{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T15:22:06Z","timestamp":1715613726898},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Thromb Thrombolysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-005-3203-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,3]],"date-time":"2005-10-03T10:23:34Z","timestamp":1128335014000},"page":"93-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Non-Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in the Young"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Camilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry B.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"3203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540290081021","volume":"52","author":"HPJ Adams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adams HPJ, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, et al. Ischemic stroke in young adults. Experience in 329 patients enrolled in the Iowa Registry of Stroke in Young Adults. Archives of Neurology 1995;52:491\u2013495.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000117396","volume":"37","author":"D Leys","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leys D, Lucas C, Gobert M, Deklunder G, Pruvo J-P. Cervical artery dissections. European Neurology 1997;37:3\u201312.","journal-title":"{European Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.12.2400","volume":"28","author":"F Barinagarrementeria","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barinagarrementeria F, Amaya LE, Cantu C. Causes and mechanisms of cerebellar infarction in young patients. Stroke 1997;28:2400\u20132404.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000035635.30367.B6","volume":"59","author":"T Loddenkemper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loddenkemper T, Morris HH, Perl J. Carotid artery dissection after the intracarotid amobarbital test. Neurology 2002;59:1797\u20131798.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/str.33.3.657","volume":"33","author":"T Brandt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brandt T, Grond-Ginsbach C. Spontaneous cervical artery dissection: From risk factors toward pathogenesis. Stroke 2002;33:657\u2013658.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094325.95097.86","volume":"61","author":"E Touz\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Touz\u00e9 E, Gauvrit JY, Moulin T, Meder JF, Bracard S, Mas JL. Risk of stroke and recurrent dissection after a cervical artery dissection\u2014A multicenter study. Neurology 2003;61:1347\u20131351.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720300025","volume":"24","author":"P Bassi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bassi P, Lattuada P, Gomitoni A. Cervical cerebral artery dissection: A multicenter prospective study. Neurological Sciences 2003;24(Suppl 1):S4\u2013S7.","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"3203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000098649.39767.BC","volume":"34","author":"V Beletsky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beletsky V, Nadareishvili Z, Lynch J, Shuaib A, Woolfenden A, Norris JW. Cervical arterial dissection: Time for a therapeutic trial? Stroke 2003;34:2856\u20132860.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0174-5","volume":"250","author":"R Dziewas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dziewas R, Konrad C, Drager B, et al. Cervical artery dissection\u2014clinical features, risk factors, therapy and outcome in 126 patients. Journal of Neurology 2003;250:1179\u20131184.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-002-0838-3","volume":"45","author":"O Pelkonen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pelkonen O, Tikkakoski T, Leinonen S, Pyhtinen J, Lepojarvi M, Sotaniemi K. Extracranial internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections: Angiographic spectrum, course and prognosis. Neuroradiology 2003;45:71\u201377.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.11.1678","volume":"24","author":"WI Schievink","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Mokri B, Whisnant JP. Internal carotid artery dissection in a community. Rochester, Minnesota, 1987\u20131992. Stroke 1993;24:1678\u20131680.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.10.1804","volume":"27","author":"C Bassetti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bassetti C, Carruzzo A, Sturzenegger M, Tuncdogan E. Recurrence of cervical artery dissection\u2014A prospective study of 81 patients. Stroke 1996;27:1804\u20131807.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199402103300604","volume":"330","author":"WI Schievink","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Mokri B, O'Fallon WM. Recurrent spontaneous cervical-artery dissection. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330:393\u2013397.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"3203_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200209000-00033","volume":"51","author":"JL Atkinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Atkinson JL, Piepgras DG, Huston J, 3rd, Mokri B. Cervical artery dissections: Evidence for redissection in previously dissected arteries: Report of three cases. Neurosurgery 2002;51:797\u2013801.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"3203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.3.480","volume":"26","author":"LB Goldstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goldstein LB, Gray L, Hulette CM. Stroke due to recurrent ipsilateral carotid artery dissection in a young adult. Stroke 1995;26:480\u2013483.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000107817","volume":"5","author":"D Leys","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leys D, Moulin T, Stojkovic T, Begey S, Chavot D. Follow-up of patients with history of cervical artery dissection. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1995;5:43\u201349.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"3203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00287-6","volume":"153","author":"B Guillon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guillon B, Levy C, Bousser MG. Internal carotid artery dissection: An update. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1998;153:146\u2013158.","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"3203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.4.889","volume":"25","author":"WI Schievink","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Michels VV, Piepgras DG. Neurovascular manifestations of heritable connective tissue disorders. A review. Stroke 1994;25:889\u2013903.