{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1789129238781,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004769","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Endocr Metab Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is a crucial enzyme in thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis, catalyzing iodination and coupling reactions for triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) production. In addition to the known enzymatic inhibition mediated by some compounds, increasing evidence indicates that various drugs can modulate TPO mRNA and\/or protein expression (e.g., protein kinase activators, cytokines, epigenetic drugs). This review comprehensively explores current evidence on the pharmacological regulation of TPO expression, encompassing its molecular structure, enzymatic function, and involvement in physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroid diseases, congenital hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism). Among compounds reported to affect TPO expression, the antithyroid drugs (ATDs) methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) show variable effects across in vitro and in vivo models, yielding heterogeneous and sometimes conflicting results. Considering that ATDs are the only class of drugs known to directly target TPO and the current lack of works gathering all the related information, there is a need for clarifying ATD-mediated modulation of TPO expression. A systematic PubMed search identified 437 records, of which 22 original studies met inclusion criteria in this work. Overall, available data suggest time-, dose-, and species-dependent ATD effects on TPO expression, highlighting the need for further research to determine clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-026-10072-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:16:28Z","timestamp":1784700988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of thyroid peroxidase in health and disease: A comprehensive update on TPO gene and protein expression, enzymatic activity and pharmacological modulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Parisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Coperchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Denegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rotondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0222","volume":"330","author":"A Taurog","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taurog A, Dorris ML, Doerge DR. Mechanism of simultaneous iodination and coupling catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996;330(1):24\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/08830180009088514","volume":"19","author":"SM McLachlan","year":"2000","unstructured":"McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Autoimmune response to the thyroid in humans: thyroid peroxidase--the common autoantigenic denominator. Int Rev Immunol. 2000;19(6):587\u2013618.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0717-5514","volume":"50","author":"DE Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams DE, Le SN, Godlewska M, Hoke DE, Buckle AM. Thyroid Peroxidase as an Autoantigen in Hashimoto\u2019s Disease: Structure, Function, and Antigenicity. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50(12):908\u201321.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10072_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061555","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1061555","volume":"13","author":"R Zannat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zannat R, Lee J, Muzaffar J, Read ML, Brookes K, Sharma N, Boelaert K, McCabe CJ, Nieto HR. The potential interaction between medical treatment and radioiodine treatment success: A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1061555.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.513","volume":"9","author":"M Sugawara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sugawara M, Sugawara Y, Wen K. Methimazole and propylthiouracil increase cellular thyroid peroxidase activity and thyroid peroxidase mRNA in cultured porcine thyroid follicles. Thyroid. 1999;9(5):513\u20138.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12506-0","volume":"60","author":"H Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee TH, Hwang YS, Bang MA, Kim KH, Suh JM, Chung HK, Yu DY, Lee KK, Kwon OY, Ro HK, Shong M. Methimazole as an antioxidant and immunomodulator in thyroid cells: mechanisms involving interferon-gamma signaling and H(2)O(2) scavenging. Mol Pharmacol. 2001;60(5):972\u201380.","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0511-y","volume":"87","author":"DO McDonald","year":"2009","unstructured":"McDonald DO, Pearce SH. Thyroid peroxidase forms thionamide-sensitive homodimers: relevance for immunomodulation of thyroid autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl). 2009;87(10):971\u201380.","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1057-9469","volume":"51","author":"M Godlewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Godlewska M, Gawel D, Buckle AM, Banga JP. Thyroid Peroxidase Revisited - What\u2019s New? Horm Metab Res. 2019;51(12):765\u20139.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10072_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142615","volume":"10","author":"SN Le","year":"2015","unstructured":"Le SN, Porebski BT, McCoey J, Fodor J, Riley B, Godlewska M, G\u00f3ra M, Czarnocka B, Banga JP, Hoke DE, Kass I, Buckle AM. Modelling of Thyroid Peroxidase Reveals Insights into Its Enzyme Function and Autoantigenicity. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12):e0142615.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(99)80110-2","volume":"81","author":"A Taurog","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taurog A. Molecular evolution of thyroid peroxidase. Biochimie. 1999;81(5):557\u201362.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0127","volume":"24","author":"M Godlewska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Godlewska M, G\u00f3ra M, Buckle AM, Porebski BT, Kemp EH, Sutton BJ, Czarnocka B, Banga JP. A redundant role of human thyroid peroxidase propeptide for cellular, enzymatic, and immunological activity. Thyroid. 