{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:02:36Z","timestamp":1787238156407,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Thromb Thrombolysis"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-025-03073-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T03:13:11Z","timestamp":1741144391000},"page":"443-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unveiling the complexities of catheter-related thrombosis: risk factors, preventive strategies, and management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalia","family":"Padilla-Lazos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshit","family":"Chitkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve B.","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Agha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylee L.","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Shatzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3073_CR1","unstructured":"Deere M, Singh A, Burns B (2024) Central venous access of the subclavian Vein, in StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"3073_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2023.06.017","volume":"229","author":"J Avery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Avery J et al (2023) Risks factors and outcomes for isolated catheter-related deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thromb Res 229:1\u20136","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"3073_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13794","volume":"15","author":"V Chopra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chopra V et al (2017) The Michigan risk score to predict peripherally inserted central catheter-associated thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 15(10):1951\u20131962","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"10","key":"3073_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.05.010","volume":"120","author":"A Kirkpatrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick A et al (2007) Prevention of central venous catheter-associated thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 120(10):901e1\u201390113","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"3073_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.06.084","volume":"23","author":"M Verso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verso M et al (2005) Enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism associated with central vein catheter: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 23(18):4057\u20134062","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3073_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.811","volume":"8","author":"P Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen P et al (2021) The incidence of asymptomatic thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheter in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis People\u2019s. Nurs Open 8(5):2249\u20132261","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02181-w","volume":"51","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen S et al (2021) DVT incidence and risk factors in critically ill patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis 51(1):33\u201339","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2203001181","volume":"220","author":"A Luciani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Luciani A et al (2001) Catheter-related upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in cancer patients: a prospective study based on doppler US. Radiology 220(3):655\u2013660","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"3073_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13131","volume":"13","author":"JP Winters","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winters JP et al (2015) Central venous catheters and upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in medical inpatients: the medical inpatients and thrombosis (MITH) study. J Thromb Haemost 13(12):2155\u20132160","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-022-00378-y","volume":"20","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li H et al (2022) Risk factors for central venous catheter-associated deep venous thrombosis in pediatric critical care settings identified by fusion model. Thromb J 20(1):18","journal-title":"Thromb J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2014.1.306","volume":"2014","author":"W Geerts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geerts W (2014) Central venous catheter-related thrombosis. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2014(1):306\u2013311","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"3073_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2022.02.024","volume":"213","author":"P Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang P et al (2022) Risk of VTE associated with ports and PICCs in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 213:34\u201342","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2355716","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.55716","volume":"7","author":"SL Thomsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomsen SL et al (2024) Safety and efficacy of midline vs peripherally inserted central catheters among adults receiving IV therapy: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 7(2):e2355716","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6844","volume":"182","author":"L Swaminathan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swaminathan L et al (2022) Safety and outcomes of midline catheters vs peripherally inserted central catheters for patients with Short-term indications: A multicenter study. JAMA Intern Med 182(1):50\u201358","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729819852203","volume":"21","author":"P Balsorano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balsorano P et al (2020) Peripherally inserted central catheter-related thrombosis rate in modern vascular access era-when insertion technique matters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Access 21(1):45\u201354","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"3073_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2019-002106","volume":"11","author":"A Marin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marin A et al (2021) Central catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis in cancer: clinical course, prophylaxis, treatment. BMJ Support Palliat Care 11(4):371\u2013380","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"9889","key":"3073_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60592-9","volume":"382","author":"V Chopra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chopra V et al (2013) Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 382(9889):311\u2013325","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.12.002","volume":"52","author":"R Sharp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp R et al (2015) The catheter to vein ratio and rates of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): a prospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 52(3):677\u2013685","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"3073_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212092923","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120929238","volume":"8","author":"M Bhargava","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhargava M et al (2020) Risk factors for peripherally inserted central catheter line-related deep venous thrombosis in critically ill intensive care unit patients. SAGE Open Med 8:2050312120929238","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3073_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9070","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b22442","volume":"12","author":"P Singha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singha P et al (2020) Multipronged approach to combat Catheter-Associated infections and thrombosis by combining nitric oxide and a Polyzwitterion: a 7 day in vivo study in a rabbit model. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(8):9070\u20139079","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"issue":"4","key":"3073_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00787-6","volume":"20","author":"PL Lutsey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lutsey PL, Zakai NA (2023) Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol 20(4):248\u2013262","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"3073_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.01.017","volume":"187","author":"D Citla Sridhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Citla Sridhar D, Abou-Ismail MY, Ahuja SP (2020) Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in children and adults. Thromb Res 187:103\u2013112","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02823.x","volume":"6","author":"F Dentali","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dentali F et al (2008) Association between inherited thrombophilic abnormalities and central venous catheter thrombosis in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 6(1):70\u201375","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR24","first-page":"e13","volume":"5","author":"M Miri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miri M, Goharani R, Sistanizad M (2017) Deep vein thrombosis among intensive care unit patients; an epidemiologic study. Emerg (Tehran) 5(1):e13","journal-title":"Emerg (Tehran)"},{"issue":"7","key":"3073_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23207","volume":"23","author":"M Nm Bhat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nm Bhat M et al (2019) Value of routine sonographic screening of internal jugular vein to detect catheter related thrombosis in intensive care unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 23(7):326\u2013328","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3073_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R631","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3824","volume":"9","author":"L Lorente","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lorente L et al (2005) Central venous catheter-related infection in a prospective and observational study of 2,595 catheters. Crit Care 9(6):R631\u2013R635","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"3073_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.002","volume":"23","author":"CJ van Rooden","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Rooden CJ et al (2005) Infectious complications of central venous catheters increase the risk of catheter-related thrombosis in hematology patients: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 23(12):2655\u20132660","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.497","volume":"44","author":"H Sakai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakai H, Iwata M, Terasawa T (2023) External validation of the Michigan PICC catheter-associated bloodstream infections score (MPC score) for predicting the risk of peripherally inserted central catheter-associated bloodstream infections: A single-center study in Japan. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 44(3):480\u2013483","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3073_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/11297298211008772","volume":"23","author":"J Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang J et al (2022) Validation of Michigan risk score and D-dimer to predict peripherally inserted central catheter-related thrombosis: A study of 206,132 catheter days. J Vasc Access 23(5):764\u2013769","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"3073_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15557","volume":"52","author":"HLA Yuen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuen HLA et al (2022) Development of a risk score to predict peripherally inserted central catheter thrombosis in active cancer. Intern Med J 52(10):1733\u20131740","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"3073_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-12-200206180-00007","volume":"136","author":"HJ Baarslag","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baarslag HJ et al (2002) Prospective study of color duplex ultrasonography compared with contrast venography in patients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremities. Ann Intern Med 136(12):865\u2013872","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228788","volume":"15","author":"N Kraaijpoel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kraaijpoel N et al (2020) Diagnostic accuracy of three ultrasonography strategies for deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15(2):e0228788","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3073_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-05-0352","volume":"108","author":"JD Grant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grant JD et al (2012) Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in adults. Thromb Haemost 108(6):1097\u20131108","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12071","volume":"11","author":"P Debourdeau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Debourdeau P et al (2013) International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost 11(1):71\u201380","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"3073_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e419S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2301","volume":"141","author":"C Kearon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kearon C et al (2012) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians Evidence-Based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e419S\u2013e496S","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"3073_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02613.x","volume":"5","author":"MJ Kovacs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kovacs MJ et al (2007) A pilot study of central venous catheter survival in cancer patients using low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) and warfarin without catheter removal for the treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (The catheter Study). J Thromb Haemost 5(8):1650\u20131653","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-020-00482-7","volume":"24","author":"Y Tung-Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tung-Chen Y et al (2021) Sonographic evolution of the superficial vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. J Ultrasound 24(3):253\u2013259","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR38","first-page":"CD004982","volume":"2","author":"M Di Nisio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S (2018) Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2(2):CD004982","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30014-5","volume":"4","author":"J