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0062","volume":"76","author":"WI Schievink","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Mokri B, Piepgras DG. Angiographic frequency of saccular intracranial aneurysms in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992;76:62\u201366.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"3203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.10.2351","volume":"95","author":"C Tzourio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tzourio C, Cohen A, Lamisse N, Biousse V, Bousser MG. Aortic root dilatation in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Circulation 1997;95:2351\u20132353.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430413","volume":"43","author":"van den","year":"1998","unstructured":"van den Berg JSP, Limburg M, Kappelle LJ, Pals G, Arwert F, Westerveld A. The role of type III collagen in spontaneous cervical arterial dissections. Annals of Neurology 1998;43:494\u2013498.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440224","volume":"44","author":"T Brandt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brandt T, Hausser I, Orberk E, et al. Ultrastructural connective tissue abnormalities in patients with spontaneous cervicocerebral artery dissections. Annals of Neurology 1998;44:281\u2013285.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.4.1166","volume":"50","author":"WI Schievink","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Wijdicks EF, Michels VV, Vockley J, Godfrey M. Heritable connective tissue disorders in cervical artery dissections: A prospective study. Neurology 1998;50:1166\u20131169.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.5.663","volume":"55","author":"B Guillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guillon B, Tzourio C, Biousse V, Adrai V, Bousser MG, Touboul PJ. Arterial wall properties in carotid artery dissection: An ultrasound study. Neurology 2000;55:663\u2013666.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.1.24","volume":"57","author":"T Brandt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brandt T, Orberk E, Weber R, et al. Pathogenesis of cervical artery dissections\u2014Association with connective tissue abnormalities. Neurology 2001;57:24\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.9.1887","volume":"30","author":"C Grond-Ginsbach","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grond-Ginsbach C, Weber R, Haas J, et al. Mutations in the COL5A1 coding sequence are not common in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections. Stroke 1999;30:1887\u20131890.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.4.510","volume":"61","author":"S Koch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koch S, Rabinstein AA, Romano JG, Forteza A. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in internal carotid artery dissection. Archives of Neurology 2004;61:510\u2013512.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)31177-0","volume":"1","author":"RG Hart","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hart RG, Easton JD. Dissections of cervical and cerebral arteries. Neurologic Clinics 1983;1:155\u2013182.","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics"},{"key":"3203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380620","volume":"38","author":"KN North","year":"1995","unstructured":"North KN, Whiteman DA, Pepin MG, Byers PH. Cerebrovascular complications in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. Annals of Neurology 1995;38:960\u2013964.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR30","first-page":"475","volume":"42","author":"WJ Assendelft","year":"1996","unstructured":"Assendelft WJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG. Complications of spinal manipulation: A comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Family Practice 1996;42:475\u2013480.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"key":"3203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052215","volume":"27","author":"MT Chan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chan MT, Nadareishvili ZG, Norris JW. Diagnostic strategies in young patients with ischemic stroke in Canada. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2000;27:120\u2013124.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"3203_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.5.1054","volume":"32","author":"DM Rothwell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rothwell DM, Bondy SJ, Williams JI. Chiropractic manipulation and stroke: A population-based case-control study. Stroke 2001;32:1054\u20131060.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR33","first-page":"1059","volume":"32","author":"MG Bousser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bousser MG. Chiropractic manipulation and stroke. Editorial Comment. Stroke 2001;32:1059\u20131060.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.7.851","volume":"56","author":"AJ Grau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grau AJ, Brandt T, Buggle F, et al. Association of cervical artery dissection with recent infection. Archives of Neurology 1999;56:851\u2013856.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000078309.56307.5C","volume":"34","author":"B Guillon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guillon B, Berthet K, Benslamia L, Bertrand M, Bousser MG, Tzourio C. Infection and the risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection: A case-control study. Stroke 2003;34:e79\u2013e81.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.5.485","volume":"101","author":"CL Chao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chao CL, Kuo TL, Lee YT. Effects of methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and oxidative status in healthy adults. Circulation 2000;101:485\u2013490.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.3.714","volume":"32","author":"V Gallai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gallai V, Caso V, Paciaroni M, et al. Mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: A possible risk factor for cervical artery dissection. Stroke 2001;32:714\u2013718.