{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1793115136298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":305,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["497938371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["497938371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/W001004\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/W001004\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNN06AA01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNN06AA01C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ANID-FONDECYT","award":["1260829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1260829"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004974","name":"Centro de Astrof\u00edsica y Tecnolog\u00edas Afines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FB210003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB210003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["497938371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["497938371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/W001004\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/W001004\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNN06AA01C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNN06AA01C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ANID-FONDECYT","award":["1260829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1260829"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004974","name":"Centro de Astrof\u00edsica y Tecnolog\u00edas Afines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FB210003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB210003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Space Sci Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electron-mediated transport is fundamental to the thermal and dynamical evolution of plasmas across a vast range of physical environments, from the solar wind and solar atmosphere to astrophysical systems such as galaxy clusters and accretion flows, to laboratory and fusion plasmas. This article reviews the current state of understanding of electron transport, drawing together observations, simulations, and theory to contextualise key challenges and open questions. We characterise plasma environments using the Knudsen number and electron beta, and highlight that some systems fall in an intermediate regime between the collisional and collisionless limits. In the collisional limit, transport is well described by the Chapman\u2013Enskog\u2013Braginskii framework, yielding anisotropic heat fluxes and momentum transfer rates governed by the ratio of the electron mean free path to the electron gyroradius. In the collisionless limit, Landau-fluid closures and quasilinear wave\u2013particle interaction theory describe heat flux regulation through resonant instabilities, particularly whistler-mode waves, which suppress parallel electron heat flux below Spitzer\u2013H\u00e4rm predictions in high-beta plasmas. We review approaches to bridging collisional and collisionless regimes, including velocity-space-dependent collision operators, moment-based interpolating closures, and data-driven methods trained on fully kinetic simulations. Comparison with solar wind observations from the Parker Solar Probe and Wind missions reveals that the current attempts at bridging collisional and collisionless closures account for only limited regions of parameter space, underscoring the need for improved models. Four central challenges are identified for future transport theory: capturing the velocity-space dependence of collisional and collisionless scattering, describing spatial transitions between transport regimes, incorporating turbulence, and developing computationally tractable effective collision operators for large-scale simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-026-01328-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:32:42Z","timestamp":1791210762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electron-Mediated Transport in Space, Astrophysical, and Laboratory Plasmas"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"222","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse T.","family":"Coburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0497-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Verscharen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Artemyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Halekas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wence","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3895-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. J.","family":"Pueschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Riquelme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n","family":"\u0160tver\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Lynn","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac9fd8","volume":"941","author":"JB Abraham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abraham JB, Verscharen D, Wicks RT, Agudelo Rueda JA, Owen CJ, Nicolaou G, Jeong S-Y (2022) Thermal energy budget of electrons in the inner heliosphere: Parker Solar Probe observations. Astrophys J 941(2):145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac9fd8. arXiv:2211.02186 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"7","key":"1328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.129.075001","volume":"129","author":"H Abu-Shawareb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan B, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, et al. (2022) Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment. Phys Rev Lett 129(7):075001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.129.075001","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad644c","volume":"971","author":"MS Afify","year":"2024","unstructured":"Afify MS, Dreher J, Schoeffler K, Micera A, Innocenti ME (2024) Electrostatic bursts generated by the ion\u2013ion acoustic instability with solar wind plasma parameters. Astrophys J 971(1):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad644c","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmadi N, Germaschewski K, Raeder J (2017) Simulation of magnetic holes formation in the magnetosheath. Phys Plasmas 24(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5003017","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5003017"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa2916","volume":"499","author":"Z Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali Z, Sarfraz M, Yoon PH (2020) Combined electron firehose and electromagnetic ion cyclotron instabilities: quasilinear approach. Mon Not R Astron Soc 499(1):659\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/staa2916","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s002237781800048x","volume":"84","author":"F Allmann-Rahn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allmann-Rahn F, Trost T, Grauer R (2018) Temperature gradient driven heat flux closure in fluid simulations of collisionless reconnection. J Plasma Phys 84(3):905840307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s002237781800048x","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377820001683","volume":"87","author":"F Allmann-Rahn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allmann-Rahn F, Lautenbach S, Grauer R, Sydora R (2021) Fluid simulations of three-dimensional reconnection that capture the lower-hybrid drift instability. J Plasma Phys 87(1):905870115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377820001683","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevresearch.4.033192","volume":"4","author":"EP Alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves EP, Fiuza F (2022) Data-driven discovery of reduced plasma physics models from fully kinetic simulations. Phys Rev Res 4(3):033192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevresearch.4.033192","journal-title":"Phys Rev Res"},{"key":"1328_CR9","unstructured":"Amano T, Klein KG, Niemiec J (2026) Electron energy partition in shocks, magnetic reconnection, and turbulence. Space Sci Rev 222"},{"key":"1328_CR10","unstructured":"Artemyev A, Riquelme M, Niemiec J, et al (2026) The impact of electron kinetic physics on large-scale space and astrophysical plasmas. Space Sci Rev 222"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/836\/1\/17","volume":"836","author":"MJ Aschwanden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aschwanden MJ, Caspi A, Cohen CMS, Holman G, Jing J, Kretzschmar M, Kontar EP, McTiernan JM, Mewaldt RA, O\u2019Flannagain A, Richardson IG, Ryan D, Warren HP, Xu Y (2017) Global energetics of solar flares. V. Energy closure in flares and coronal mass ejections. Astrophys J 836(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/836\/1\/17. arXiv:1701.01176 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7153","DOI":"10.1029\/2017ja025143","volume":"123","author":"P Astfalk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astfalk P, Jenko F (2018) On the quasi-linear saturation of the parallel proton firehose instability using a full-f approach. J Geophys Res Space Phys 123(9):7153\u20137166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2017ja025143","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac2738","volume":"517","author":"DV Badmaev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badmaev DV, Bykov AM, Kalyashova ME (2022) Inside the core of a young massive star cluster: 3D MHD simulations. Mon Not R Astron Soc 517(2):2818\u20132830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stac2738. arXiv:2209.11465","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1086\/308732","volume":"534","author":"SA Balbus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Balbus SA (2000) Stability, instability, and \u201cbackward\u201d transport in stratified fluids. Astrophys J 534(1):420\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/308732. arXiv:astro-ph\/9906315 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bale SD, Pulupa M, Salem C, Chen CHK, Quataert E (2013) Electron heat conduction in the solar wind: Transition from Spitzer-Harm to the collisionless limit. Astrophys J Lett 769(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2041-8205\/769\/2\/L22","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/769\/2\/L22"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-016-0244-5","volume":"204","author":"S Bale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bale S, Goetz K, Harvey P, Turin P, Bonnell J, Dudok de Wit T, Ergun R, MacDowall R, Pulupa M, Andr\u00e9 M, et al. (2016) The FIELDS instrument suite for Solar Probe Plus: measuring the coronal plasma and magnetic field, plasma waves and turbulence, and radio signatures of solar transients. Space Sci Rev 204(1):49\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11214-016-0244-5","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"7786","key":"1328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1818-7","volume":"576","author":"S Bale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bale S, Badman S, Bonnell J, Bowen T, Burgess D, Case A, Cattell C, Chandran B, Chaston C, Chen C, et al. (2019) Highly structured slow solar wind emerging from an equatorial coronal hole. Nature 576(7786):237\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1818-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367801601","volume-title":"Aspects of anomalous transport in plasmas","author":"R Balescu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balescu R (2005) Aspects of anomalous transport in plasmas. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p\u00a0319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780367801601"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1029\/1999gl900061","volume":"26","author":"A Balogh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Balogh A, Forsyth R, Lucek E, Horbury T, Smith E (1999) Heliospheric magnetic field polarity inversions at high heliographic latitudes. Geophys Res Lett 26(6):631\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999gl900061","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"issue":"A12","key":"1328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23795","DOI":"10.1029\/95ja01852","volume":"100","author":"J Bamber","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bamber J, Maggs J, Gekelman W (1995) Whistler wave interaction with a density striation: a laboratory investigation of an auroral process. J Geophys Res Space Phys 100(A12):23795\u201323810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/95ja01852","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/acf85e","volume":"955","author":"R Bandyopadhyay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay R, Meyer C, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, Cranmer SR, Halekas JS, Huang J, Larson D, Livi R, Rahmati A, et al. (2023a) Estimates of proton and electron heating rates extended to the near-Sun environment. Astrophys J Lett 955(2):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/acf85e","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"key":"1328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay R, Yang Y, Matthaeus WH, Parashar TN, Roytershteyn V, Chasapis A, Gershman D, Giles B, Burch J (2023b) Collisional-like dissipation in collisionless plasmas. Phys Plasmas 30(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0146986","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0146986"},{"key":"1328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202348373","volume":"681","author":"L Barbieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barbieri L, Casetti L, Verdini A, Landi S (2024) Temperature inversion in a gravitationally bound plasma: case of the solar corona. Astron Astrophys 681:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202348373","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"1328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243873","volume":"666","author":"RS Beckmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beckmann RS, Dubois Y, Pellissier A, Polles FL, Olivares V (2022) AGN jets do not prevent the suppression of conduction by the heat buoyancy instability in simulated galaxy clusters. Astron Astrophys 666:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202243873. arXiv:2204.12514","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"11","key":"1328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1063\/1.871538","volume":"3","author":"MA Beer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beer MA, Hammett GW (1996) Toroidal gyrofluid equations for simulations of tokamak turbulence. Phys Plasmas 3(11):4046\u20134064","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2007.03.015","volume":"69","author":"HA Bekerat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bekerat HA, Schunk RW, Scherliess L (2007) Estimation of the high-latitude topside electron heat flux using DMSP plasma density measurements. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys 69(9):1029\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jastp.2007.03.015","journal-title":"J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac1f1c","volume":"921","author":"L Ber\u010di\u010d","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ber\u010di\u010d L, Maksimovic M, Halekas JS, Landi S, Owen CJ, Verscharen D, Larson D, Whittlesey P, Badman ST, Bale SD, et al. (2021a) Ambipolar electric field and potential in the solar wind estimated from electron velocity distribution functions. Astrophys J 921(1):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac1f1c","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140970","volume":"656","author":"L Ber\u010di\u010d","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ber\u010di\u010d L, Verscharen D, Owen CJ, Colomban L, Kretzschmar M, Chust T, Maksimovic M, Kataria DO, Anekallu C, Behar E, et al. (2021b) Whistler instability driven by the sunward electron deficit in the solar wind-high-cadence Solar Orbiter observations. Astron Astrophys 656:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140970","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"1328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1086\/159055","volume":"247","author":"J Binney","year":"1981","unstructured":"Binney J, Cowie LL (1981) X-ray emission from M87-A pressure confined cooling atmosphere surrounding a low mass galaxy. Astrophys J 247:464\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/159055","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.109.061101","volume":"109","author":"P Blasi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blasi P, Amato E, Serpico PD (2012) Spectral breaks as a signature of cosmic ray induced turbulence in the galaxy. Phys Rev Lett 109(6):061101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.109.061101","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"A7","key":"1328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13181","DOI":"10.1029\/93JA03493","volume":"99","author":"P-L Blelly","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blelly P-L, Alcayde D (1994) Electron heat flow in the auroral ionosphere inferred from EISCAT-VHF observations. J Geophys Res 99(A7):13181\u201313188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/93JA03493","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/704\/1\/211","volume":"704","author":"T Bogdanovi\u0107","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bogdanovi\u0107 T, Reynolds CS, Balbus SA, Parrish IJ (2009) Simulations of magnetohydrodynamics instabilities in intracluster medium including anisotropic thermal conduction. Astrophys J 704(1):211\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637X\/704\/1\/211. arXiv:0905.4508 [astro-ph.CO]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR33","unstructured":"Bois L, Franck E, Navoret L, Vigon V (2020) A neural network closure for the Euler-Poisson system based on kinetic simulations. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2011.06242"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac37c2","volume":"922","author":"A Bott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bott A, Arzamasskiy L, Kunz M, Quataert E, Squire J (2021) Adaptive critical balance and firehose instability in an expanding, turbulent, collisionless plasma. Astrophys J Lett 922(2):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac37c2","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377824000308","volume":"90","author":"AFA Bott","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bott AFA, Cowley SC, Schekochihin AA (2024) Kinetic stability of Chapman\u2013Enskog plasmas. J Plasma Phys 90(2):975900207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377824000308","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00751331","volume":"71","author":"J-L Bougeret","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bougeret J-L, Kaiser ML, Kellogg PJ, Manning R, Goetz K, Monson S, Monge N, Friel L, Meetre C, Perche C, et al. (1995) Waves: the radio and plasma wave investigation on the Wind spacecraft. Space Sci Rev 71:231\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00751331","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/58\/1\/014036","volume":"58","author":"C Bourdelle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bourdelle C, Citrin J, Baiocchi B, Casati A, Cottier P, Garbet X, Imbeaux F, Contributors J (2015) Core turbulent transport in tokamak plasmas: bridging theory and experiment with QuaLiKiz. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 58(1):014036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0741-3335\/58\/1\/014036","journal-title":"Plasma Phys Control Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20065691","volume":"458","author":"S Bradshaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bradshaw S, Cargill P (2006) Explosive heating of low-density coronal plasma. Astron Astrophys 458(3):987\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361:20065691","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"1328_CR39","unstructured":"Braginskii SI (1957) Transport phenomena in a completely ionized two-temperature plasma. J Exp Theor Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR40","first-page":"205","volume":"1","author":"S Braginskii","year":"1965","unstructured":"Braginskii S (1965) Transport processes in a plasma. Rev Plasma Phys 1:205","journal-title":"Rev Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1103\/revmodphys.79.421","volume":"79","author":"AJ Brizard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brizard AJ, Hahm TS (2007) Foundations of nonlinear gyrokinetic theory. Rev Mod Phys 79(2):421\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/revmodphys.79.421","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637x\/820\/1\/63","volume":"820","author":"DH Brooks","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brooks DH, Warren HP (2016) Measurements of non-thermal line widths in solar active regions. Astrophys J 820(1):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/0004-637x\/820\/1\/63","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1086\/529378","volume":"176","author":"C Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown C, Feldman U, Seely J, Korendyke C, Hara H (2008) Wavelengths and intensities of spectral lines in the 171-211 and 245-291 \u00c5 ranges from five solar regions recorded by the extreme-ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 176(2):511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/529378","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.12942\/lrsp-2013-2","volume":"10","author":"R Bruno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bruno R, Carbone V (2013) The solar wind as a turbulence laboratory. Living Rev Sol Phys 10(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12942\/lrsp-2013-2","journal-title":"Living Rev Sol Phys"},{"issue":"15","key":"1328_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517384113","volume":"113","author":"SL Brunton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunton SL, Proctor JL, Kutz JN (2016) Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(15):3932\u20133937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1517384113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18354.x","volume":"413","author":"D-F Bu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bu D-F, Yuan F, Stone JM (2011) Magnetothermal and magnetorotational instabilities in hot accretion flows. Mon Not R Astron Soc 413(4):2808\u20132814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18354.x. arXiv:1011.5331 [astro-ph.HE]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00170790","volume":"78","author":"L Burlaga","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burlaga L, Ness N, Belcher J, Lazarus A, Richardson J (1996) Voyager observations of the magnetic field, interstellar pickup ions and solar wind in the distant heliosphere. Space Sci Rev 78(1):33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00170790","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ac112f","volume":"61","author":"D Carralero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carralero D, Estrada T, Maragkoudakis E, Windisch T, Alonso JA, Beurskens M, Bozhenkov S, Calvo I, Damm H, Ford O, et al. (2021) An experimental characterization of core turbulence regimes in Wendelstein 7-X. Nucl Fusion 61(9):096015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-4326\/ac112f","journal-title":"Nucl Fusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/abefdd","volume":"911","author":"C Cattell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cattell C, Breneman A, Dombeck J, Short B, Wygant J, Halekas J, Case T, Kasper J, Larson D, Stevens M, et al. (2021) Parker Solar Probe evidence for scattering of electrons in the young solar wind by narrowband whistler-mode waves. Astrophys J Lett 911(2):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/abefdd","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac4015","volume":"924","author":"C Cattell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cattell C, Breneman A, Dombeck J, Hanson E, Johnson M, Halekas J, Bale SD, Dudok de Wit T, Goetz K, Goodrich K, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Case T, Kasper JC, Larson D, Stevens M, Whittlesey P (2022) Parker Solar Probe evidence for the absence of whistlers close to the Sun to scatter strahl and to regulate heat flux. Astrophys J Lett 924(2):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac4015. arXiv:2111.03619 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637x\/743\/2\/197","volume":"743","author":"BD Chandran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chandran BD, Dennis TJ, Quataert E, Bale SD (2011) Incorporating kinetic physics into a two-fluid solar-wind model with temperature anisotropy and low-frequency Alfv\u00e9n-wave turbulence. Astrophys J 743(2):197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637x\/743\/2\/197","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"538\u2013548","key":"1328_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1916.0006","volume":"216","author":"S Chapman","year":"1916","unstructured":"Chapman S (1916) VI. on the law of distribution of molecular velocities, and on the theory of viscosity and thermal conduction, in a non-uniform simple monatomic gas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, Ser A, Contain Pap Math Phys Character 216(538\u2013548):279\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.1916.0006","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond, Ser A, Contain Pap Math Phys Character"},{"key":"1328_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/145890","volume":"120","author":"S Chapman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Chapman S (1954) The viscosity and thermal conductivity of a completely ionized gas. Astrophys J 120:151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/145890","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR54","first-page":"404","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of non-uniform gases: an account of the kinetic theory of viscosity, thermal conduction and diffusion in gases","author":"S Chapman","year":"1939","unstructured":"Chapman S, Cowling TG (1939) The mathematical theory of non-uniform gases: an account of the kinetic theory of viscosity, thermal conduction and diffusion in gases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p\u00a0404"},{"key":"1328_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2022.108538","volume":"282","author":"W Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng W, Fu H, Wang L, Dong C, Jin Y, Jiang M, Ma J, Qin Y, Liu K (2023) Data-driven, multi-moment fluid modeling of Landau damping. Comput Phys Commun 282:108538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpc.2022.108538","journal-title":"Comput Phys Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac82ba","volume":"936","author":"W Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi W, Kim C-G, Chung A (2022) Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM: a detailed view from TIGRESS simulations. Astrophys J 936(2):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac82ba. arXiv:2207.05263 [astro-ph.GA]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad54c4","volume":"971","author":"K-E Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi K-E, Agapitov O, Colomban L, Bonnell JW, Mozer F, Sydora RD, Raouafi N, Dudok de Wit T (2024) Whistler waves in the young solar wind: statistics of amplitude and propagation direction from Parker Solar Probe encounters 1\u201311. Astrophys J 971(2):177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad54c4","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377822000836","volume":"88","author":"JT Coburn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coburn JT, Chen CH, Squire J (2022) A measurement of the effective mean free path of solar wind protons. J Plasma Phys 88(5):175880502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377822000836","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347489","volume":"684","author":"L Colomban","year":"2024","unstructured":"Colomban L, Kretzschmar M, Krasnoselkikh V, Agapitov OV, Froment C, Maksimovic M, Berthomier M, Khotyaintsev YV, Graham DB, Bale S (2024) Quantifying the diffusion of suprathermal electrons by whistler waves between 0.2 and 1 au with Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe. Astron Astrophys 684:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347489. arXiv:2402.06016 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"22","key":"1328_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.33.1329","volume":"33","author":"B Coppi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Coppi B, Rewoldt G (1974) New trapped-electron instability. Phys Rev Lett 33(22):1329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.33.1329","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"1328_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1086\/154911","volume":"211","author":"LL Cowie","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cowie LL, McKee CF (1977) The evaporation of spherical clouds in a hot gas. I. Classical and saturated mass loss rates. Astrophys J 211:135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/154911","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1086\/518001","volume":"171","author":"SR Cranmer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cranmer SR, van Ballegooijen AA, Edgar RJ (2007) Self-consistent coronal heating and solar wind acceleration from anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 171(2):520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/518001. arXiv:astro-ph\/0703333","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"key":"1328_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cranmer SR, Schiff AJ (2021) Electron heat flux in the solar wind: generalized approaches to fluid transport with a variety of skewed velocity distributions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 126(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021ja029666. arXiv:2109.15267","DOI":"10.1029\/2021ja029666"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-091918-104416","volume":"57","author":"SR Cranmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cranmer SR, Winebarger AR (2019) The properties of the solar corona and its connection to the solar wind. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 57(1):157\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-astro-091918-104416. arXiv:1811.00461","journal-title":"Annu Rev Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/702\/2\/1604","volume":"702","author":"SR Cranmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cranmer SR, Matthaeus WH, Breech BA, Kasper JC (2009) Empirical constraints on proton and electron heating in the fast solar wind. Astrophys J 702(2):1604\u20131614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637X\/702\/2\/1604. arXiv:0907.2650 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1086\/172053","volume":"401","author":"W Cui","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cui W, Cox DP (1992) Two-temperature models of old supernova remnants with ion and electron thermal conduction. Astrophys J 401:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/172053","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1693910","volume":"15","author":"RC Davidson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Davidson RC (1972) Nonlinear development of electromagnetic instabilities in anisotropic plasmas. Phys Fluids 15(2):317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1693910","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1063\/1.861253","volume":"18","author":"RC Davidson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Davidson RC, Ogden JM (1975) Electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability driven by ion energy anisotropy in high-beta plasmas. Phys Fluids 18(8):1045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.861253","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0141-9","volume":"14","author":"A Dinklage","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinklage A, Beidler C, Helander P, Fuchert G, Maa\u00dfberg H, Rahbarnia K, Sunn Pedersen T, Turkin Y, Wolf R, Alonso A, et al. (2018) Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. Nat Phys 14(8):855\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-018-0141-9","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377823000119","volume":"89","author":"J Donaghy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donaghy J, Germaschewski K (2023) In search of a data-driven symbolic multi-fluid ten-moment model closure. J Plasma Phys 89(1):895890105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377823000119","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1063\/1.860934","volume":"5","author":"W Dorland","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dorland W, Hammett G (1993) Gyrofluid turbulence models with kinetic effects. Phys Fluids, B Plasma Phys 5(3):812\u2013835","journal-title":"Phys Fluids, B Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1063\/1.862017","volume":"20","author":"J Drake","year":"1977","unstructured":"Drake J, Lee Y (1977) Kinetic theory of tearing instabilities. Phys Fluids 20(8):1341\u20131353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.862017","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac1ff1","volume":"923","author":"J Drake","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drake J, Pfrommer C, Reynolds C, Ruszkowski M, Swisdak M, Einarsson A, Thomas T, Hassam A, Roberg-Clark G (2021) Whistler-regulated magnetohydrodynamics: transport equations for electron thermal conduction in the high-$\\beta $ intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. Astrophys J 923(2):245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac1ff1","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.115.238","volume":"115","author":"H Dreicer","year":"1959","unstructured":"Dreicer H (1959) Electron and ion runaway in a fully ionized gas. I. Phys Rev 115(2):238","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.117.329","volume":"117","author":"H Dreicer","year":"1960","unstructured":"Dreicer H (1960) Electron and ion runaway in a fully ionized gas. II. Phys Rev 117(2):329","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ab5853","volume":"246","author":"T Dudok de Wit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dudok de Wit T, Krasnoselskikh VV, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Bowen TA, Chen CHK, Froment C, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Jagarlamudi VK, Larosa A, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Matthaeus WH, Pulupa M, Velli M, Whittlesey PL (2020) Switchbacks in the near-Sun magnetic field: long memory and impact on the turbulence cascade. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 246(2):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/ab5853. arXiv:1912.02856 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1063\/1.862339","volume":"21","author":"CT Dum","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dum CT (1978a) Anomalous electron transport equations for ion sound and related turbulent spectra. Phys Fluids 21(6):956\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.862339","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1063\/1.862338","volume":"21","author":"CT Dum","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dum CT (1978b) Anomalous heating by ion sound turbulence. Phys Fluids 21(6):945\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.862338","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"key":"1328_CR79","unstructured":"Enskog D (1917) The kinetic theory of phenomena in fairly rarefied gases. Inaugural dissertation, Uppsala, Sweden"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1705653","volume":"11","author":"D Ernst","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ernst D, Bonoli P, Catto P, Dorland W, Fiore C, Granetz R, Greenwald M, Hubbard A, Porkolab M, Redi M, et al. (2004) Role of trapped electron mode turbulence in internal transport barrier control in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Phys Plasmas 11(5):2637\u20132648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1705653","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2000.03899.x","volume":"317","author":"S Ettori","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ettori S, Fabian AC (2000) Chandra constraints on the thermal conduction in the intracluster plasma of A2142. Mon Not R Astron Soc 317(3):57\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2000.03899.x. arXiv:astro-ph\/0007397 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab0f43","volume":"875","author":"K Akiyama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama K, Alberdi A, Alef W, Asada K, Azulay R, Baczko A-K, Ball D, Balokovi\u0107 M, Barrett J, et al. (2019) First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results. V. Physical origin of the asymmetric ring. Astrophys J Lett 875(1):L5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab0f43. arXiv:1906.11242","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac6672","volume":"930","author":"K Akiyama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama K, Alberdi A, et al. (2022) First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope results. V. Testing astrophysical models of the Galactic Center black hole. Astrophys J Lett 930(2):L16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac6672. arXiv:2311.09478","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"key":"1328_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/180.3.479","volume":"180","author":"AC Fabian","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fabian AC, Nulsen PEJ (1977) Subsonic accretion of cooling gas in clusters of galaxies. Mon Not R Astron Soc 180:479\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/180.3.479","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2002.05884.x","volume":"335","author":"AC Fabian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fabian AC, Voigt LM, Morris RG (2002) On conduction, cooling flows and galaxy formation. Mon Not R Astron Soc 335(3):71\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2002.05884.x. arXiv:astro-ph\/0206437 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2005.09484.x","volume":"363","author":"AC Fabian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fabian AC, Reynolds CS, Taylor GB, Dunn RJH (2005) On viscosity, conduction and sound waves in the intracluster medium. Mon Not R Astron Soc 363(3):891\u2013896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2005.09484.x. arXiv:astro-ph\/0501222 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1002\/jgra.50485","volume":"118","author":"CT Fallen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fallen CT, Watkins BJ (2013) Diurnal and seasonal variation of electron heat flux measured with the poker flat incoherent-scatter radar. J Geophys Res Space Phys 118(8):5327\u20135332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgra.50485","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"1328_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/41\/12\/218","volume":"41","author":"G Federici","year":"2001","unstructured":"Federici G, Skinner CH, Brooks JN, Coad JP, Grisolia C, Haasz AA, Hassanein A, Philipps V, Pitcher CS, Roth J, et al. (2001) Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next step fusion reactors. Nucl Fusion 41(12):1967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/41\/12\/218","journal-title":"Nucl Fusion"},{"key":"1328_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1029\/ja080i031p04181","volume":"80","author":"W Feldman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Feldman W, Asbridge JR, Bame SJ, Montgomery MD, Gary SP (1975) Solar wind electrons. J Geophys Res 80:4181\u20134196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja080i031p04181","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7371","DOI":"10.1029\/JA084iA12p07371","volume":"84","author":"WC Feldman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Feldman WC, Asbridge JR, Bame SJ, Gosling JT (1979) Long-term solar wind electron variations between 1971 and 1978. J Geophys Res 84:7371\u20137377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JA084iA12p07371","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377815000975","volume":"81","author":"C Forest","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forest C, Flanagan K, Brookhart M, Clark M, Cooper C, D\u00e9sangles V, Egedal J, Endrizzi D, Khalzov I, Li H, et al. (2015) The Wisconsin Plasma Astrophysics Laboratory. J Plasma Phys 81(5):345810501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377815000975","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-015-0211-6","volume":"204","author":"N Fox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fox N, Velli M, Bale S, Decker R, Driesman A, Howard R, Kasper JC, Kinnison J, Kusterer M, Lario D, et al. (2016) The Solar Probe Plus mission: humanity\u2019s first visit to our star. Space Sci Rev 204(1):7\u201348","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2006.10.008","volume":"41","author":"E Friis-Christensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friis-Christensen E, L\u00fchr H, Knudsen D, Haagmans R (2008) Swarm\u2013an Earth observation mission investigating geospace. Adv Space Res 41(1):210\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asr.2006.10.008","journal-title":"Adv Space Res"},{"key":"1328_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551512","volume-title":"Theory of space plasma microinstabilities","author":"SP Gary","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gary SP (1993) Theory of space plasma microinstabilities, vol\u00a07. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511551512"},{"issue":"31","key":"1328_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1029\/ja080i031p04197","volume":"80","author":"SP Gary","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gary SP, Feldman WC, Forslund DW, Montgomery MD (1975) Heat flux instabilities in the solar wind. J Geophys Res 80(31):4197\u20134203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja080i031p04197","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"A12","key":"1328_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23391","DOI":"10.1029\/94ja02067","volume":"99","author":"SP Gary","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gary SP, Scime EE, Phillips JL, Feldman WC (1994) The whistler heat flux instability: threshold conditions in the solar wind. J Geophys Res Space Phys 99(A12):23391\u201323399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/94ja02067","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1063\/1.873532","volume":"6","author":"SP Gary","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gary SP, Skoug RM, Daughton W (1999) Electron heat flux constraints in the solar wind. Phys Plasmas 6(6):2607\u20132612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.873532","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00148028","volume":"12","author":"J Geiss","year":"1970","unstructured":"Geiss J, Hirt P, Leutwyler H (1970) On acceleration and motion of ions in corona and solar wind. Sol Phys 12(3):458\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00148028","journal-title":"Sol Phys"},{"issue":"18","key":"1328_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.100.185002","volume":"100","author":"T G\u00f6rler","year":"2008","unstructured":"G\u00f6rler T, Jenko F (2008) Scale separation between electron and ion thermal transport. Phys Rev Lett 100(18):185002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.100.185002","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637x\/695\/2\/l213","volume":"695","author":"J Gosling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gosling J, McComas D, Roberts D, Skoug RM (2009) A one-sided aspect of Alfv\u00e9nic fluctuations in the solar wind. Astrophys J 695(2):213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637x\/695\/2\/l213","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.3160020403","volume":"2","author":"H Grad","year":"1949","unstructured":"Grad H (1949) On the kinetic theory of rarefied gases. Commun Pure Appl Math 2(4):331\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpa.3160020403","journal-title":"Commun Pure Appl Math"},{"issue":"A1","key":"1328_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1029\/95ja02147","volume":"101","author":"R Grappin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grappin R, Velli M (1996) Waves and streams in the expanding solar wind. J Geophys Res Space Phys 101(A1):425\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/95ja02147","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637x\/719\/2\/1362","volume":"719","author":"SR Habbal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Habbal SR, Druckm\u00fcller M, Morgan H, Scholl I, Ru\u0161in V, Daw A, Johnson J, Arndt M (2010) Total solar eclipse observations of hot prominence shrouds. Astrophys J 719(2):1362\u20131369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637x\/719\/2\/1362","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039256","author":"JS Halekas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halekas JS, Whittlesey PL, Larson DE, McGinnis D, Bale SD, Berthomier M, Case AW, Chandran BDG, Kasper JC, Klein KG, et al. (2020) Electron heat flux in the near-Sun environment. Astron Astrophys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039256","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"1328_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039256","volume":"650","author":"JS Halekas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halekas JS, Whittlesey PL, Larson DE, McGinnis D, Bale SD, Berthomier M, Case AW, Chandran BDG, Kasper JC, Klein KG, et al. (2021) Electron heat flux in the near-Sun environment. Astron Astrophys 650:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039256","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"25","key":"1328_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.64.3019","volume":"64","author":"GW Hammett","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hammett GW, Perkins FW (1990) Fluid moment models for Landau damping with application to the ion-temperature-gradient instability. Phys Rev Lett 64(25):3019\u20133022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.64.3019","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"1328_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1063\/1.861097","volume":"18","author":"R Hazeltine","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hazeltine R, Dobrott D, Wang T (1975) Kinetic theory of tearing instability. Phys Fluids 18(12):1778\u20131786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.861097","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"key":"1328_CR108","series-title":"Cambridge monographs on plasma physics","volume-title":"Collisional transport in magnetized plasmas","author":"P Helander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Helander P, Sigmar DJ (2005) Collisional transport in magnetized plasmas. Cambridge monographs on plasma physics, vol\u00a04. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1328_CR109","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Handbook of plasma physics","author":"FL Hinton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hinton FL (1983) Collisional transport in plasma. In: Handbook of plasma physics, vol 1, p\u00a0331"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1103\/revmodphys.48.239","volume":"48","author":"FL Hinton","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hinton FL, Hazeltine RD (1976) Theory of plasma transport in toroidal confinement systems. Rev Mod Phys 48(2):239\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/revmodphys.48.239","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/43\/8\/319","volume":"43","author":"C Holland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holland C, Diamond P, Champeaux S, Kim E, Gurcan O, Rosenbluth M, Tynan G, Crocker N, Nevins W, Candy J (2003) Investigations of the role of nonlinear couplings in structure formation and transport regulation: experiment, simulation, and theory. Nucl Fusion 43(8):761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/43\/8\/319","journal-title":"Nucl Fusion"},{"issue":"25","key":"1328_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1029\/ja079i025p03845","volume":"79","author":"JV Hollweg","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hollweg JV (1974) On electron heat conduction in the solar wind. J Geophys Res 79(25):3845\u20133850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja079i025p03845","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637x\/782\/2\/81","volume":"782","author":"B Holst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holst B, Sokolov IV, Meng X, Jin M, Manchester WB IV, Toth G, Gombosi TI (2014) Alfv\u00e9n wave solar model (AWSOM): coronal heating. Astrophys J 782(2):81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637x\/782\/2\/81","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty953","volume":"478","author":"T Horbury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horbury T, Matteini L, Stansby D (2018) Short, large-amplitude speed enhancements in the near-Sunfast solar wind. Mon Not R Astron Soc 478(2):1980\u20131986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/sty953","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ace694","volume":"954","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang J, Kasper JC, Larson DE, McManus MD, Whittlesey P, Livi R, Rahmati A, Romeo O, Liu M, Jian LK, et al. (2023) The temperature, electron, and pressure characteristics of switchbacks: Parker Solar Probe observations. Astrophys J 954(2):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ace694","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"11","key":"1328_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2419073122","volume":"122","author":"Z Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Z, Dong C, Wang L (2025) Machine-learning heat flux closure for multi-moment fluid modeling of nonlinear Landau damping. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 122(11):2419073122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2419073122","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1328_CR117","unstructured":"Huba JD (1998) NRL plasma formulary. Technical report 98-358, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC"},{"key":"1328_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244128","volume":"677","author":"D Hubert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hubert D, Salem CS, Pulupa M (2023) The nature of the solar wind electron temperature and electron heat flux. I. Case of a radial interplanetary magnetic field. Astron Astrophys 677:131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244128","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/adb1d8","volume":"279","author":"P Hunana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hunana P (2025) Generalized fluid models of the Braginskii type. II. The Boltzmann operator. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 279(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/adb1d8","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377819000850","volume":"85","author":"P Hunana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hunana P, Tenerani A, Zank GP, Goldstein ML, Webb GM, Khomenko E, Collados M, Cally PS, Adhikari L, Velli M (2019a) An introductory guide to fluid models with anisotropic temperatures. Part\u00a02. Kinetic theory, Pad\u00e9 approximants and Landau fluid closures. J Plasma Phys 85(6):205850603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377819000850. arXiv:1901.09360","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377819000801","volume":"85","author":"P Hunana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hunana P, Tenerani A, Zank GP, Khomenko E, Goldstein ML, Webb GM, Cally PS, Collados M, Velli M, Adhikari L (2019b) An introductory guide to fluid models with anisotropic temperatures part 1 \u2013 CGL description and collisionless fluid hierarchy. J Plasma Phys 85(6):205850602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377819000801. arXiv:1901.09354","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ac5044","volume":"260","author":"P Hunana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hunana P, Passot T, Khomenko E, Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez D, Collados M, Tenerani A, Zank GP, Maneva Y, Goldstein ML, Webb GM (2022) Generalized fluid models of the Braginskii type. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 260(2):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/ac5044. arXiv:2201.11561","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"key":"1328_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1086\/180165","volume":"152","author":"AJ Hundhausen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hundhausen AJ, Gilbert HE, Bame SJ (1968) The state of ionization of oxygen in the solar wind. Astrophys J 152:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/180165","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac4af4","volume":"927","author":"E Husidic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Husidic E, Scherer K, Lazar M, Fichtner H, Poedts S (2022) Toward a realistic evaluation of transport coefficients in non-equilibrium space plasmas. Astrophys J 927(2):159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac4af4","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aaf1be","volume":"870","author":"ME Innocenti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Innocenti ME, Tenerani A, Velli M (2019) A semi-implicit particle-in-cell expanding box model code for fully kinetic simulations of the expanding solar wind plasma. Astrophys J 870(2):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/aaf1be","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1029\/97ja02661","volume":"103","author":"K Issautier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Issautier K, Meyer-Vernet N, Moncuquet M, Hoang S (1998) Solar wind radial and latitudinal structure - electron density and core temperature from Ulysses thermal noise spectroscopy. J Geophys Res 103:1969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97ja02661","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab94a1","volume":"897","author":"VK Jagarlamudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jagarlamudi VK, Alexandrova O, Ber\u010di\u010d L, Dudok de Wit T, Krasnoselskikh V, Maksimovic M, \u0160tver\u00e1k \u0160 (2020) Whistler waves and electron properties in the inner heliosphere: Helios observations. Astrophys J 897(2):118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab94a1. arXiv:2008.02334 [physics.space-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abb099","volume":"902","author":"S-Y Jeong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong S-Y, Verscharen D, Wicks RT, Fazakerley AN (2020) A quasi-linear diffusion model for resonant wave\u2013particle instability in homogeneous plasma. Astrophys J 902(2):128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/abb099","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR129","unstructured":"Jiang W, Svenningsson I, Pezzi O, et al (2026) Kinetic-scale fluctuations in space and astrophysical plasmas. Space Sci Rev 222"},{"key":"1328_CR130","first-page":"219","volume":"6","author":"K Jockers","year":"1970","unstructured":"Jockers K (1970) Solar wind models based on exospheric theory. Astron Astrophys 6:219","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/acc527","volume":"947","author":"S Karbashewski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karbashewski S, Agapitov O, Kim H, Mozer F, Bonnell J, Froment C, Dudok de Wit T, Bale SD, Malaspina D, Raouafi N (2023) Whistler wave observations by Parker Solar Probe during encounter 1: counter-propagating whistlers collocated with magnetic field inhomogeneities and their application to electric field measurement calibration. Astrophys J 947(2):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/acc527","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-015-0206-3","volume":"204","author":"JC Kasper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasper JC, Abiad R, Austin G, Balat-Pichelin M, Bale SD, Belcher JW, Berg P, Bergner H, Berthomier M, Bookbinder J, et al. (2016) Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) investigation: design of the solar wind and coronal plasma instrument suite for Solar Probe Plus. Space Sci Rev 204(1):131\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11214-015-0206-3","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"7786","key":"1328_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1813-z","volume":"576","author":"JC Kasper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kasper JC, Bale SD, Belcher JW, Berthomier M, Case AW, Chandran BD, Curtis D, Gallagher D, Gary S, Golub L, et al. (2019) Alfv\u00e9nic velocity spikes and rotational flows in the near-Sun solar wind. Nature 576(7786):228\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1813-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1328_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347123","volume":"680","author":"JM Kempf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kempf JM, Rincon F, Clerc N (2023) Dynamical properties and detectability of the magneto-thermal instability in the intracluster medium. Astron Astrophys 680:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347123. arXiv:2306.12460 [astro-ph.HE]","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"12","key":"1328_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1761629","volume":"9","author":"C Kennel","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kennel C, Engelmann F (1966) Velocity space diffusion from weak plasma turbulence in a magnetic field. Phys Fluids 9(12):2377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1761629","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S002237780000310X","volume":"1","author":"CF Kennel","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kennel CF, Wong HV (1967) Resonant particle instabilities in a uniform magnetic field. J Plasma Phys 1(1):75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S002237780000310X","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6796-1","volume-title":"Kinetic theory of the inner magnetospheric plasma","author":"GV Khazanov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khazanov GV (2011) Kinetic theory of the inner magnetospheric plasma, vol\u00a0372. Springer, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-6796-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019325","volume":"119","author":"GV Khazanov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khazanov GV, Glocer A, Himwich EW (2014) Magnetosphere-ionosphere energy interchange in the electron diffuse aurora. J Geophys Res Space Phys 119(1):171\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013JA019325","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028175","volume":"125","author":"GV Khazanov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khazanov GV, Glocer A, Chu M (2020) The formation of electron heat flux in the region of diffuse aurora. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125(8):28175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020JA028175","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9068","DOI":"10.1002\/2016ja023342","volume":"122","author":"LM Kilcommons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kilcommons LM, Redmon RJ, Knipp DJ (2017) A new DMSP magnetometer and auroral boundary data set and estimates of field-aligned currents in dynamic auroral boundary coordinates. J Geophys Res Space Phys 122(8):9068\u20139079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016ja023342","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1086\/379342","volume":"596","author":"W-T Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim W-T, Narayan R (2003) Turbulent mixing in clusters of galaxies. Astrophys J Lett 596(2):139\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/379342. arXiv:astro-ph\/0308376 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3847\/25c2cfeb.84e839d7","volume":"219","author":"KG Klein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klein KG, Spence H, Alexandrova O, Argall M, Arzamasskiy L, Bookbinder J, Broeren T, Caprioli D, Case A, Chandran B, et al. (2023) HelioSwarm: a multipoint, multiscale mission to characterize turbulence. Space Sci Rev 219(8):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/25c2cfeb.84e839d7","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1004943213433","volume":"171","author":"Y-K Ko","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ko Y-K, Fisk LA, Geiss J, Gloeckler G, Guhathakurta M (1997) An empirical study of the electron temperature and heavy ion velocities in the south polar coronal hole. Sol Phys 171(2):345\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1004943213433","journal-title":"Sol Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377818000399","volume":"84","author":"S Komarov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Komarov S, Schekochihin AA, Churazov E, Spitkovsky A (2018) Self-inhibiting thermal conduction in a high-$\\beta$, whistler-unstable plasma. J Plasma Phys 84(3):905840305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377818000399. arXiv:1711.11462","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377818000582","volume":"84","author":"JA Krommes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krommes JA (2018a) Projection-operator methods for classical transport in magnetized plasmas. Part\u00a01. Linear response, the Braginskii equations and fluctuating hydrodynamics. J Plasma Phys 84(4):925840401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377818000582","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377818000892","volume":"84","author":"JA Krommes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krommes JA (2018b) Projection-operator methods for classical transport in magnetized plasmas. Part\u00a02. Nonlinear response and the Burnett equations. J Plasma Phys 84(6):905840601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377818000892","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1328_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-3919(58)90119-0","volume":"7","author":"M Kruskal","year":"1958","unstructured":"Kruskal M, Oberman C (1958) On the stability of plasma in static equilibrium. J Nucl Energy 7(3\u20134):278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0891-3919(58)90119-0","journal-title":"J Nucl Energy"},{"key":"1328_CR148","unstructured":"Kulsrud RM (1983) MHD description of plasma"},{"key":"1328_CR149","volume-title":"Lecture notes on principles of plasma processing","author":"M Kunz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kunz M (2003) Lecture notes on principles of plasma processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19303.x","volume":"417","author":"MW Kunz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kunz MW (2011) Dynamical stability of a thermally stratified intracluster medium with anisotropic momentum and heat transport. Mon Not R Astron Soc 417(1):602\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19303.x. arXiv:1104.3595 [astro-ph.HE]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.17621.x","volume":"410","author":"MW