2014;24(2):371\u201382.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1994.4.173","volume":"4","author":"JR Baker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baker JR, Arscott P, Johnson J. An analysis of the structure and antigenicity of different forms of human thyroid peroxidase. Thyroid. 1994;4(2):173\u20138.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/08916938909019960","volume":"3","author":"C Alquier","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alquier C, Ruf J, Athouel-Haon AM, Carayon P. Immunocytochemical study of localization and traffic of thyroid peroxidase\/microsomal antigen. Autoimmunity. 1989;3(2):113\u201323.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"16","key":"10072_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00792a016","volume":"10","author":"T Hosoya","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hosoya T, Matsukawa S, Nagai Y. Localization of peroxidase and other microsomal enzymes in thyroid cells. Biochemistry. 1971;10(16):3086\u201393.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.44.3.655","volume":"44","author":"JM Strum","year":"1970","unstructured":"Strum JM, Karnovsky MJ. Cytochemical localization of endogenous peroxidase in thyroid follicular cells. J Cell Biol. 1970;44(3):655\u201366.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6265","volume":"139","author":"L Fayadat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fayadat L, Niccoli-Sire P, Lanet J, Franc JL. Human thyroperoxidase is largely retained and rapidly degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum. Its N-glycans are required for folding and intracellular trafficking. Endocrinology. 1998;139(10):4277\u201385.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"15","key":"10072_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10533","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.15.10533","volume":"274","author":"L Fayadat","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fayadat L, Niccoli-Sire P, Lanet J, Franc JL. Role of heme in intracellular trafficking of thyroperoxidase and involvement of H2O2 generated at the apical surface of thyroid cells in autocatalytic covalent heme binding. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(15):10533\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2005.06.023","volume":"445","author":"J Ruf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruf J, Carayon P. Structural and functional aspects of thyroid peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006;445(2):269\u201377.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)43641-6","volume":"259","author":"RP Magnusson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Magnusson RP, Taurog A, Dorris ML. Mechanism of iodide-dependent catalatic activity of thyroid peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. J Biol Chem. 1984;259(1):197\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(95)80028-K","volume":"25","author":"Y Endo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Endo Y, Onogi S, Umeki K, Yamamoto I, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Fujita T. Regional localization of the gene for thyroid peroxidase to human chromosome 2p25 and mouse chromosome 12\u00a0C. Genomics. 1995;25(3):760\u20131.","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00436a054","volume":"28","author":"S Kimura","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kimura S, Hong YS, Kotani T, Ohtaki S, Kikkawa F. Structure of the human thyroid peroxidase gene: comparison and relationship to the human myeloperoxidase gene. Biochemistry. 1989;28(10):4481\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10072_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-1-11-856","volume":"1","author":"RP Magnusson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Magnusson RP, Chazenbalk GD, Gestautas J, Seto P, Filetti S, DeGroot LJ, Rapoport B. Molecular cloning of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for human thyroid peroxidase. Mol Endocrinol. 1987;1(11):856\u201361.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10072_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.16.5555","volume":"84","author":"S Kimura","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kimura S, Kotani T, McBride OW, Umeki K, Hirai K, Nakayama T, Ohtaki S. Human thyroid peroxidase: complete cDNA and protein sequence, chromosome mapping, and identification of two alternately spliced mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(16):5555\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"47","key":"10072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29487","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.47.29487","volume":"272","author":"P Niccoli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Niccoli P, Fayadat L, Panneels V, Lanet J, Franc JL. Human thyroperoxidase in its alternatively spliced form (TPO2) is enzymatically inactive and exhibits changes in intracellular processing and trafficking. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(47):29487\u201392.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114179","volume":"84","author":"KD Kaufman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kaufman KD, Rapoport B, Seto P, Chazenbalk GD, Magnusson RP. Generation of recombinant, enzymatically active human thyroid peroxidase and its recognition by antibodies in the sera of patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. J Clin Invest. 1989;84(2):394\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03680-6","volume":"115","author":"F Cetani","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cetani F, Costagliola S, Tonacchera M, Panneels V, Vassart G, Ludgate M. The thyroperoxidase doublet is not produced by alternative splicing. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995;115(2):125\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR27","first-page":"2076","volume":"81","author":"H Bikker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bikker H, Waelkens JJ, Bravenboer B, de Vijlder JJ. Congenital hypothyroidism caused by a premature termination signal in exon 10 of the human thyroid peroxidase gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(6):2076\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-3-700","volume":"72","author":"R Elisei","year":"1991","unstructured":"Elisei R, Vassart G, Ludgate M. Demonstration of the existence of the alternatively spliced form of thyroid peroxidase in normal thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72(3):700\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-2-384","volume":"71","author":"Y Nagayama","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nagayama Y, Seto P, Rapoport B. Characterization, by molecular cloning, of smaller forms of thyroid peroxidase messenger ribonucleic acid in human thyroid cells as alternatively spliced transcripts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(2):384\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)92152-P","volume":"170","author":"E Zanelli","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zanelli E, Henry M, Charvet B, Malthi\u00e8ry Y. Evidence for an alternate splicing in the thyroperoxidase messenger from patients with Graves\u2019 disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;170(2):735\u201341.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0026324","volume":"40","author":"P Niccoli-Sire","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niccoli-Sire P, Fayadat L, Siffroi-Fernandez S, Malthierry Y, Franc JL. Alternatively spliced form of human thyroperoxidase, TPOzanelli: activity, intracellular trafficking, and role in hormonogenesis. Biochemistry. 2001;40(8):2572\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209513200","volume":"278","author":"M Ferrand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferrand M, Le Fourn V, Franc JL. Increasing diversity of human thyroperoxidase generated by alternative splicing. Characterized by molecular cloning of new transcripts with single- and multispliced mRNAs. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(6):3793\u2013800.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111748","volume":"558","author":"MF Molina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Molina MF, Pio MG, Scheps KG, Adrover E, Abelleyro MM, Targovnik HM, Rivolta CM. Curating the gnomAD database: Report of novel variants in the thyroid peroxidase gene using in silico bioinformatics algorithms and a literature review. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2022;558:111748.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2004.03.001","volume":"1689","author":"V Le Fourn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Le Fourn V, Ferrand M, Franc JL. Differential expression of thyroperoxidase mRNA splice variants in human thyroid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1689(2):134\u201341.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-015-0022-6","volume":"8","author":"Y Caballero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caballero Y, L\u00f3pez-Tomassetti EM, Favre J, Santana JR, Cabrera JJ, Hern\u00e1ndez JR. The value of thyroperoxidase as a prognostic factor for differentiated thyroid cancer -- a long-term follow-up study. Thyroid Res. 2015;8:12.","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2000.10.109","volume":"10","author":"C De Micco","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Micco C, Kopp F, Vassko V, Grino M. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry study of thyroid peroxidase expression in thyroid tumors. Thyroid. 2000;10(2):109\u201315.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01164","volume":"13","author":"J Di Cristofaro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Di Cristofaro J, Silvy M, Lanteaume A, Marcy M, Carayon P, De Micco C. Expression of tpo mRNA in thyroid tumors: quantitative PCR analysis and correlation with alterations of ret, Braf, ras and pax8 genes. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006;13(2):485\u201395.","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10072_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phenekos C, Vryonidou A, Gritzapis AD, Baxevanis CN, Goula M, Papamichail M. Th1 and Th2 serum cytokine profiles characterize patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (Th1) and Graves\u2019 disease (Th2), Neuroimmunomodulation 11(4) (2004) 209-13.","DOI":"10.1159\/000078438"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-6-1735","volume":"70","author":"K Sato","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sato K, Satoh T, Shizume K, Ozawa M, Han DC, Imamura H, Tsushima T, Demura H, Kanaji Y, Ito Y. Inhibition of 125I organification and thyroid hormone release by interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in human thyrocytes in suspension culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(6):1735\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.5.2470","volume":"168","author":"SH Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang SH, Bretz JD, Phelps E, Mezosi E, Arscott PL, Utsugi S, Baker JR. A unique combination of inflammatory cytokines enhances apoptosis of thyroid follicular cells and transforms nondestructive to destructive thyroiditis in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. J Immunol. 2002;168(5):2470\u20134.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3469","volume":"99","author":"L Marique","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marique L, Van Regemorter V, G\u00e9rard AC, Craps J, Senou M, Marbaix E, Rahier J, Daumerie C, Mourad M, Lengel\u00e9 B, Colin IM, Many MC. The expression of dual oxidase, thyroid peroxidase, and caveolin-1 differs according to the type of immune response (TH1\/TH2) involved in thyroid autoimmune disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(5):1722\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00439.2005","volume":"291","author":"AC G\u00e9rard","year":"2006","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard AC, Boucquey M, van den Hove MF, Colin IM. Expression of TPO and ThOXs in human thyrocytes is downregulated by IL-1alpha\/IFN-gamma, an effect partially mediated by nitric oxide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(2):E242\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.131748","volume":"19","author":"P Agrawal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agrawal P, Philip R, Saran S, Gutch M, Razi MS, Agroiya P, Gupta K. Congenital hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(2):221\u20137.