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0302.103625","volume":"33","author":"A Pezzini","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Archetti S, et al. Plasma homocysteine concentration, C677T MTHFR genotype, and 844ins68bp CBS genotype in young adults with spontaneous cervical artery dissection and atherothrombotic stroke. Stroke 2002;33:664\u2013669.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000118304.08215.4C","volume":"62","author":"C Grond-Ginsbach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grond-Ginsbach C, Engelter S, Werner I, et al. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency alleles are not associated with cervical artery dissections. Neurology 2004;62:1190\u20131192","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR40","first-page":"e168","volume":"34","author":"N Vila","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vila N, Millan M, Ferrer X, Riutort N, Escudero D. Levels of alpha1-antitrypsin in plasma and risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissections: A case-control study. Stroke 2003;34:e168\u2013e169.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konrad C, Langer C, Muller GA, et al. Protease inhibitors in spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Stroke 2005:9\u201313.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000149631.52985.27"},{"key":"3203_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.5.827","volume":"57","author":"RW Baumgartner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baumgartner RW, Arnold M, Baumgartner I, et al. Carotid dissection with and without ischemic events: Local symptoms and cerebral artery findings. Neurology 2001;57:827\u2013832.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"3203_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000047583","volume":"10","author":"T Brandt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brandt T. Cervical artery dissection: Update and new results of research of the pathogenesis. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2000;10(Suppl 4):5\u20138.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"3203_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00867589","volume":"239","author":"E Josien","year":"1992","unstructured":"Josien E. Extracranial vertebral artery dissection: Nine cases. Journal of Neurology 1992;239:327\u2013330.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR45","first-page":"769","volume":"25","author":"CJ Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen CJ, Tseng YC, Lee TH, Hsu HL, See LC. Multisection CT angiography compared with catheter angiography in diagnosing vertebral artery dissection. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 2004;25:769\u2013774.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.12.2646","volume":"29","author":"C Lucas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lucas C, Moulin T, Deplanque D, Tatu L, Chavot D. Stroke patterns of internal carotid artery dissection in 40 patients. Stroke 1998;29:2646\u20132648.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000109766.27393.52","volume":"35","author":"DH Benninger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benninger DH, Georgiadis D, Kremer C, Studer A, Nedeltchev K, Baumgartner RW. Mechanism of ischemic infarct in spontaneous carotid dissection. Stroke 2004;35:482\u2013485.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1738","volume":"55","author":"CA Molina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J, Schonewille W, et al. Cerebral microembolism in acute spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. Neurology 2000;55:1738\u20131740.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jon199774217","volume":"7","author":"HC Koennecke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koennecke HC, Trocio SH, Mast H, Mohr JP. Microemboli on transcranial Doppler in patients with spontaneous carotid artery dissection. Journal of Neuroimaging 1997;7:217\u2013220.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3203_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.7.1226","volume":"27","author":"J Srinivasan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Srinivasan J, Newel DW, Sturzenegger M, Mayberg MR, Winn HR. Transcranial Doppler in the evaluation of internal carotid artery dissection. Stroke 1996;27:1226\u20131230.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868406","volume":"243","author":"W Steinke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Steinke W, Schwartz A, Hennerici M. Topography of cerebral infarction associated with carotid artery dissection. Journal of Neurology 1996;243:323\u2013328.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.4.557","volume":"59","author":"D Milhaud","year":"2002","unstructured":"Milhaud D, De Freitas GR, Van Melle G, Bogousslavsky J. Occlusion due to carotid artery dissection\u2014A more severe disease than previously suggested. Archives of Neurology 2002;59:557\u2013561.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.11.1475","volume":"55","author":"LR Caplan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Caplan LR, Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Archives of Neurology 1998;55:1475\u20131482.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000031"},{"key":"3203_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.10.1929","volume":"45","author":"AA Sharif","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sharif AA, Remley KB, Clark HB. Middle cerebral artery dissection: A clinicopathologic study. Neurology 1995;45:1929\u20131931.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.6.977","volume":"59","author":"C Chaves","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chaves C, Estol C, Esnaola MM, et al. Spontaneous intracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Report of 10 patients. Archives of Neurology 2002;59:977\u2013981.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000043580.70857.92","volume":"60","author":"C Kremer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kremer C, Mosso M, Georgiadis D, et al. Carotid dissection with permanent and transient occlusion or severe stenosis: Long-term outcome. Neurology 2003;60:271\u2013275.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.2.235","volume":"26","author":"V Biousse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Biousse V, D'Anglejan-Chatillon J, Touboul PJ, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Time course of symptoms in extracranial carotid artery dissections. A series of 80 patients. Stroke 1995;26:235\u2013239.