Beyer-Westendorf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beyer-Westendorf J et al (2017) Prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with superficial-vein thrombosis given Rivaroxaban or Fondaparinux: the open-label, randomised, non-inferiority SURPRISE phase 3b trial. Lancet Haematol 4(3):e105\u2013e113","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.03.003","volume":"166","author":"SM Stevens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stevens SM et al (2024) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: compendium and review of CHEST guidelines 2012\u20132021. Chest 166(2):388\u2013404","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143715618683","volume":"17","author":"C Wall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wall C, Moore J, Thachil J (2016) Catheter-related thrombosis: A practical approach. J Intensive Care Soc 17(2):160\u2013167","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-013-2169-y","volume":"72","author":"S Lavau-Denes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lavau-Denes S et al (2013) Prophylaxis of catheter-related deep vein thrombosis in cancer patients with low-dose Warfarin, low molecular weight Heparin, or control: a randomized, controlled, phase III study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 72(1):65\u201373","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"47","key":"3073_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17894","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017894","volume":"98","author":"S Lv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lv S et al (2019) The anticoagulants Rivaroxaban and low molecular weight heparin prevent PICC-related upper extremity venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Med (Baltim) 98(47):e17894","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00732.x","volume":"101","author":"P Boraks","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boraks P et al (1998) Prevention of central venous catheter associated thrombosis using minidose warfarin in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 101(3):483\u2013486","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3073_CR45","first-page":"CD006468","volume":"6","author":"LA Kahale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahale LA et al (2018) Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6(6):CD006468","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"14","key":"3073_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1408861","volume":"371","author":"L D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Ambrosio L, Aglietta M, Grignani G (2014) Anticoagulation for central venous catheters in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 371(14):1362\u20131363","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3073_CR47","first-page":"CD008462","volume":"7","author":"E Lopez-Briz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez-Briz E et al (2022) Heparin versus 0.9% sodium chloride locking for prevention of occlusion in central venous catheters in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(7):CD008462","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.11.020","volume":"135","author":"A Delluc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delluc A et al (2015) Outcome of central venous catheter associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in cancer patients. Thromb Res 135(2):298\u2013302","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"3073_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-017-0149-x","volume":"15","author":"FS Montiel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montiel FS et al (2017) Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. Thromb J 15:26","journal-title":"Thromb J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02044-4","volume":"50","author":"A Porfidia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Porfidia A et al (2020) Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis treated with direct oral anticoagulants: a multi-center real world experience. J Thromb Thrombolysis 50(2):355\u2013360","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"3073_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.04.003","volume":"162","author":"GA Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies GA et al (2018) A prospective study of Rivaroxaban for central venous catheter associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in cancer patients (Catheter 2). Thromb Res 162:88\u201392","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"3073_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.07.041","volume":"39","author":"F Fan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fan F et al (2017) Rivaroxaban in the treatment of PICC-associated upper extremity venous thrombosis. Clin Ther 39(9):1882\u20131888","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"3073_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159135","volume":"140","author":"MJ Kovacs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kovacs MJ et al (2022) A prospective study of Apixaban for central venous catheter associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in Cancer patients: catheter 3. Blood 140(Supplement 1):1245\u20131246","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.11.017","volume":"22","author":"TF Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang TF et al (2024) Management of catheter-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 22(3):749\u2013764","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15614","volume":"20","author":"E Valeriani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valeriani E et al (2022) Anticoagulant treatment for upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 20(3):661\u2013670","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"7","key":"3073_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14156","volume":"16","author":"L Vasanthamohan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vasanthamohan L et al (2018) Reduced-dose direct oral anticoagulants in the extended treatment of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 16(7):1288\u20131295","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"10","key":"3073_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e566","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30336-5","volume":"20","author":"D Farge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farge D et al (2019) 2019 International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 20(10):e566\u2013e581","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"3073_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debourdeau P et al (2008) SOR guidelines for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer: report from the working group. Ann Oncol, 2009. 