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10072_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-17","volume":"5","author":"MV Rastogi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rastogi MV, LaFranchi SH. Congenital hypothyroidism. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010;5:17.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460491","volume":"146","author":"K Umeki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Umeki K, Kotani T, Kawano J, Suganuma T, Yamamoto I, Aratake Y, Furujo M, Ichiba Y. Two novel missense mutations in the thyroid peroxidase gene, R665W and G771R, result in a localization defect and cause congenital hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146(4):491\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.13.37","volume":"13","author":"T Kotani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kotani T, Umeki K, Kawano J, Suganuma T, Yamamoto I, Aratake Y, Ichiba Y, Furujo M. A Novel Missense Mutation in the Thyroid Peroxidase Gene, R175Q, Resulting in Insufficient Cell Surface Enzyme in Two Siblings. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol. 2004;13(1):37\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10072_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0502","volume":"28","author":"A Stoupa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoupa A, Chaabane R, Gu\u00e9riouz M, Raynaud-Ravni C, Nitschke P, Bole-Feysot C, Mnif M, Ammar Keskes L, Hachicha M, Belguith N, Polak M, Carr\u00e9 A. Thyroid Hypoplasia in Congenital Hypothyroidism Associated with Thyroid Peroxidase Mutations. Thyroid. 2018;28(7):941\u20134.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14253","volume":"93","author":"D Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao D, Li Y, Shan Z, Teng W, Li J, Teng X. Functional analysis of thyroid peroxidase gene mutations resulting in congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020;93(4):499\u2013507.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0030001","volume":"3","author":"KS Collison","year":"1989","unstructured":"Collison KS, Banga JP, Barnett PS, Kung AW, McGregor AM. Activation of the thyroid peroxidase gene in human thyroid cells: effect of thyrotrophin, forskolin and phorbol ester. J Mol Endocrinol. 1989;3(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9084(89)90060-6","volume":"71","author":"MA Pratt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pratt MA, Eggo MC, Bachrach LK, Carayon P, Burrow GN. Regulation of thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and iodide levels in sheep thyroid cells by TSH, tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor. Biochimie. 1989;71(2):227\u201335.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91705-W","volume":"168","author":"D Foti","year":"1990","unstructured":"Foti D, Gestautas J, Rapoport B. Studies on the functional activity of the promoter for the human thyroid peroxidase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;168(1):281\u20137.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR52","first-page":"1297","volume":"7","author":"P Aza-Blanc","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aza-Blanc P, Di Lauro R, Santisteban P. Identification of a cis-regulatory element and a thyroid-specific nuclear factor mediating the hormonal regulation of rat thyroid peroxidase promoter activity. Mol Endocrinol. 1993;7(10):1297\u2013306.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-6-1155","volume":"68","author":"Y Nagayama","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nagayama Y, Yamashita S, Hirayu H, Izumi M, Uga T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S. Regulation of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin gene expression by thyrotropin in cultured human thyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68(6):1155\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR54","first-page":"1331","volume":"74","author":"H Asakawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Asakawa H, Hanafusa T, Kobayashi T, Takai S, Kono N, Tarui S. Interferon-gamma reduces the thyroid peroxidase content of cultured human thyrocytes and inhibits its increase induced by thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74(6):1331\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR55","first-page":"653","volume":"79","author":"L Chiovato","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chiovato L, Lapi P, Mariotti S, Del Prete G, De Carli M, Pinchera A. Simultaneous expression of thyroid peroxidase and human leukocyte antigen-DR by human thyroid cells: modulation by thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating antibody, and interferon-gamma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(2):653\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.3.7867596","volume":"136","author":"KT Tang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tang KT, Braverman LE, DeVito WJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma modulate gene expression of type I 5\u2019-deiodinase, thyroid peroxidase, and thyroglobulin in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. Endocrinology. 1995;136(3):881\u20138.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1173","volume":"90","author":"N Caraccio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caraccio N, Giannini R, Cuccato S, Faviana P, Berti P, Galleri D, Dardano A, Basolo F, Ferrannini E, Monzani F. Type I interferons modulate the expression of thyroid peroxidase, sodium\/iodide symporter, and thyroglobulin genes in primary human thyrocyte cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):1156\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10072_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang GQ, Xi C, Shen CT, Song HJ, Luo QY, Qiu ZL. Interleukin-6 promotes the dedifferentiation of papillary thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 30(9) (2023).","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-23-0130"},{"key":"10072_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614030","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.614030","volume":"8","author":"R De Luca","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Luca R, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Gionfra F, Percario ZA, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ, Marchese C, Trivedi P, Anastasiadou E, Negro R, Incerpi S. Thyroid Hormones Interaction With Immune Response, Inflammation and Non-thyroidal Illness Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:614030.