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199107000-00015","volume":"29","author":"J Anson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anson J, Crowell RM. Cervicocranial arterial dissection. Neurosurgery 1991;29:89\u201396.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"3203_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100024331","volume":"5","author":"CM Fisher","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fisher CM, Ojemann RG, Roberson GH. Spontaneous dissection of cervico-cerebral arteries. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1978;5:9\u201319.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"3203_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190204","volume":"10","author":"B Mokri","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mokri B, Sundt TMJ, Houser OW, Piepgras DG. Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery. Annals of Neurology 1986;10:126\u2013138.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.2.418","volume":"32","author":"E Touze","year":"2001","unstructured":"Touze E, Randoux B, Meary E, Arquizan C, Meder JF, Mas JL. Aneurysmal forms of cervical artery dissection: Associated factors and outcome. Stroke 2001;32:418\u2013423.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530220079023","volume":"48","author":"M Sturzenegger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sturzenegger M. Ultrasound findings in spontaneous carotid artery dissection. The value of duplex sonography. Archives of Neurology 1991;48:1057\u20131063.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.5.998","volume":"25","author":"W Steinke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Steinke W, Rautenberg W, Schwartz A, Hennerici M. Noninvasive monitoring of internal carotid artery dissection. Stroke 1994;25:998\u20131005.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.190.1.8259436","volume":"190","author":"C Levy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Levy C, Laissy JP, Raveau V, et al. Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: Three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography. Radiology 1994;190:97\u2013103.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"3203_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.126","volume":"24","author":"L Nguyen Bui","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nguyen Bui L, Brant-Zawadzki M, Verghese P, Gillan G. Magnetic resonance angiography of cervicocranial dissection. Stroke 1993;24:126\u2013131.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.9.1310","volume":"24","author":"J R\u00f6ther","year":"1993","unstructured":"R\u00f6ther J, Wentz K-U, Rautenberg W, Schwartz A, Hennerici M. Magnetic resonance angiography in vertebrobasilar ischemia. Stroke 1993;24:1310\u20131315.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050418","volume":"39","author":"M Mascalchi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mascalchi M, Bianchi MC, Mangiafico S, et al. MRI and MR angiography of vertebral artery dissection. Neuroradiology 1997;39:329\u2013340.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.3.576","volume":"25","author":"M Zuber","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zuber M, Meary E, Meder JF, Mas JL. Magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic CT scan in cervical artery dissections. Stroke 1994;25:576\u2013581.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.3.461","volume":"27","author":"X Leclerc","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leclerc X, Godefroy O, Salhi A, Lucas C, Leys D, Pruvo JP. Helical CT for the diagnosis of extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Stroke 1996;27:461\u2013466.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000080355","volume":"18","author":"JP Dreier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dreier JP, Lurtzing F, Kappmeier M, et al. Delayed occlusion after internal carotid artery dissection under heparin. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2004;18:296\u2013303.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"3203_CR72","first-page":"799","volume":"31","author":"MD Hill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hill MD, Hwa G, Perry JR. Extracranial cervical artery dissection. Stroke 2000;31:799.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000064841.47697.22","volume":"34","author":"HP Adams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adams HP, Adams RJ, Brott T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: A Scientific Statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke 2003;34:1056\u20131083.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000112970.63735.FC","volume":"35","author":"P Lyrer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lyrer P, Engelter S. Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Stroke 2004;35:613\u2013614.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.53.5.0693","volume":"53","author":"H Grosman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Grosman H, Fornasier VL, Bonder D, Livingston KE, Platts ME. Dissecting aneurysm of the cerebral arteries. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 1980;53:693\u2013697.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"3203_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.8.725","volume":"25","author":"FH Hochberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hochberg FH, Bean C, Fisher CM, Roberson GH. Stroke in a 15-year-old girl secondary to terminal carotid dissection. Neurology 1975;25:725\u2013729.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.4.549","volume":"59","author":"M Arnold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arnold M, Nedeltchev K, Sturzenegger M, et al. Thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke caused by cervical artery dissection\u2014Analysis of 9 patients and review of the literature. Archives of Neurology 2002;59:549\u2013553.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2159","volume":"54","author":"L Derex","year":"2000","unstructured":"Derex L, Nighoghossian N, Turjman F, et al. Intravenous tPA in acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid artery dissection. Neurology 2000;54:2159\u20132161.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2001000600018","volume":"59","author":"OO Zaidat","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zaidat OO, Fernandes Filho JA, Singh G, Suarez JI. Thrombolytic therapy for acute extra-cranial artery dissection: Report of two cases. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 2001;59:936\u2013938.","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"},{"key":"3203_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-726X(199911)48:3<312::AID-CCD18>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"48","author":"G Sampognaro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sampognaro G, Turgut T, Conners JJ, 3rd, White C, Collins T, Ramee SR. Intra-arterial thrombolysis in a patient presenting with an ischemic stroke due to spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. Catheterization & Cardiovascular Interventions 1999;48:312\u2013315.","journal-title":"Catheterization & Cardiovascular Interventions"},{"key":"3203_CR81","first-page":"1823","volume":"24","author":"L Restrepo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Restrepo L, Pradilla G, Llinas R, Beauchamp NJ. Perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging-guided therapy of vertebral artery dissection: Intraarterial thrombolysis through an occipital vertebral anastomosis. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 2003;24:1823\u20131826.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR82","first-page":"1280","volume":"21","author":"AM Malek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Malek AM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Endovascular management of extracranial carotid artery dissection achieved using stent angioplasty. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000;21:1280\u20131292.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.104586","volume":"31","author":"BT Muller","year":"2000","unstructured":"Muller BT, Luther B, Hort W, Neumann-Haefelin T, Aulich A, Sandmann W. Surgical treatment of 50 carotid dissections: Indications and results. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000;31:980\u2013988.","journal-title":"Journal of Vascular Surgery"},{"key":"3203_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.4.1741137","volume":"174","author":"H Djouhri","year":"2000","unstructured":"Djouhri H, Guillon B, Brunereau L, et al. MR angiography for the long-term follow-up of dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery. AJR: American Journal of Roentgenology 2000;174:1137\u20131140.","journal-title":"AJR: American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"3203_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.6.880","volume":"38","author":"B Mokri","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mokri B, Houser OW, Sandok BA, Piepgras DG. Spontaneous dissections of the vertebral arteries. Neurology 1988;38:880\u2013885.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.6.1037","volume":"18","author":"Mas J-L","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mas J-L, Bousser M-G, Hasboun D, Laplane D. Extracranial vertebral artery dissections: A review of 13 cases. Stroke 1987;18:1037\u20131047.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520140009010","volume":"44","author":"J Bogousslavsky","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bogousslavsky J, Despland P-D, Regli F. Spontaneous carotid dissection with acute stroke. Archives of Neurology 1987;44:137\u2013140.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000008236","volume":"44","author":"ST Engelter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Engelter ST, Lyrer PA, Kirsch EC, Steck AJ. Long-term follow-up after extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. European Neurology 2000;44:199\u2013204.","journal-title":"European Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919596","volume":"242","author":"M Sturzenegger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sturzenegger M. Spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection: Early diagnosis and management in 44 patients. Journal of Neurology 1995;242:231\u2013238.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.6.956","volume":"65","author":"M Hunn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hunn M, Robinson S, Wakefield L, Mossman S, Abernethy D. Granulomatous angiitis of the CNS causing spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: The importance of leptomeningeal biopsy. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1998;65:956\u2013957.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"3203_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.8.1100","volume":"20","author":"MS Pessin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pessin MS, Adelman LS, Barbas NR. Spontaneous intracranial carotid artery dissection. Stroke 1989;20:1100\u20131103.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428233","volume":"384","author":"HJ Manz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Manz HJ, Vester J, Lavenstein B. Dissecting aneurysm of cerebral arteries in childhood and adolescence. Case report and literature review of 20 cases. Virchows Archiv A, Pathological Anatomy & Histology 1979;384:325\u2013335.","journal-title":"Virchows Archiv A, Pathological Anatomy & Histology"},{"key":"3203_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)00485-8","volume":"46","author":"S Koyama","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koyama S, Kotani A, Sasaki J. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery: Report of two cases. Surgical Neurology 1996;46:55\u201361.","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.9.1607","volume":"44","author":"WI Schievink","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schievink WI, Mokri B, Piepgras DG. Spontaneous dissections of cervicocephalic arteries in childhood and adolescence. Neurology 1994;44:1607\u20131612.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(97)80043-X","volume":"11","author":"RA Watts","year":"1997","unstructured":"Watts RA, Scott DG. Classification and epidemiology of the vasculitides. Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology 1997;11:191\u2013217.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"3203_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050285","volume":"245","author":"JM Ferro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ferro JM. Vasculitis of the central nervous system. Journal of Neurology 1998;245:766\u2013776.