Kunz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kunz MW, Schekochihin AA, Cowley SC, Binney JJ, Sanders JS (2011) A thermally stable heating mechanism for the intracluster medium: turbulence, magnetic fields and plasma instabilities. Mon Not R Astron Soc 410(4):2446\u20132457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.17621.x. arXiv:1003.2719","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/754\/2\/122","volume":"754","author":"MW Kunz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kunz MW, Bogdanovi\u0107 T, Reynolds CS, Stone JM (2012) Buoyancy instabilities in a weakly collisional intracluster medium. Astrophys J 754(2):122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637X\/754\/2\/122. arXiv:1202.3442 [astro-ph.CO]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"20","key":"1328_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.112.205003","volume":"112","author":"MW Kunz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kunz MW, Schekochihin AA, Stone JM (2014) Firehose and mirror instabilities in a collisionless shearing plasma. Phys Rev Lett 112(20):205003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.112.205003","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377820001312","volume":"86","author":"M Kunz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kunz M, Squire J, Schekochihin A, Quataert E (2020) Self-sustaining sound in collisionless, high-$\\beta $ plasma. J Plasma Phys 86(6):905860603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377820001312","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab3290","volume":"882","author":"IV Kuzichev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuzichev IV, Vasko IY, Soto-Chavez AR, Tong Y, Artemyev AV, Bale SD, Spitkovsky A (2019) Nonlinear evolution of the whistler heat flux instability. Astrophys J 882(2):81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab3290","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/acfd28","volume":"959","author":"IV Kuzichev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuzichev IV, Vasko IY, Artemyev AV, Bale SD, Mozer FS (2023) Particle-in-cell simulations of sunward and anti-sunward whistler waves in the solar wind. Astrophys J 959(1):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/acfd28","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/796\/1\/5","volume":"796","author":"C Lacombe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lacombe C, Alexandrova O, Matteini L, Santol\u00edk O, Cornilleau-Wehrlin N, Mangeney A, Conchy Y, Maksimovic M (2014) Whistler mode waves and the electron heat flux in the solar wind: cluster observations. Astrophys J 796(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637X\/796\/1\/5. arXiv:1410.6187 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/lrsp-2015-2","volume":"12","author":"JM Laming","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laming JM (2015) The FIP and inverse FIP effects in solar and stellar coronae. Living Rev Sol Phys 12(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/lrsp-2015-2. arXiv:1504.08325","journal-title":"Living Rev Sol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab23f1","volume":"879","author":"JM Laming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laming JM, Vourlidas A, Korendyke C, Chua D, Cranmer SR, Ko Y-K, Kuroda N, Provornikova E, Raymond JC, Raouafi N-E, et al. (2019) Element abundances: a new diagnostic for the solar wind. Astrophys J 879(2):124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab23f1","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1086\/591225","volume":"685","author":"E Landi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Landi E (2008) The off-disk thermal structure of a polar coronal hole. Astrophys J 685(2):1270\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/591225","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637x\/744\/2\/100","volume":"744","author":"E Landi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Landi E, Alexander RL, Gruesbeck JR, Gilbert JA, Lepri ST, Manchester WB, Zurbuchen TH (2012) Carbon ionization stages as a diagnostic of the solar wind. Astrophys J 744(2):100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637x\/744\/2\/100","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/790\/1\/L12","volume":"790","author":"S Landi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Landi S, Matteini L, Pantellini F (2014) Electron heat flux in the solar wind: are we observing the collisional limit in the 1 au data? Astrophys J Lett 790:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2041-8205\/790\/1\/L12","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022377825101190","volume":"92","author":"S Lautenbach","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lautenbach S, L\u00fcbke J, Innocenti ME, Kormann K, Grauer R (2026) Optimal Landau-type closure parameters for two-fluid simulations of plasma turbulence at kinetic scales. J Plasma Phys 92(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022377825101190","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1029\/rg011i002p00427","volume":"11","author":"J Lemaire","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lemaire J, Scherer M (1973) Kinetic models of the solar and polar winds. Rev Geophys 11(2):427\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/rg011i002p00427","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"1328_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00751330","volume":"71","author":"R Lepping","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lepping R, Ac\u0169na M, Burlaga L, Farrell W, Slavin J, Schatten K, Mariani F, Ness N, Neubauer F, Whang Y, et al. (1995) The Wind magnetic field investigation. Space Sci Rev 71:207\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00751330","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"key":"1328_CR166","unstructured":"Li Z, Kovachki N, Azizzadenesheli K, Liu B, Bhattacharya K, Stuart A, Anandkumar A (2020) Fourier neural operator for parametric partial differential equations. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2010.08895"},{"key":"1328_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00751328","volume":"71","author":"R Lin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lin R, Anderson K, Ashford S, Carlson C, Curtis D, Ergun R, Larson D, McFadden J, McCarthy M, Parks G, et al. (1995) A three-dimensional plasma and energetic particle investigation for the Wind spacecraft. Space Sci Rev 71:125\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00751328","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac93f5","volume":"938","author":"R Livi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Livi R, Larson DE, Kasper JC, Abiad R, Case AW, Klein KG, Curtis DW, Dalton G, Stevens M, Korreck KE, et al. (2022) The Solar Probe Analyzer\u2014ions on the Parker Solar Probe. Astrophys J 938(2):138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac93f5","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR169","first-page":"3208","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"Z Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Long Z, Lu Y, Ma X, Dong B (2018) PDE-Net: learning PDEs from data. In: International conference on machine learning. PMLR pp\u00a03208\u20133216"},{"key":"1328_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000ja900039","volume":"105","author":"M Maksimovic","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maksimovic M, Gary SP, Skoug RM (2000) Solar wind electron suprathermal strength and temperature gradients: Ulysses observations. J Geophys Res 105:18337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000ja900039","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0904-1_23","volume":"277","author":"M Maksimovic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maksimovic M, Pierrard V, Lemaire J (2001) On the exospheric approach for the solar wind acceleration. Astrophys Space Sci 277:181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-010-0904-1_23","journal-title":"Astrophys Space Sci"},{"key":"1328_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maksimovic M, Zouganelis I, Chaufray J-Y, Issautier K, Scime EE, Littleton J, Marsch E, McComas D, Salem C, Lin R, et al (2005) Radial evolution of the electron distribution functions in the fast solar wind between 0.3 and 1.5 au. J Geophys Res Space Phys 110(A9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005ja011119","DOI":"10.1029\/2005ja011119"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.13.184","volume":"13","author":"J Malmberg","year":"1964","unstructured":"Malmberg J, Wharton C (1964) Collisionless damping of electrostatic plasma waves. Phys Rev Lett 13(6):184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.13.184","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.20.95","volume":"20","author":"J Malmberg","year":"1968","unstructured":"Malmberg J, Wharton C, Gould R, O\u2019Neil T (1968) Plasma wave echo experiment. Phys Rev Lett 20(3):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.20.95","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"1328_CR175","unstructured":"Manheimer W, Boris JP (1977) Marginal stability analysis. A simpler approach to anomalous transport in plasmas. Comments Plasma Phys Control Fusion 3(1)"},{"key":"1328_CR176","first-page":"1143","volume-title":"45th COSPAR scientific assembly","author":"MF Marcucci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marcucci MF, Retino A (2024) The ESA M7 candidate mission Plasma Observatory. In: 45th COSPAR scientific assembly, held 13\u201321 July, vol\u00a045, p\u00a01143"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1086\/374656","volume":"586","author":"M Markevitch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Markevitch M, Mazzotta P, Vikhlinin A, Burke D, Butt Y, David L, Donnelly H, Forman WR, Harris D, Kim D-W, Virani S, Vrtilek J (2003) Chandra temperature map of A754 and constraints on thermal conduction. Astrophys J Lett 586(1):19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/374656. arXiv:astro-ph\/0301367 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12942\/lrsp-2006-1","volume":"3","author":"E Marsch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marsch E (2006) Kinetic physics of the solar corona and solar wind. Living Rev Sol Phys 3(1):1\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12942\/lrsp-2006-1","journal-title":"Living Rev Sol Phys"},{"issue":"A12","key":"1328_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9933","DOI":"10.1029\/ja088ia12p09933","volume":"88","author":"E Marsch","year":"1983","unstructured":"Marsch E, Goldstein H (1983) The effects of Coulomb collisions on solar wind ion velocity distributions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 88(A12):9933\u20139940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja088ia12p09933","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"A1","key":"1328_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1029\/2000ja000042","volume":"106","author":"E Marsch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marsch E, Tu C-Y (2001) Heating and acceleration of coronal ions interacting with plasma waves through cyclotron and Landau resonance. J Geophys Res Space Phys 106(A1):227\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000ja000042","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1002\/jgra.50320","volume":"118","author":"L Matteini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matteini L, Hellinger P, Goldstein BE, Landi S, Velli M, Neugebauer M (2013) Signatures of kinetic instabilities in the solar wind. J Geophys Res Space Phys 118(6):2771\u20132782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgra.50320","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/2013gl058482","volume":"41","author":"L Matteini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matteini L, Horbury TS, Neugebauer M, Goldstein BE (2014) Dependence of solar wind speed on the local magnetic field orientation: role of Alfv\u00e9nic fluctuations. Geophys Res Lett 41(2):259\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013gl058482","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18216.x","volume":"413","author":"M McCourt","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCourt M, Parrish IJ, Sharma P, Quataert E (2011) Can conduction induce convection? On the non-linear saturation of buoyancy instabilities in dilute plasmas. Mon Not R Astron Soc 413(2):1295\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18216.x. arXiv:1009.2498 [astro-ph.CO]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"key":"1328_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511564123","volume-title":"Instabilities in space and laboratory plasmas","author":"DB Melrose","year":"1986","unstructured":"Melrose DB (1986) Instabilities in space and laboratory plasmas. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p\u00a0280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511564123"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stw793","volume":"459","author":"S Melville","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melville S, Schekochihin AA, Kunz MW (2016) Pressure-anisotropy-driven microturbulence and magnetic-field evolution in shearing, collisionless plasma. Mon Not R Astron Soc 459(3):2701\u20132720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stw793","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"A12","key":"1328_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29705","DOI":"10.1029\/98ja02853","volume":"103","author":"N Meyer-Vernet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meyer-Vernet N, Issautier K (1998) Electron temperature in the solar wind: generic radial variation from kinetic collisionless models. J Geophys Res Space Phys 103(A12):29705\u201329717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/98ja02853","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/abc0e8","volume":"903","author":"A Micera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Micera A, Zhukov AN, L\u00f3pez R, Innocenti ME, Lazar M, Boella E, Lapenta G (2020) Particle-in-cell simulation of whistler heat-flux instabilities in the solar wind: heat-flux regulation and electron halo formation. Astrophys J Lett 903(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/abc0e8","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac1067","volume":"919","author":"A Micera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Micera A, Zhukov AN, L\u00f3pez R, Boella E, Tenerani A, Velli M, Lapenta G, Innocenti M (2021) On the role of solar wind expansion as a source of whistler waves: scattering of suprathermal electrons and heat flux regulation in the inner heliosphere. Astrophys J 919(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac1067","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ada3d7","volume":"979","author":"A Micera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Micera A, Verscharen D, Coburn JT, Innocenti ME (2025) Quasi-parallel antisunward-propagating whistler waves associated with the electron deficit in the near-Sun solar wind: particle-in-cell simulation. Astrophys J 979(2):226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ada3d7","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1109\/3dv.2016.79","volume-title":"2016 fourth international conference on 3D vision (3DV)","author":"F Milletari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milletari F, Navab N, Ahmadi S-A (2016) V-net: fully convolutional neural networks for volumetric medical image segmentation. In: 2016 fourth international conference on 3D vision (3DV). IEEE, pp\u00a0565\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/3dv.2016.79"},{"issue":"15","key":"1328_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1029\/ja073i015p04999","volume":"73","author":"MD Montgomery","year":"1968","unstructured":"Montgomery