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0133","volume":"225","author":"EM de Vries","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Vries EM, Fliers E, Boelen A. The molecular basis of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol. 2015;225(3):R67\u201381.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00225-9","volume":"3","author":"E Fliers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fliers E, Bianco AC, Langouche L, Boelen A. Thyroid function in critically ill patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(10):816\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10072_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4137\/GEG.S12270","volume":"6","author":"S Heerboth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heerboth S, Lapinska K, Snyder N, Leary M, Rollinson S, Sarkar S. Use of epigenetic drugs in disease: an overview. Genet Epigenet. 2014;6:9\u201319.","journal-title":"Genet Epigenet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-025-10253-7","volume":"44","author":"A Suraweera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suraweera A, O\u2019Byrne KJ, Richard DJ. Epigenetic drugs in cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2025;44(1):37.","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR64","first-page":"443","volume":"22","author":"M Tuncel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tuncel M, Aydin D, Yaman E, Tazebay UH, G\u00fc\u00e7 D, Do\u011fan AL, Ta\u015fbasan B, U\u011fur O. The comparative effects of gene modulators on thyroid-specific genes and radioiodine uptake. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2007;22(3):443\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer Biother Radiopharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1258","volume":"145","author":"F Furuya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Furuya F, Shimura H, Suzuki H, Taki K, Ohta K, Haraguchi K, Onaya T, Endo T, Kobayashi T. Histone deacetylase inhibitors restore radioiodide uptake and retention in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by expression of the sodium\/iodide symporter thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin. Endocrinology. 2004;145(6):2865\u201375.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0457","volume":"29","author":"S Leboulleux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leboulleux S, Dupuy C, Lacroix L, Attard M, Grimaldi S, Corre R, Ricard M, Nasr S, Berdelou A, Hadoux J, Hartl D, Terroir M, Baudin E, Schlumberger M. Al Ghuzlan, Redifferentiation of a. Thyroid. 2019;29(5):735\u201342.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10072_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.01.007","volume":"12","author":"H Fu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu H, Cheng L, Jin Y, Liu M, Chen L. MAPK Inhibitors Enhance HDAC Inhibitor-Induced Redifferentiation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells Harboring. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2019;12:235\u201345.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"10072_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"St\u0119pniak J, Karbownik-Lewi\u0144ska M. 17\u03b2-Estradiol stimulates oxidative stress components and thyroid specific genes in porcine thyroid follicular cells: potential differences between sexes. Cells. 2024;13(21). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13211769","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13211769"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0029","volume":"218","author":"S Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu S, Chen G, Peng W, Renko K, Derwahl M. Oestrogen action on thyroid progenitor cells: relevant for the pathogenesis of thyroid nodules? J Endocrinol. 2013;218(1):125\u201333.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1710193","volume":"171","author":"VM da Costa","year":"2001","unstructured":"da Costa VM, Moreira DG, Rosenthal D. Thyroid function and aging: gender-related differences. J Endocrinol. 2001;171(1):193\u20138.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1510185","volume":"151","author":"R Rossi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rossi R, Zatelli MC, Franceschetti P, Maestri I, Magri E, Aguiari G, Cavazzini P. degli Uberti, L. del Senno, Inhibitory effect of dihydrotestosterone on human thyroid cell growth. J Endocrinol. 1996;151(2):185\u201394.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10072_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864852","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/864852","volume":"2015","author":"AP Bertoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bertoni AP, Brum IS, Hillebrand AC, Furlanetto TW. Progesterone Upregulates Gene Expression in Normal Human Thyroid Follicular Cells. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:864852.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10072_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MansoJ, Pedron MC, Mondin A, Censi S, Pennelli G, Galuppini F, Barollo S, Bertazza L, Radu CM, Ghini F, Simioni P, Sabbadin C, Ceccato F, Armanini D, Mian C. First evidence of mineralocorticoid receptor gene and protein expression in rat and human thyroid tissues and cell cultures. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25020754","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020754"},{"key":"10072_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2018.10.012","volume":"480","author":"R Oglio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oglio R, Salvarredi L, Rossich L, Copelli S, Pisarev M, Juvenal G, Thomasz L. Participation of NADPH 4 oxidase in thyroid regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;480:65\u201373.