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041088","volume":"14","author":"JC Jennette","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Milling DM. Pathogenesis of vasculitis. Seminars in Neurology 1994;14:291\u2013299.","journal-title":"Seminars in Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30651-X","volume":"3","author":"BA Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen BA, Biller J. Hemorrhagic stroke due to cerebral vasculitis and the role of immunosuppressive therapy. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 1992;3:611\u2013624.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"},{"key":"3203_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.10.1501","volume":"24","author":"K Takano","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takano K, Sadoshima S, Ibayashi S, Ichiya Y, Fujishima M. Altered cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in Takayasu's arteritis with neurological deficits. Stroke 1993;24:1501\u20131506.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.12.2412","volume":"25","author":"J Montalban","year":"1994","unstructured":"Montalban J, Rio J, Khamastha M, et al. Value of immunologic testing in stroke patients. A prospective multicenter study. Stroke 1994;25:2412\u20132415.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.9.1702","volume":"28","author":"B Kristensen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kristensen B, Malm J, Carlberg B, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of ischemic stroke in young adults aged 18 to 44 years in northern Sweden. Stroke 1997;28:1702\u20131709.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140509","volume":"14","author":"DC Hilt","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hilt DC, Buchholz D, Krumholz A, Weiss H, Wolinsky JS. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and delayed contralateral hemiparesis caused by cerebral angiitis: Diagnosis and management approaches. Annals of Neurology 1983;14:543\u2013553.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500220074015","volume":"34","author":"R Pratesi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Pratesi R, Freemon FR, Lowry JL. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus with contralateral hemiplegia. Archives of Neurology 1977;34:640\u2013641.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369708998095","volume":"34","author":"LM Hang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hang LM, Nakamura RM. Current concepts and advances in clinical laboratory testing for autoimmune diseases. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 1997;34:275\u2013311.","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences"},{"key":"3203_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(97)80051-9","volume":"11","author":"CG Kallenberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kallenberg CG. Laboratory findings in the vasculitides. Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology 1997;11:395\u2013421.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"3203_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-004-1750-3","volume":"75","author":"P Berlit","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berlit P. Cerebral vasculitis. Nervenarzt 2004;75:817\u2013828.","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"3203_CR107","first-page":"317","volume":"15","author":"KG Harris","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harris KG, Tran DD, Sickels WJ, Cornell SH, Yuh WTC. Diagnosing intracranial vasculitis: The role of MR and MR angiography. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 1994;15:317\u2013330.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-7071(03)00191-8","volume":"28","author":"T Moritani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moritani T, Hiwatashi A, Shrier DA, Wang HZ, Numaguchi Y, Westesson PL. CNS vasculitis and vasculopathy. Efficacy and usefulness of diffusion-weighted echoplanar MR imaging. Clinical Imaging 2004;28:261\u2013270.","journal-title":"Clinical Imaging"},{"key":"3203_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000132960.75111.FF","volume":"63","author":"HM Kwon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kwon HM, Roh JK, Chang GY. Midbrain vasculitic aneurysms. Neurology 2004;63:145.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199705000-00133","volume":"56","author":"Chu CT","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chu CT, Leithe LG, Graffagnino C, Goldstein LB, Hulette CM. Diagnosis of intracranial vasculitis: A multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 1997;56:601.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.183","volume":"51","author":"AR Woolfenden","year":"1998","unstructured":"Woolfenden AR, Tong DC, Marks MP, Ali AO, Albers GW. Angiographically defined primary angiitis of the CNS. Is it really benign? Neurology 1998;51:183\u2013188.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.7.1221","volume":"44","author":"M Alhalabi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alhalabi M, Moore PM. Serial angiography in isolated angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurology 1994;44:1221\u20131226.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540090032007","volume":"50","author":"TL Vollmer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vollmer TL, Guarnaccia J, Harrington W, Pacia SV, Petroff OA. Idiopathic granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Diagnostic challenges. Archives of Neurology 1993;50:925\u2013930.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.5.583","volume":"20","author":"N Futrell","year":"1989","unstructured":"Futrell N, Millikan C. Frequency, etiology, and prevention of stroke in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1989;20:583\u2013591.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.11.1533","volume":"21","author":"Y Kitagawa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kitagawa Y, Gotoh F, Koto A, Okayasu H. Stroke in systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1990;21:1533\u20131539.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(99)00009-8","volume":"101","author":"SU Kwon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kwon SU, Koh JY, Kim JS. Vertebrobasilar artery territory infarction as an initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery 1999;101:62\u201367.","journal-title":"Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery"},{"key":"3203_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.3_Part_1.385","volume":"44","author":"P Mitsias","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mitsias P, Levine SR. Large cerebral vessel occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1994;44:385\u2013393.