MD, Bame SJ, Hundhausen AJ (1968) Solar wind electrons: Vela 4 measurements. J Geophys Res 73(15):4999\u20135003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja073i015p04999","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mosetto A, Halpern FD, Jolliet S, Loizu J, Ricci P (2013) Turbulent regimes in the tokamak scrape-off layer. Phys Plasmas 20(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4821597","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4821597"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac88c4","volume":"936","author":"R Nair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nair R, Halekas JS, Whittlesey PL, Larson DE, Livi R, Berthomier M, Kasper JC, Case AW, Stevens ML, Bale SD, et al. (2022) Switchbacks in the young solar wind: electron evolution observed inside switchbacks between 0.125 au and 0.25 au. Astrophys J 936(2):164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac88c4","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nevins W, Candy J, Cowley S, Dannert T, Dimits A, Dorland W, Estrada-Mila C, Hammett G, Jenko F, Pueschel M, et al (2006) Characterizing electron temperature gradient turbulence via numerical simulation. Phys Plasmas 13(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.2402510","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2402510"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.106.065003","volume":"106","author":"W Nevins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nevins W, Wang E, Candy J (2011) Magnetic stochasticity in gyrokinetic simulations of plasma microturbulence. Phys Rev Lett 106(6):065003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.106.065003","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"1328_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng J, Hakim A, Bhattacharjee A, Stanier A, Daughton W (2017) Simulations of anti-parallel reconnection using a nonlocal heat flux closure. Phys Plasmas 24(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4993195","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4993195"},{"key":"1328_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng J, Hakim A, Wang L, Bhattacharjee A (2020) An improved ten-moment closure for reconnection and instabilities. Phys Plasmas 27(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0012067","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0012067"},{"key":"1328_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-016-0234-7","volume":"200","author":"B Ni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ni B, Thorne RM, Zhang X, Bortnik J, Pu Z, Xie L, Hu Z-J, Han D, Shi R, Zhou C, Gu X (2016) Origins of the Earth\u2019s diffuse auroral precipitation. Space Sci Rev 200:205\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11214-016-0234-7","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"1328_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/s0273-1177(97)00439-0","volume":"20","author":"K Ogilvie","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ogilvie K, Desch M (1997) The Wind spacecraft and its early scientific results. Adv Space Res 20(4\u20135):559\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0273-1177(97)00439-0","journal-title":"Adv Space Res"},{"key":"1328_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1029\/JA083iA08p03776","volume":"83","author":"KW Ogilvie","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ogilvie KW, Scudder JD (1978) The radial gradients and collisional properties of solar wind electrons. J Geophys Res 83:3776\u20133782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JA083iA08p03776","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00751326","volume":"71","author":"K Ogilvie","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ogilvie K, Chornay D, Fritzenreiter R, Hunsaker F, Keller J, Lobell J, Miller G, Scudder J, Sittler E, Torbert R, et al. (1995) SWE, a comprehensive plasma instrument for the Wind spacecraft. Space Sci Rev 71:55\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00751326","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.37.405","volume":"37","author":"L Onsager","year":"1931","unstructured":"Onsager L (1931a) Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I. Phys Rev 37(4):405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrev.37.405","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1328_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.38.2265","volume":"38","author":"L Onsager","year":"1931","unstructured":"Onsager L (1931b) Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. II. Phys Rev 38(12):2265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrev.38.2265","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1694123","volume":"15","author":"SL Ossakow","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ossakow SL, Haber I, Ott E (1972) Simulation of whistler instabilities in anisotropic plasmas. Phys Fluids 15(8):1538\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1694123","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aba429","volume":"899","author":"V Pant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pant V, Van Doorsselaere T (2020) Revisiting the relation between nonthermal line widths and transverse MHD wave amplitudes. Astrophys J 899(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/aba429","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1086\/146579","volume":"128","author":"EN Parker","year":"1958","unstructured":"Parker EN (1958) Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields. Astrophys J 128:664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/146579","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/703\/1\/96","volume":"703","author":"IJ Parrish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parrish IJ, Quataert E, Sharma P (2009) Anisotropic thermal conduction and the cooling flow problem in galaxy clusters. Astrophys J 703(1):96\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0004-637X\/703\/1\/96. arXiv:0905.4500 [astro-ph.CO]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1086\/430662","volume":"628","author":"S Patsourakos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patsourakos S, Klimchuk J (2005) Coronal loop heating by nanoflares: the impact of the field-aligned distribution of the heating on loop observations. Astrophys J 628(2):1023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/430662","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac62d4","volume":"929","author":"F Pecora","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pecora F, Matthaeus WH, Primavera L, Greco A, Chhiber R, Bandyopadhyay R, Servidio S (2022) Magnetic switchback occurrence rates in the inner heliosphere: Parker Solar Probe and 1 au. Astrophys J Lett 929(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac62d4","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377822000630","volume":"88","author":"C Perks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perks C, Mordijck S, Carter T, Van Compernolle B, Vincena S, Rossi G, Schaffner D (2022) Impact of the electron density and temperature gradient on drift-wave turbulence in the large plasma device. J Plasma Phys 88(4):905880405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377822000630","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347428","volume":"682","author":"LM Perrone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perrone LM, Berlok T, Pfrommer C (2024a) Does the magnetothermal instability survive whistler suppression of thermal conductivity in galaxy clusters? Astron Astrophys 682:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347428. arXiv:2311.02163 [astro-ph.CO]","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"1328_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202449555","volume":"690","author":"LM Perrone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perrone LM, Berlok T, Pfrommer C (2024b) Thermal conductivity with bells and whistlers: suppression of the magnetothermal instability in galaxy clusters. Astron Astrophys 690:A292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202449555","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1086\/374830","volume":"590","author":"JR Peterson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peterson JR, Kahn SM, Paerels FBS, Kaastra JS, Tamura T, Bleeker JAM, Ferrigno C, Jernigan JG (2003) High-resolution X-ray spectroscopic constraints on cooling-flow models for clusters of galaxies. Astrophys J 590(1):207\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/374830. arXiv:astro-ph\/0210662 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1086\/590654","volume":"686","author":"P Petkaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petkaki P, Freeman MP (2008) Nonlinear dependence of anomalous ion-acoustic resistivity on electron drift velocity. Astrophys J 686:686\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/590654","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JA010793","volume":"111","author":"P Petkaki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Petkaki P, Freeman MP, Kirk T, Watt CEJ, Horne RB (2006) Anomalous resistivity and the nonlinear evolution of the ion-acoustic instability. J Geophys Res 111:1205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JA010793","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"1328_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.116.145001","volume":"116","author":"O Pezzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pezzi O, Valentini F, Veltri P (2016) Collisional relaxation of fine velocity structures in plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 116(14):145001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.116.145001","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab5285","volume":"887","author":"O Pezzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pezzi O, Perrone D, Servidio S, Valentini F, Sorriso-Valvo L, Veltri P (2019a) Proton\u2013proton collisions in the turbulent solar wind: hybrid Boltzmann\u2013Maxwell simulations. Astrophys J 887(2):208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab5285. arXiv:1903.03398","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/ab04d5","volume":"61","author":"O Pezzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pezzi O, Valentini F, Servidio S, Camporeale E, Veltri P (2019b) Fourier-Hermite decomposition of the collisional Vlasov-Maxwell system: implications for the velocity-space cascade. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 61(5):054005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6587\/ab04d5. arXiv:1811.01030","journal-title":"Plasma Phys Control Fusion"},{"key":"1328_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1029\/ja092ia02p01075","volume":"92","author":"WG Pilipp","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pilipp WG, Muehlhaeuser K-H, Miggenrieder H, Montgomery MD, Rosenbauer H (1987) Characteristics of electron velocity distribution functions in the solar wind derived from the Helios plasma experiment. J Geophys Res 92:1075\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja092ia02p01075","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1029\/JA095iA05p06305","volume":"95","author":"WG Pilipp","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pilipp WG, Muehlhaeuser K-H, Miggenrieder H, Rosenbauer H, Schwenn R (1990) Large-scale variations of thermal electron parameters in the solar wind between 0.3 and 1 au. J Geophys Res 95:6305\u20136329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JA095iA05p06305","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.1998.01770.x","volume":"301","author":"S Pistinner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pistinner S, Eichler D (1998) Self-inhibiting heat flux. Mon Not R Astron Soc 301(1):49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-8711.1998.01770.x","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"key":"1328_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pueschel M, Jenko F (2010) Transport properties of finite-$\\beta $ microturbulence. Phys Plasmas 17(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3435280","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3435280"},{"issue":"12","key":"1328_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/abba49","volume":"60","author":"M Pueschel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pueschel M, Hatch D, Kotschenreuther M, Ishizawa A, Merlo G (2020) Multi-scale interactions of microtearing turbulence in the tokamak pedestal. Nucl Fusion 60(12):124005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-4326\/abba49","journal-title":"Nucl Fusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1086\/525248","volume":"673","author":"E Quataert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Quataert E (2008) Buoyancy instabilities in weakly magnetized low-collisionality plasmas. Astrophys J 673(2):758\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/525248. arXiv:0710.5521 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-023-00952-4","volume":"219","author":"NE Raouafi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raouafi NE, Matteini L, Squire J, Badman S, Velli M, Klein K, Chen C, Matthaeus W, Szabo A, Linton M, et al. (2023) Parker Solar Probe: four years of discoveries at solar cycle minimum. Space Sci Rev 219(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11214-023-00952-4","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"key":"1328_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003069515-48","volume-title":"Hamiltonian dynamical systems","author":"A Rechester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rechester A, Rosenbluth M (2020) Electron heat transport in a tokamak with destroyed magnetic surfaces. In: Hamiltonian dynamical systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp\u00a0684\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003069515-48"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1146","volume":"478","author":"SM Ressler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ressler SM, Quataert E, Stone JM (2018) Hydrodynamic simulations of the inner accretion flow of Sagittarius A* fuelled by stellar winds. Mon Not R Astron Soc 478(3):3544\u20133563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/sty1146. arXiv:1805.00474","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stz3605","volume":"492","author":"SM Ressler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ressler SM, Quataert E, Stone JM (2020) The surprisingly small impact of magnetic fields on the inner accretion flow of Sagittarius A* fueled by stellar winds. Mon Not R Astron Soc 492(3):3272\u20133293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stz3605. arXiv:2001.04469","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-021-09797-7","volume":"54","author":"A Retin\u00f2","year":"2022","unstructured":"Retin\u00f2 A, Khotyaintsev Y, Le Contel O, Marcucci MF, Plaschke F, Vaivads A, Angelopoulos V, Blasi P, Burch J, De Keyser J, et al. (2022) Particle energization in space plasmas: towards a multi-point, multi-scale plasma observatory. Exp Astron 54(2):427\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10686-021-09797-7","journal-title":"Exp Astron"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ab4fef","volume":"246","author":"V R\u00e9ville","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u00e9ville V, Velli M, Panasenco O, Tenerani A, Shi C, Badman ST, Bale SD, Kasper J, Stevens ML, Korreck KE, et al. (2020) The role of Alfv\u00e9n wave dynamics on the large-scale properties of the solar wind: comparing an MHD simulation with Parker Solar Probe E1 data. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 246(2):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/ab4fef","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2006.01.008","volume":"68","author":"AJ Ridley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ridley AJ, Deng Y, T\u00f3th G (2006) The global ionosphere thermosphere model. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys 68(8):839\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jastp.2006.01.008","journal-title":"J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2022.1056347","volume":"9","author":"YJ Rivera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rivera YJ, Higginson A, Lepri ST, Viall NM, Alterman BL, Landi E, Spitzer SA, Raines JM, Cranmer SR, Laming JM, Mason EI, Wallace S, Raymond JC, Lynch BJ, Gilly CR, Chen TY, Dewey RM (2022) Deciphering the birth region, formation, and evolution of ambient and transient solar wind using heavy ion observations. Front Astron Space Sci 9:1056347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspas.2022.1056347","journal-title":"Front Astron Space Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.120.035101","volume":"120","author":"G Roberg-Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberg-Clark G, Drake J, Reynolds C, Swisdak M (2018a) Suppression of electron thermal conduction by whistler turbulence in a sustained thermal gradient. Phys Rev Lett 120(3):035101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.120.035101","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aae393","volume":"867","author":"GT Roberg-Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberg-Clark GT, Drake JF, Swisdak M, Reynolds CS (2018b) Wave generation and heat flux suppression in astrophysical plasma systems. Astrophys J 867(2):154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/aae393. arXiv:1807.04895 [astro-ph.HE]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1063\/1.859023","volume":"1","author":"F Romanelli","year":"1989","unstructured":"Romanelli F (1989) Ion temperature-gradient-driven modes and anomalous ion transport in tokamaks. Phys Plasmas 1(5):1018\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.859023","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1724387","volume":"2","author":"MN Rosenbluth","year":"1959","unstructured":"Rosenbluth MN, Rostoker N (1959) Theoretical structure of plasma equations. Phys Fluids 2(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1724387","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.17931.x","volume":"413","author":"M Rosin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosin M, Schekochihin A, Rincon F, Cowley S (2011) A non-linear theory of the parallel firehose and gyrothermal instabilities in a weakly collisional plasma. Mon Not R Astron Soc 413(1):7\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.17931.x","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"1328_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/54\/12\/124050","volume":"54","author":"D Ryutov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ryutov D, Cohen R, Rognlien T, Umansky M (2012) A snowflake divertor: a possible solution to the power exhaust problem for tokamaks. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 54(12):124050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0741-3335\/54\/12\/124050","journal-title":"Plasma Phys Control Fusion"},{"key":"1328_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadler JD, Walsh CA, Zhou Y, Li H (2022) Role of self-generated magnetic fields in the inertial fusion ignition threshold. Phys Plasmas 29(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0091529","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0091529"},{"key":"1328_CR240","first-page":"23","volume":"4","author":"RZ Sagdeev","year":"1966","unstructured":"Sagdeev RZ (1966) Cooperative phenomena and shock waves in collisionless plasmas. Rev Plasma Phys 4:23","journal-title":"Rev Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"A10","key":"1328_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21701","DOI":"10.1029\/2001ja900031","volume":"106","author":"C Salem","year":"2001","unstructured":"Salem C, Bosqued J-M, Larson DE, Mangeney A, Maksimovic M, Perche C, Lin R, Bougeret J-L (2001) Determination of accurate solar wind electron parameters using particle detectors and radio wave receivers. J Geophys Res Space Phys 106(A10):21701\u201321717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001ja900031","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1086\/346185","volume":"585","author":"C Salem","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salem C, Hubert D, Lacombe C, Bale SD, Mangeney A, Larson DE, Lin R (2003) Electron properties and Coulomb collisions in the solar wind at 1 au: Wind observations. Astrophys J 585(2):1147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/346185","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202141816","volume":"675","author":"CS Salem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salem CS, Pulupa M, Bale SD, Verscharen D (2023) Precision electron measurements in the solar wind at 1 au from NASA\u2019s Wind spacecraft. Astron Astrophys 675:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202141816. arXiv:2107.08125","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"1328_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1017\/S1743921312012094","volume-title":"Planetary nebulae: an eye to the future. IAU Symposium","author":"C Sandin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sandin C, Steffen M, Jacob R, Sch\u00f6nberner D, R\u00fchling U, Hamann W-R, Todt H (2012) The role of heat conduction to the formation of [WC]-type planetary nebulae. In: Planetary nebulae: an eye to the future. IAU Symposium, vol\u00a0283, pp\u00a0494\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1743921312012094"},{"key":"1328_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201527357","volume":"586","author":"C Sandin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandin C, Steffen M, Sch\u00f6nberner D, R\u00fchling U (2016) Hot bubbles of planetary nebulae with hydrogen-deficient winds. I. Heat conduction in a chemically stratified plasma. Astron Astrophys 586:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/201527357. arXiv:1512.04986 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab3291","volume":"509","author":"M Sarfraz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarfraz M, L\u00f3pez R, Ahmed S, Yoon P (2022) Electron mirror and cyclotron instabilities for solar wind plasma. Mon Not R Astron Soc 509(3):3764\u20133771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stab3291","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"key":"1328_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1029\/RG015i004p00429","volume":"15","author":"RW Schunk","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schunk RW (1977) Mathematical structure of transport equations for multispecies flows. Rev Geophys Space Phys 15:429\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/RG015i004p00429","journal-title":"Rev Geophys Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1086\/307575","volume":"521","author":"NA Schwadron","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schwadron NA, Fisk LA, Zurbuchen TH (1999) Elemental fractionation in the slow solar wind. Astrophys J 521(2):859\u2013867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/307575","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23401","DOI":"10.1029\/94ja02068","volume":"99","author":"EE Scime","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scime EE, Bame SJ, Feldman WC, Gary SP, Phillips JL, Balogh A (1994) Regulation of the solar wind electron heat flux from 1 to 5 au: Ulysses observations. J Geophys Res 99:23401\u201323410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/94ja02068","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1086\/171858","volume":"398","author":"JD Scudder","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scudder JD (1992) On the causes of temperature change in inhomogeneous low-density astrophysical plasmas. Astrophys J 398:299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/171858","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"A6","key":"1328_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1029\/ja084ia06p02755","volume":"84","author":"JD Scudder","year":"1979","unstructured":"Scudder JD, Olbert S (1979) A theory of local and global processes which affect solar wind electrons, 1. The origin of typical 1 au velocity distribution functions\u2014steady state theory. J Geophys Res Space Phys 84(A6):2755\u20132772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/ja084ia06p02755","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1086\/498405","volume":"637","author":"P Sharma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma P, Hammett GW, Quataert E, Stone JM (2006) Shearing box simulations of the MRI in a collisionless plasma. Astrophys J 637(2):952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/498405","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JA029380","volume":"126","author":"Y Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen Y, Vasko IY, Artemyev A, Malaspina DM, Chu X, Angelopoulos V, Zhang X-J (2021) Realistic electron diffusion rates and lifetimes due to scattering by electron holes. J Geophys Res Space Phys 126(9):29380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021JA029380","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"6024","key":"1328_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200331","volume":"331","author":"A Simionescu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simionescu A, Allen SW, Mantz A, Werner N, Takei Y, Morris RG, Fabian AC, Sanders JS, Nulsen PEJ, George MR, Taylor GB (2011) Baryons at the edge of the X-ray\u2013brightest galaxy cluster. Science 331(6024):1576\u20131579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1200331. arXiv:1102.2429","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5A","key":"1328_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/47\/5A\/003","volume":"47","author":"AC Sips","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sips AC, et al. (2005) Advanced scenarios for ITER operation. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 47(5A):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0741-3335\/47\/5A\/003","journal-title":"Plasma Phys Control Fusion"},{"issue":"11","key":"1328_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1063\/1.872517","volume":"4","author":"PB Snyder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snyder PB, Hammett GW, Dorland W (1997) Landau fluid models of collisionless magnetohydrodynamics. Phys Plasmas 4(11):3974\u20133985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.872517","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"key":"1328_CR257","volume-title":"Physics of fully ionized gases","author":"L Spitzer Jr","year":"1956","unstructured":"Spitzer L Jr (1956) Physics of fully ionized gases. Interscience Publishers, New York"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.89.977","volume":"89","author":"L Spitzer Jr","year":"1953","unstructured":"Spitzer L Jr, H\u00e4rm R (1953) Transport phenomena in a completely ionized gas. Phys Rev 89(5):977\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrev.89.977","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"key":"1328_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staebler G, Kinsey J, Waltz R (2007) A theory-based transport model with comprehensive physics. Phys Plasmas 14(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.2436852","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2436852"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200809677","volume":"489","author":"M Steffen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steffen M, Sch\u00f6nberner D, Warmuth A (2008) The evolution of planetary nebulae. V. The diffuse X-ray emission. Astron Astrophys 489(1):173\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361:200809677. arXiv:0807.3290 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa821","volume":"495","author":"UP Steinwandel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steinwandel UP, Moster BP, Naab T, Hu C-Y, Walch S (2020) Hot phase generation by supernovae in ISM simulations: resolution, chemistry, and thermal conduction. Mon Not R Astron Soc 495(1):1035\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/staa821. arXiv:1907.13153 [astro-ph.GA]","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"key":"1328_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160tver\u00e1k \u0160, Maksimovic M, Tr\u00e1vn\u00ed\u010dek PM, Marsch E, Fazakerley AN, Scime EE (2009) Radial evolution of nonthermal electron populations in the low-latitude solar wind: Helios, Cluster, and Ulysses observations. J Geophys Res Space Phys 114(A5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008ja013883","DOI":"10.1029\/2008ja013883"},{"key":"1328_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8177","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JA021368","volume":"120","author":"\u0160 \u0160tver\u00e1k","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0160tver\u00e1k \u0160, Tr\u00e1vn\u00ed\u010dek PM, Hellinger P (2015) Electron energetics in the expanding solar wind via Helios observations. J Geophys Res 120:8177\u20138193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JA021368","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022377814000671","volume":"81","author":"PL Sulem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sulem PL, Passot T (2015) Landau fluid closures with nonlinear large-scale finite Larmor radius corrections for collisionless plasmas. J Plasma Phys 81(1):325810103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022377814000671","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab7a93","volume":"892","author":"B Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang B, Zank GP, Kolobov VI (2020) Numerical modeling of suprathermal electron transport in the solar wind: effects of whistler turbulence. Astrophys J 892(2):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab7a93","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tenerani A, Gonz\u00e1lez C, Sioulas N, Shi C, Velli M (2023) Dispersive and kinetic effects on kinked Alfv\u00e9n wave packets: a comparative study with fluid and hybrid models. Phys Plasmas 30(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0134726","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0134726"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.33.195","volume":"33","author":"L Tonks","year":"1929","unstructured":"Tonks L, Langmuir I (1929) Oscillations in ionized gases. Phys Rev 33(2):195\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrev.33.195","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023337","volume":"122","author":"IY Vasko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasko IY, Agapitov OV, Mozer FS, Artemyev AV, Krasnoselskikh VV, Bonnell JW (2017) Diffusive scattering of electrons by electron holes around injection fronts. J Geophys Res Space Phys 122(3):3163\u20133182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JA023337","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab01bd","volume":"871","author":"IY Vasko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vasko IY, Krasnoselskikh V, Tong Y, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Mozer FS (2019) Whistler fan instability driven by strahl electrons in the solar wind. Astrophys J Lett 871(2):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab01bd","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"key":"1328_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vasko IY, Kuzichev IV, Artemyev AV, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Mozer FS (2020) On quasi-parallel whistler waves in the solar wind. Phys Plasmas 27(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0003401","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0003401"},{"key":"1328_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1088\/0368-3281\/5\/3\/305","volume":"5","author":"AA