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03691-3","volume":"202","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Yao J, Liu C, Yang K, Zhang W, Sun D, Gu W. The Role of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Gene-Related miRNAs Profiling in Structural and Functional Changes of The Thyroid Gland Induced by Excess Iodine. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202(2):580\u201396.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0338","volume":"26","author":"J Calil-Silveira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calil-Silveira J, Serrano-Nascimento C, Laconca RC, Schmiedecke L, Salgueiro RB, Kondo AK, Nunes MT. Underlying Mechanisms of Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Function Disruption by Chronic Iodine Excess in Rats. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1488\u201398.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0658","volume":"30","author":"C Serrano-Nascimento","year":"2020","unstructured":"Serrano-Nascimento C, Morillo-Bernal J, Rosa-Ribeiro R, Nunes MT, Santisteban P. Impaired Gene Expression Due to Iodine Excess in the Development and Differentiation of Endoderm and Thyroid Is Associated with Epigenetic Changes. Thyroid. 2020;30(4):609\u201320.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2007.12.009","volume":"91","author":"SG Leoni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leoni SG, Galante PA, Ricarte-Filho JC, Kimura ET. Differential gene expression analysis of iodide-treated rat thyroid follicular cell line PCCl3. Genomics. 2008;91(4):356\u201366.","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10072_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2018.02.017","volume":"474","author":"D Lebsir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lebsir D, Manens L, Grison S, Lestaevel P, Ebrahimian T, Suhard D, Phan G, Dublineau I, Tack K, Benderitter M, Pech A, Jourdain JR, Souidi M. Effects of repeated potassium iodide administration on genes involved in synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone in adult male rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;474:119\u201326.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10072_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187561","volume":"12","author":"G Wen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wen G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their key transcriptional regulators in FRTL-5 thyrocytes. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187561.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10072_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wen G, Eder K, Ringseis R. Resveratrol alleviates the inhibitory effect of tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress on expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis in FRTL-5 thyrocytes. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094373"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-6-2827","volume":"129","author":"M Arai","year":"1991","unstructured":"Arai M, Tsushima T, Isozaki O, Shizume K, Emoto N, Demura H, Miyakawa M, Onoda N. Effects of retinoids on iodine metabolism, thyroid peroxidase gene expression, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in porcine thyroid cells in culture. Endocrinology. 1991;129(6):2827\u201333.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347654","volume":"16","author":"H Namba","year":"1993","unstructured":"Namba H, Yamashita S, Morita S, Villadolid MC, Kimura H, Yokoyama N, Izumi M, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S. Retinoic acid inhibits human thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin gene expression in cultured human thyrocytes. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993;16(2):87\u201393.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091265","volume":"9","author":"C Rauer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rauer C, Ringseis R, Rothe S, Wen G, Eder K. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the rat thyroid peroxidase gene in thyroid cells. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e91265.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48653-9","volume":"9","author":"S Panda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panda S, Sikdar M, Biswas S, Sharma R, Kar A. Allylpyrocatechol, isolated from betel leaf ameliorates thyrotoxicosis in rats by altering thyroid peroxidase and thyrotropin receptors. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12276.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1159\/000445585","volume":"38","author":"LQ Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang LQ, Chen SJ, Xu JJ, Ran Z, Ying W, Zhao SG. Dronedarone and Amiodarone Induce Dyslipidemia and Thyroid Dysfunction in Rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;38(6):2311\u201322.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"10072_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0215","volume":"17","author":"K Yamazaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamazaki K, Mitsuhashi T, Yamada E, Yamada T, Kosaka S, Takano K, Obara T, Sato K. Amiodarone reversibly decreases sodium-iodide symporter mRNA expression at therapeutic concentrations and induces antioxidant responses at supraphysiological concentrations in cultured human thyroid follicles. Thyroid. 2007;17(12):1189\u2013200.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-1-39","volume":"4","author":"R Zarrilli","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zarrilli R, Formisano S, Di Jeso B. Hormonal regulation of thyroid peroxidase in normal and transformed rat thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4(1):39\u201345.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10072_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-3-11-1681","volume":"3","author":"O Isozaki","year":"1989","unstructured":"Isozaki O, Kohn LD, Kozak CA, Kimura S. Thyroid peroxidase: rat cDNA sequence, chromosomal localization in mouse, and regulation of gene expression by comparison to thyroglobulin in rat FRTL-5 cells. Mol Endocrinol. 1989;3(11):1681\u201392.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","volume":"7","author":"GJ Kahaly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Heged\u00fcs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018;7(4):167\u201386.