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611073351903","volume":"335","author":"CA Roldan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roldan CA, Shively BK, Crawford MH. An echocardiographic study of valvular heart disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;335:1424\u20131430.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"3203_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.15.1.114","volume":"15","author":"RG Hart","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hart RG, Miller VT, Coull BM, Bril V. Cerebral infarction associated with lupus anticoagulants\u2014preliminary report. Stroke 1984;15:114\u2013118.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03032-2","volume":"348","author":"M Petri","year":"1996","unstructured":"Petri M, Roubenoff R, Dallal GE, Nadeau MR, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for atherothrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1996;348:1120\u20131124.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3203_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504133321504","volume":"332","author":"MA Khamashta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Taub NA, Hunt BJ, Hughes GRV. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332:993\u2013997.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"3203_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/jon200010284","volume":"10","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Corr P, Robbs J. Cerebrovascular findings in Takayasu disease. Journal of Neuroimaging 2000;10:84\u201390.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3203_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688476","volume":"63","author":"P Molnar","year":"1984","unstructured":"Molnar P, Hegedus K. Direct involvement of intracerebral arteries in Takayasu's arteritis. Acta Neuropathologica 1984;63:83\u201386.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"3203_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000058758.47170.AE","volume":"60","author":"K Klos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Klos K, Flemming KD, Petty GW, Luthra HS. Takayasu's arteritis with arteriographic evidence of intracranial vessel involvement. Neurology 2003;60:1550\u20131551.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0302.104167","volume":"33","author":"E Kumral","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kumral E, Evyapan D, Aksu K, Keser G, Kabasakal Y, Balkir K. Microembolus detection in patients with Takayasu's arteritis. Stroke 2002;33:712\u2013716.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.036525","volume":"75","author":"BO Genc","year":"2004","unstructured":"Genc BO, Genc E, Acik L, Ilhan S, Paksoy Y. Acquired ocular motor apraxia from bilateral frontoparietal infarcts associated with Takayasu arteritis. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2004;75:1651\u20131652.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"3203_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0984-5","volume":"250","author":"T Etgen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Etgen T, Winbeck K, Conrad B, Sander D. Hemiballism with insular infarction as first manifestation of Takayasu's arteritis in association with chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Neurology 2003;250:226\u2013229.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1191\/096120398678919642","volume":"7","author":"S Morelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morelli S, Perrone C, Paroli M. Recurrent cerebral infarctions in polyarteritis nodosa with circulating antiphospholipid antibodies and mitral valve disease. Lupus 1998;7:51\u201352.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"3203_CR129","first-page":"1119","volume":"17","author":"JM Provenzale","year":"1996","unstructured":"Provenzale JM, Allen NB. Neuroradiologic findings in polyarteritis nodosa. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 1996;17:1119\u20131126.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4065\/70.4.337","volume":"70","author":"M Sehgal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sehgal M, Swanson JW, DeRemee RA, Colby TV. Neurologic manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1995;70:337\u2013341.","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"3203_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670070054","volume":"19","author":"A Dinc","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dinc A, Soy M, Pay S, Simsek I, Erdem H, Sobaci G. A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome presenting with cortical blindness. Clinical Rheumatology 2000;19:318\u2013320.","journal-title":"Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"3203_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000047717","volume":"12","author":"DW Kang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kang DW, Kim DE, Yoon BW, Seo JW, Roh JK. Delayed diagnosis: Recurrent cerebral infarction associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2001;12:280\u2013281.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"3203_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339700600312","volume":"6","author":"HH Liou","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liou HH, Liu HM, Chiang IP, Yeh TS, Chen RC. Churg-Strauss syndrome presented as multiple intracerebral hemorrhage. Lupus 1997;6:279\u2013282.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"3203_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330103","volume":"33","author":"H Nishino","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nishino H, Rubino FA, DeRemee RA, Swanson JW, Parisi JE. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: An analysis of 324 consecutive patients at the Mayo Clinic. Annals of Neurology 1993;33:4\u20139.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0804-3","volume":"249","author":"M Bares","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bares M, Muchova M, Dufek M, Litzman J, Krupa P, Rektor I. Wegener's granulomatosis: Ischemic stroke as the first clinical manifestation. Journal of Neurology 2002;249:1593\u20131594.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170154","volume":"248","author":"A Siva","year":"2001","unstructured":"Siva A. Vasculitis of the nervous system. Journal of Neurology 2001;248:451\u2013468.