Vedenov","year":"1963","unstructured":"Vedenov AA (1963) Quasi-linear plasma theory (theory of a weakly turbulent plasma). J Nucl Energy 5:169\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0368-3281\/5\/3\/305","journal-title":"J Nucl Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab4c30","volume":"886","author":"D Verscharen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verscharen D, Chandran BDG, Jeong S-Y, Salem CS, Pulupa MP, Bale SD (2019a) Self-induced scattering of strahl electrons in the solar wind. Astrophys J 886(2):136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab4c30. arXiv:1906.02832 [physics.space-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41116-019-0021-0","volume":"16","author":"D Verscharen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verscharen D, Klein KG, Maruca BA (2019b) The multi-scale nature of the solar wind. Living Rev Sol Phys 16(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41116-019-0021-0","journal-title":"Living Rev Sol Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2022.951628","volume":"9","author":"D Verscharen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verscharen D, Chandran BD, Boella E, Halekas J, Innocenti ME, Jagarlamudi VK, Micera A, Pierrard V, \u0160tver\u00e1k \u0160, Vasko IY, et al. (2022a) Electron-driven instabilities in the solar wind. Front Astron Space Sci 9:951628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspas.2022.951628","journal-title":"Front Astron Space Sci"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1328_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-021-09761-5","volume":"54","author":"D Verscharen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verscharen D, Wicks RT, Alexandrova O, Bruno R, Burgess D, Chen CHK, D\u2019Amicis R, De Keyser J, Dudok de Wit T, Franci L, He J, Henri P, Kasahara S, Khotyaintsev Y, Klein KG, Lavraud B, Maruca BA, Maksimovic M, Plaschke F, Poedts S, Reynolds CS, Roberts O, Sahraoui F, Saito S, Salem CS, Saur J, Servidio S, Stawarz JE, \u0160tver\u00e1k \u0160, Told D (2022b) A case for electron-astrophysics. Exp Astron 54(2\u20133):473\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10686-021-09761-5","journal-title":"Exp Astron"},{"key":"1328_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-026-01303-9","volume":"222","author":"D Verscharen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Verscharen D, Jeffrey N, Artemyev A, et al. (2026) Transport of electrons in tangled magnetic fields. Space Sci Rev 222:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11214-026-01303-9","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1389092","volume":"8","author":"S Vincena","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vincena S, Gekelman W, Maggs J (2001) Shear Alfv\u00e9n waves in a magnetic beach and the roles of electron and ion damping. Phys Plasmas 8(9):3884\u20133896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.1389092","journal-title":"Phys Plasmas"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1086\/430119","volume":"627","author":"C Vocks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vocks C, Salem C, Lin R, Mann G (2005) Electron halo and strahl formation in the solar wind by resonant interaction with whistler waves. Astrophys J 627(1):540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/430119","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad7c47","volume":"975","author":"J Walters","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walters J, Klein KG, Lichko E, Juno J, TenBarge JM (2024) Electron influence on the parallel proton firehose instability in 10-moment, multifluid simulations. Astrophys J 975(2):290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad7c47","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"key":"1328_CR280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039529","volume":"644","author":"A Warmuth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warmuth A, Mann G (2020) Thermal-nonthermal energy partition in solar flares derived from X-ray, EUV, and bolometric observations. Discussion of recent studies. Astron Astrophys 644:172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039529. arXiv:2011.04442 [astro-ph.SR]","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11207-023-02170-1","volume":"298","author":"MJ West","year":"2023","unstructured":"West MJ, Seaton DB, Wexler DB, Raymond JC, Zanna GD, Rivera YJ, Kobelski AR, Chen B, DeForest C, Golub L, Caspi A, Gilly CR, Kooi JE, Meyer KA, Alterman BL, Alzate N, Andretta V, Auch\u00e8re F, Banerjee D, Berghmans D, Chamberlin P, Chitta LP, Downs C, Giordano S, Harra L, Higginson A, Howard RA, Kumar P, Mason E, Mason JP, Morton RJ, Nykyri K, Patel R, Rachmeler L, Reardon KP, Reeves KK, Savage S, Thompson BJ, Kooten SJV, Viall NM, Vourlidas A, Zhukov AN (2023) Defining the middle corona. Sol Phys 298(6):78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11207-023-02170-1. arXiv:2208.04485","journal-title":"Sol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ab7370","volume":"246","author":"PL Whittlesey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whittlesey PL, Larson DE, Kasper JC, Halekas J, Abatcha M, Abiad R, Berthomier M, Case A, Chen J, Curtis DW, et al. (2020) The Solar Probe Analyzers\u2014electrons on the Parker Solar Probe. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 246(2):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/ab7370","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"key":"1328_CR283","unstructured":"Wicks RT, Verscharen D, the Debye Team (2019) Debye: proposal for a fast mission to study electron-astrophysics. Mission Proposal to the European Space Agency. https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/mssl\/research-projects\/2019\/may\/debye"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.041101","volume":"99","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Cattell C, Kellogg PJ, Goetz K, Kersten K, Hanson L, MacGregor R, Kasper JC (2007) Waves in interplanetary shocks: a Wind\/Waves study. Phys Rev Lett 99(4):041101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.041101","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6455","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA019929","volume":"119","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Sibeck DG, Breneman AW, Le Contel O, Cully C, Turner DL, Angelopoulos V, Malaspina DM (2014a) Quantified energy dissipation rates in the terrestrial bow shock: 1. Analysis techniques and methodology. J Geophys Res 119(8):6455\u20136474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JA019929","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1328_CR286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6475","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA019930","volume":"119","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Sibeck DG, Breneman AW, Le Contel O, Cully C, Turner DL, Angelopoulos V, Malaspina DM (2014b) Quantified energy dissipation rates in the terrestrial bow shock: 2. Waves and dissipation. J Geophys Res 119(8):6475\u20136495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JA019930","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/aab71c","volume":"236","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Stevens ML, Kasper JC, Klein KG, Maruca B, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Pulupa MP, Salem CS (2018) The statistical properties of solar wind temperature parameters near 1 au. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 236(2):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/aab71c. arXiv:1802.08585 [physics.plasm-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020RG000714","volume":"59","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Brosius AL, Gopalswamy N, Nieves-Chinchilla T, Szabo A, Hurley K, Phan T, Kasper JC, Lugaz N, Richardson IG, Chen CHK, Verscharen D, Wicks RT, TenBarge JM (2021a) A quarter century of Wind spacecraft discoveries. Rev Geophys 59(2):e2020RG000714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020RG000714","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"1328_CR289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2020.592634","volume":"7","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Chen L-J, Roytershteyn V (2021b) The discrepancy between simulation and observation of electric fields in collisionless shocks. Front Astron Space Sci 7:592634, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspas.2020.592634","journal-title":"Front Astron Space Sci"},{"key":"1328_CR290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ad07de","volume":"269","author":"LB Wilson III","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson LB III, Stevens ML, Kasper JC, Klein KG, Maruca B, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Pulupa MP, Salem CS (2023) Erratum: \u201cThe statistical properties of solar wind temperature parameters near 1 au\u201d. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 269:62, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4365\/ad07de","journal-title":"Astrophys J Suppl Ser"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022377816000908","volume":"82","author":"R Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu R, Kunz MW (2016) Linear Vlasov theory of a magnetised, thermally stratified atmosphere. J Plasma Phys 82(5):905820507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022377816000908. arXiv:1608.05316 [astro-ph.HE]","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/818\/2\/181","volume":"818","author":"H-YK Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang H-YK, Reynolds CS (2016) Interplay among cooling, AGN feedback, and anisotropic conduction in the cool cores of galaxy clusters. Astrophys J 818(2):181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/0004-637X\/818\/2\/181. arXiv:1512.05796 [astro-ph.GA]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stae355","volume":"528","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Matthaeus WH, Oughton S, Bandyopadhyay R, Pecora F, Parashar TN, Roytershteyn V, Chasapis A, Shay MA (2024) Effective viscosity, resistivity, and Reynolds number in weakly collisional plasma turbulence. Mon Not R Astron Soc 528(4):6119\u20136128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stae355","journal-title":"Mon Not R Astron Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1017\/s002237782400151x","volume":"91","author":"EL Yerger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yerger EL, Kunz MW, Bott AF, Spitkovsky A (2025) Collisionless conduction in a high-beta plasma: a collision operator for whistler turbulence. J Plasma Phys 91(1):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s002237782400151x","journal-title":"J Plasma Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s41614-017-0006-1","volume":"1","author":"PH Yoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoon PH (2017) Kinetic instabilities in the solar wind driven by temperature anisotropies. Rev Mod Plasma Phys 1(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41614-017-0006-1","journal-title":"Rev Mod Plasma Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JA011482","volume":"111","author":"PH Yoon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoon PH, Lui ATY (2006) Quasi-linear theory of anomalous resistivity. J Geophys Res 111:2203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005JA011482","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"1328_CR297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JA012209","volume":"112","author":"PH Yoon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yoon PH, Lui ATY (2007) Anomalous resistivity by fluctuation in the lower-hybrid frequency range. J Geophys Res 112:6207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006JA012209","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad7b09","volume":"975","author":"PH Yoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoon PH, Salem CS, Klein KG, Martinovi\u0107 MM, L\u00f3pez RA, Seough J, Sarfraz M, Lazar M, Shaaban SM (2024) Regulation of solar wind electron temperature anisotropy by collisions and instabilities. Astrophys J 975(1):105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad7b09","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1086\/344641","volume":"582","author":"NL Zakamska","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zakamska NL, Narayan R (2003) Models of galaxy clusters with thermal conduction. Astrophys J 582(1):162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/344641. arXiv:astro-ph\/0207127 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41116-018-0015-3","volume":"15","author":"GD Zanna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zanna GD, Mason HE (2018) Solar UV and X-ray spectral diagnostics. Living Rev Sol Phys 15(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41116-018-0015-3. arXiv:1809.01618","journal-title":"Living Rev Sol Phys"},{"key":"1328_CR301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA020455","volume":"120","author":"X-J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang X-J, Angelopoulos V, Ni B, Thorne RM (2015) Predominance of ECH wave contribution to diffuse aurora in Earth\u2019s outer magnetosphere. J Geophys Res Space Phys 120:295\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JA020455","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Space Phys"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-019-0794-z","volume":"3","author":"I Zhuravleva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhuravleva I, Churazov E, Schekochihin AA, Allen SW, Vikhlinin A, Werner N (2019) Suppressed effective viscosity in the bulk intergalactic plasma. Nat Astron 3(9):832\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41550-019-0794-z. arXiv:1906.06346","journal-title":"Nat Astron"},{"issue":"7","key":"1328_CR303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/abfcb6","volume":"63","author":"A Zito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zito A, Wischmeier M, Carralero D, Manz P, P\u00e9rez IP, Passoni M, Team AU, et al. (2021) Numerical modelling of an enhanced perpendicular transport regime in the scrape-off layer of ASDEX Upgrade. Plasma Phys Control Fusion 63(7):075003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6587\/abfcb6","journal-title":"Plasma Phys Control Fusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1086\/431904","volume":"626","author":"I Zouganelis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zouganelis I, Meyer-Vernet N, Landi S, Maksimovic M, Pantellini F (2005) Acceleration of weakly collisional solar-type winds. Astrophys J 626(2):117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/431904","journal-title":"Astrophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aab9ae","volume":"858","author":"EG Zweibel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zweibel EG, Mirnov VV, Ruszkowski M, Reynolds CS, Yang H-YK, Fabian AC (2018) Acoustic disturbances in galaxy clusters. Astrophys J 858(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-4357\/aab9ae. arXiv:1802.04808 [astro-ph.HE]","journal-title":"Astrophys J"}],"container-title":["Space Science Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11214-026-01328-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11214-026-01328-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11214-026-01328-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:32:30Z","timestamp":1793111550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11214-026-01328-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":305,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11214-026-01328-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0038-6308","1572-9672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0038-6308","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No conflict of interests have been identified by the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"75"}}