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10072_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","volume":"26","author":"DS Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, Walter MA. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343\u2013421.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"10072_CR92","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"H Abdi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdi H, Amouzegar A, Azizi F, Drugs A. Iran J Pharm Res. 2019;18(Suppl1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04365.x","volume":"77","author":"F Otsuka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Otsuka F, Noh JY, Chino T, Shimizu T, Mukasa K, Ito K, Taniyama M. Hepatotoxicity and cutaneous reactions after antithyroid drug administration. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77(2):310\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10072_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ24-0135","volume":"71","author":"J Yoshimura Noh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoshimura Noh J, Inoue K, Suzuki N, Yoshihara A, Fukushita M, Matsumoto M, Imai H, Hiruma S, Ichikawa M, Koshibu M, Sankoda A, Hirose R, Watanabe N, Sugino K, Ito K. Dose-dependent incidence of agranulocytosis in patients treated with methimazole and propylthiouracil. Endocr J. 2024;71(7):695\u2013703.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30025-5","volume":"8","author":"TH Brix","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brix TH, Lund LC, Henriksen DP, Folkestad L, Bonnema SJ, Hallas J, Heged\u00fcs L. Methimazole and risk of acute pancreatitis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(3):187\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10072_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.5414\/CP204269","volume":"60","author":"Y Si","year":"2022","unstructured":"Si Y, Su F, Wu H, Shen C. Elevation of serum creatine kinase induced by anti-thyroid drugs: Two case reports and a literature review. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;60(11):492\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"15","key":"10072_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99870-4","volume":"241","author":"DR Morris","year":"1966","unstructured":"Morris DR, Hager LP. Mechanism of the inhibition of enzymatic halogenation by antithyroid agents. J Biol Chem. 1966;241(15):3582\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"10072_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600550814","volume":"55","author":"RE Brock","year":"1966","unstructured":"Brock RE, Head WF. Mechanisms of antithyroidal activity of methimazole. J Pharm Sci. 1966;55(8):822\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-98-4-1031","volume":"98","author":"A Taurog","year":"1976","unstructured":"Taurog A. The mechanism of action of the thioureylene antithyroid drugs. Endocrinology. 1976;98(4):1031\u201346.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.01.029","volume":"260","author":"AE Vickers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vickers AE, Heale J, Sinclair JR, Morris S, Rowe JM, Fisher RL. Thyroid organotypic rat and human cultures used to investigate drug effects on thyroid function, hormone synthesis and release pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012;260(1):81\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR101","first-page":"460","volume":"126","author":"RP Magnusson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Magnusson RP, Yu B, Brennan V. Effect of serum thyrotropin levels on the concentration of messenger RNA for thyroid peroxidase in the rat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992;126(5):460\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3671","volume":"277","author":"C Dupuy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dupuy C, Pomerance M, Ohayon R, No\u00ebl-Hudson MS, D\u00e8me D, Chaaraoui M, Francon J, Virion A. Thyroid oxidase (THOX2) gene expression in the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;277(2):287\u201392.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0089","volume":"218","author":"SL Van Herck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Herck SL, Geysens S, Bald E, Chwatko G, Delezie E, Dianati E, Ahmed RG, Darras VM. Maternal transfer of methimazole and effects on thyroid hormone availability in embryonic tissues. J Endocrinol. 2013;218(1):105\u201315.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10072_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.10.024","volume":"193","author":"A Godfrey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Godfrey A, Hooser B, Abdelmoneim A, Horzmann KA, Freemanc JL, Sep\u00falveda MS. Thyroid disrupting effects of halogenated and next generation chemicals on the swim bladder development of zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol. 2017;193:228\u201335.","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/08916938909019950","volume":"2","author":"J Aguayo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aguayo J, Michaud P, Iitaka M, Degroot LJ, Row VV, Volp\u00e9 R. Lack of effect of methimazole on thyrocyte cell-surface antigen expression. Autoimmunity. 1989;2(2):133\u201343.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10072_CR106","first-page":"47","volume":"76","author":"L Chiovato","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chiovato L, Vitti P, Cucchi P, Mammoli C, Carajon P, Pinchera A. The expression of the microsomal\/peroxidase autoantigen in human thyroid cells is thyrotrophin-dependent. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989;76(1):47\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10072_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0290","volume":"22","author":"M Sue","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sue M, Akama T, Kawashima A, Nakamura H, Hara T, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Yoshihara A, Ishido Y, Hiroi N, Yoshino G, Kohn LD, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Propylthiouracil increases sodium\/iodide symporter gene expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid cells in the absence of TSH. Thyroid. 2012;22(8):844\u201352.