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000047765","volume":"13","author":"MR Sivakumar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sivakumar MR, Chandrakantan A. A rare case of stroke in Wegener's granulomatosis. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2002;13:143\u2013144.","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Diseases"},{"key":"3203_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.3.410","volume":"22","author":"R Pathak","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pathak R, Gabor AJ. Scleroderma and central nervous system vasculitis. Stroke 1991;22:410\u2013413.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530360094024","volume":"49","author":"L Averbuch-Heller","year":"1992","unstructured":"Averbuch-Heller L, Steiner I, Abramsky O. Neurologic manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis. Archives of Neurology 1992;49:1292\u20131295.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.6.720","volume":"56","author":"K Ishida","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ishida K, Kamata T, Tsukagoshi H, Tanizaki Y. Progressive systemic sclerosis with CNS vasculitis and cyclosporin A therapy. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1993;56:720.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3203_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720300026","volume":"24","author":"A Carolei","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carolei A, Sacco S. Central nervous system vasculitis. Neurological Sciences 2003;24 (Suppl 1):S8\u2013S10.","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"3203_CR142","unstructured":"Schmidley JW. Isolated CNS angiitis. In: Schmidley JW, ed. Central Nervous System Angiitis Woburn: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000:1\u201328."},{"key":"3203_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340100561","volume":"43","author":"A Campi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campi A, Benndorf G, Filippi M, Reganati P, Martinelli V, Terreni MR. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Serial MRI of brain and spinal cord. Neuroradiology 2001;43:599\u2013607.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.59.3.293","volume":"59","author":"LH Calabrese","year":"1992","unstructured":"Calabrese LH, Furlan AJ, Gragg LA, Ropos TJ. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Diagnositic criteria and clinical approach. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 1992;59:293\u2013306.","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"3203_CR145","first-page":"1561","volume":"23","author":"H Ay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ay H, Sahin G, Saatci I, Soylemezoglu F, Saribas O. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system and silent cortical hemorrhages. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 2002;23:1561\u20131563.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00134.x","volume":"108","author":"Lee SY","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee SY, Chu K, Park KI, Jeong SW, Yoon BW. Diffusion-weighted MR findings in isolated angiitis of the central nervous system (IACNS). Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2003;108:346\u2013351.","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"3203_CR147","first-page":"87","volume":"20","author":"Yuh WT","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yuh WT, Ueda T, Maley JE. Perfusion and diffusion imaging: A potential tool for improved diagnosis of CNS vasculitiS. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999;20:87\u201389.","journal-title":"AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"3203_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.8.1274","volume":"58","author":"EY Yilmaz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yilmaz EY, Pritz MB, Bruno A, Lopez-Yunez A, Biller J. Moyamoya. Indiana University Medical Center experience. Archives of Neurology 2001;58:1274\u20131278.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.7.826","volume":"19","author":"A Bruno","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bruno A, Adams HP, Jr., Biller J, Rezai K, Cornell S, Aschenbrener CA. Cerebral infarction due to moyamoya disease in young adults. Stroke 1988;19:826\u2013833.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3203_CR150","first-page":"113","volume":"92","author":"Y Yonekawa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yonekawa Y, Kahn N. Moyamoya disease. Advances in Neurology 2003;92:113\u2013118.","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"3203_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30044-5","volume":"12","author":"K Houkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Houkin K, Kuroda S, Nakayama N. Cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease in children. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 2001;12:575\u2013584.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"},{"key":"3203_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30045-7","volume":"12","author":"J Srinivasan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Srinivasan J, Britz GW, Newell DW. Cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease in adults. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 2001;12:585\u2013594.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"},{"key":"3203_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199808000-00114","volume":"43","author":"M Komiyama","year":"1998","unstructured":"Komiyama M, Yasui T, Kitano S, Sakamoto H, Fujitani K, Matsuo S. Moyamoya disease and pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1998;43:360\u2013368.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11239-005-3203-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11239-005-3203-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11239-005-3203-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T12:32:58Z","timestamp":1706617978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11239-005-3203-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11239-005-3203-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-5305","1573-742X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-5305","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-742X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}