on gut microbiota, cognitive function and inflammation in obese mice. PeerJ. 2024;12:e17891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.17891.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10038_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36318-3","volume":"16","author":"A Klemets","year":"2026","unstructured":"Klemets A, Reppo I, Krigul KL, Volke V, Aasmets O, Org E, et al. Fecal microbiome predicts treatment response after the initiation of semaglutide or empagliflozin uptake. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):6126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-36318-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10038_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70141","volume":"28","author":"M Alissou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alissou M, Demangeat T, Folope V, Van Elslande H, Lelandais H, Blanchemaison J, et al. Impact of semaglutide on fat mass, lean mass and muscle function in patients with obesity: the SEMALEAN study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026;28:112\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.70141.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-025-01525-4","volume":"16","author":"K Gao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gao K, Yin Z, Zhang C. others. Combination of GLP-1 receptor agonist and Akkermansia muciniphila Akk11 reduces adiposity and ameliorates MASLD in T2D mice. Cell Biosci. 2026;16:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13578-025-01525-4.","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"10038_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140846","volume":"304","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Zhou T, Zhang S, Leng J, Li L, Zhao W. \u03b2-Glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel ameliorates obesity-associated metabolic disorders via delaying gastric emptying, improving intestinal barrier function, and modulating gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;304:140846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140846.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"10038_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00526-0","volume":"28","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang W, Wang Y, Chi J. others. hUCMSCs carrying exenatide prevent T1DM by improving intestinal microflora composition and islet tissue damage repair. Mol Med. 2022;28:155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10020-022-00526-0.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10038_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715024","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1715024","volume":"12","author":"J Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma J, Tao M, Zhang W. others. Tirzepatide modulates gut microbiota homeostasis to protect against diabetic kidney disease. Front Mol Biosci. 2025;12:1715024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1715024.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"10038_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177827","volume":"1002","author":"R Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang R, Lin Z, He M, others. The role of gut microbiota in Tirzepatide-mediated alleviation of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2025;1002:177827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177827.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10038_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70571","author":"N Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang N, Guo H, Song L. others. Post-semaglutide weight regain in females with obesity: Associations with gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and central nervous system. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.70571.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10038_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.114711","volume":"392","author":"A Ariaee","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ariaee A, Noueihad K, others Hunter A. Gut microbiota perturbation and systemic inflammation are associated with salcaprozate sodium (SNAC)-enabled oral semaglutide delivery. J Control Release. 2026;392:114711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.114711.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"10038_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2025.09.002","volume":"55","author":"N Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhang M, Shi B. others. Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, promotes bone loss in obese mice via gut microbial-related metabolites. J Orthop Translat. 2025;55:280\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jot.2025.09.002.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10038-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10038-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10038-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:28:01Z","timestamp":1781648881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10038-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10038-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9155","1573-2606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}