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0380","volume":"66","author":"A Yoshihara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshihara A, Luo Y, Ishido Y, Usukura K, Oda K, Sue M, Kawashima A, Hiroi N, Suzuki K. Inhibitory effects of methimazole and propylthiouracil on iodotyrosine deiodinase 1 in thyrocytes. Endocr J. 2019;66(4):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(91)90126-D","volume":"78","author":"LM Leer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Leer LM, Cammenga M, van der Vorm ER, de Vijlder JJ. Methimazole increases thyroid-specific mRNA concentration in human thyroid cells and FRTL-5 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991;78(3):221\u20138.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220981","volume":"144","author":"S Morand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morand S, Chaaraoui M, Kaniewski J, D\u00e8me D, Ohayon R, Noel-Hudson MS, Virion A, Dupuy C. Effect of iodide on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity and Duox2 protein expression in isolated porcine thyroid follicles. Endocrinology. 2003;144(4):1241\u20138.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10072_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23014","volume":"112","author":"H Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang H, Shi Y, Lin L, Li L, Lin X, Li X, Xu D. Inhibition of thyroid-restricted genes by follicular thyroglobulin involves iodinated degree. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112(3):971\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10072_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.583","volume":"31","author":"BC Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee BC, Kang SI, Ahn YM, Doo HK, Ahn SY. An alternative therapy for graves\u2019 disease: clinical effects and mechanisms of an herbal remedy. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(4):583\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50686-X","volume":"267","author":"C Maenhaut","year":"1992","unstructured":"Maenhaut C, Brabant G, Vassart G, Dumont JE. In vitro and in vivo regulation of thyrotropin receptor mRNA levels in dog and human thyroid cells. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(5):3000\u20137.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)00108-1","volume":"131","author":"N Uyttersprot","year":"1997","unstructured":"Uyttersprot N, Pelgrims N, Carrasco N, Gervy C, Maenhaut C, Dumont JE, Miot F. Moderate doses of iodide in vivo inhibit cell proliferation and the expression of thyroperoxidase and Na+\/I- symporter mRNAs in dog thyroid. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997;131(2):195\u2013203.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10072_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.12.015","volume":"172","author":"L Baumann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baumann L, Ros A, Rehberger K, Neuhauss SC, Segner H. Thyroid disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae: Different molecular response patterns lead to impaired eye development and visual functions. Aquat Toxicol. 2016;172:44\u201355.","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10072_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-01606-x","volume":"392","author":"S Panda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panda S, Sharma R, Kar A. Chavibetol corrects thyrotoxicosis through alterations in thyroid peroxidase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2019;392(5):541\u201350.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10072_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-6-3113","volume":"128","author":"O Isozaki","year":"1991","unstructured":"Isozaki O, Tsushima T, Emoto N, Saji M, Tsuchiya Y, Demura H, Sato Y, Shizume K, Kimura S, Kohn LD. Methimazole regulation of thyroglobulin biosynthesis and gene transcription in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Endocrinology. 1991;128(6):3113\u201321.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10072_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-024-00618-y","volume":"24","author":"I Giordani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giordani I, Sykiotis GP. A short review of current knowledge regarding long-term treatment of Graves\u2019 disease with antithyroid drugs. Horm (Athens). 2025;24(2):347\u201358.","journal-title":"Horm (Athens)"},{"issue":"15","key":"10072_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2025.168967","volume":"437","author":"J Fleming","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fleming J, Magana P, Nair S, Tsenkov M, Bertoni D, Pidruchna I, Lima Afonso MQ, Midlik A, Paramval U, \u017d\u00eddek A, Laydon A, Kovalevskiy O, Pan J, Cheng J, Avsec \u017d, Bycroft C, Wong LH, Last M, Mirdita M, Steinegger M, Kohli P, V\u00e1radi M. Velankar, AlphaFold Protein Structure Database and 3D-Beacons: New Data and Capabilities. J Mol Biol. 2025;437(15):168967.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7873","key":"10072_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jumper J, Evans R, Pritzel A, Green T, Figurnov M, Ronneberger O, Tunyasuvunakool K, Bates R, \u017d\u00eddek A, Potapenko A, Bridgland A, Meyer C, Kohl SAA, Ballard AJ, Cowie A, Romera-Paredes B, Nikolov S, Jain R, Adler J, Back T, Petersen S, Reiman D, Clancy E, Zielinski M, Steinegger M, Pacholska M, Berghammer T, Bodenstein S, Silver D, Vinyals O, Senior AW, Kavukcuoglu K, Kohli P, Hassabis D. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature. 2021;596(7873):583\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10072-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10072-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10072-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:02:03Z","timestamp":1784707323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10072-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["10072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-026-10072-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-9155","1573-2606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"none.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declarations of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Competing interest<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}