20(9): pp. 1459\u20131471","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp052"},{"key":"3073_CR59","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease (Version 1.2024) (2024) June 21, 2024]; Available from: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/vte.pdf"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"3073_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v152","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv296","volume":"26","author":"B Sousa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sousa B et al (2015) Central venous access in oncology: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol 26(Suppl 5):v152\u2013v168","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"3073_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004698","volume":"5","author":"DE Houghton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Houghton DE et al (2021) Risk of pulmonary emboli after removal of an upper extremity central catheter associated with a deep vein thrombosis. Blood Adv 5(14):2807\u20132812","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"3073_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14015","volume":"16","author":"BT Samuelson Bannow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samuelson Bannow BT et al (2018) Management of cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with thrombocytopenia: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 16(6):1246\u20131249","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"10","key":"3073_CR63","first-page":"1181","volume":"19","author":"MB Streiff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Streiff MB et al (2021) Cancer-Associated venous thromboembolic disease, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 19(10):1181\u20131201","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"5","key":"3073_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01461","volume":"38","author":"NS Key","year":"2020","unstructured":"Key NS et al (2020) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 38(5):496\u2013520","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319692","volume":"44","author":"MA Pfeffer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pfeffer MA et al (2024) Factor XI Inhibition for the prevention of Catheter-Associated thrombosis in patients with Cancer undergoing central line placement: A phase 2 clinical trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 44(1):290\u2013299","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"3073_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poenou G et al (2023) Inhibition of factor XI: A new era in the treatment of venous thromboembolism in Cancer patients?? Int J Mol Sci, 24(19)","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914433"},{"key":"3073_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.06.004","volume":"86","author":"K Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu K et al (2018) Handgrip exercise reduces peripherally-inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis in patients with solid cancers: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 86:99\u2013106","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2320-2","volume":"23","author":"RS Boersma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boersma RS et al (2015) Concentrated citrate locking in order to reduce the long-term complications of central venous catheters: a randomized controlled trial in patients with hematological malignancies. Support Care Cancer 23(1):37\u201345","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"9663","key":"3073_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60205-1","volume":"373","author":"AM Young","year":"2009","unstructured":"Young AM et al (2009) Warfarin thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients with central venous catheters (WARP): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 373(9663):567\u2013574","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdj059","volume":"17","author":"M Karthaus","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karthaus M et al (2006) Dalteparin for prevention of catheter-related complications in cancer patients with central venous catheters: final results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Ann Oncol 17(2):289\u2013296","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"18","key":"3073_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.10.192","volume":"23","author":"S Couban","year":"2005","unstructured":"Couban S et al (2005) Randomized placebo-controlled study of low-dose warfarin for the prevention of central venous catheter-associated thrombosis in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 23(18):4063\u20134069","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22595","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.22595","volume":"5","author":"MA Heidari Gorji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heidari Gorji MA et al (2015) Comparison of the effects of heparin and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions in maintenance of patency of central venous catheters. Anesth Pain Med 5(2):e22595","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/1787","volume":"3","author":"BM Babu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Babu BM et al (2014) Heparin or 0.9% sodium chloride to maintain central venous catheter patency: a randomised trial. J Evol Med Dent Sci 3(1):46\u201351","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2013.10.009","volume":"25","author":"M Itkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Itkin M et al (2014) Peripherally inserted central catheter thrombosis\u2013reverse tapered versus nontapered catheters: a randomized controlled study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 25(1):85\u201391e1","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3073_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt114","volume":"24","author":"GA Goossens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goossens GA et al (2013) Comparing normal saline versus diluted heparin to lock non-valved totally implantable venous access devices in cancer patients: a randomised, non-inferiority, open trial. Ann Oncol 24(7):1892\u20131899","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3073_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31824e11b4","volume":"40","author":"ME Schallom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schallom ME et al (2012) Heparin or 0.9% sodium chloride to maintain central venous catheter patency: a randomized trial. Crit Care Med 40(6):1820\u20131826","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3073_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318206b5a2","volume":"39","author":"DG Maki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maki DG et al (2011) A novel antimicrobial and antithrombotic lock solution for Hemodialysis catheters: a multi-center, controlled, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 39(4):613\u2013620","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3073_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011376","volume":"364","author":"BR Hemmelgarn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hemmelgarn BR et al (2011) Prevention of dialysis catheter malfunction with Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. N Engl J Med 364(4):303\u2013312","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3073_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.01.259","volume":"53","author":"A Power","year":"2009","unstructured":"Power A et al (2009) Sodium citrate versus heparin catheter locks for cuffed central venous catheters: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 53(6):1034\u20131041","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3073_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01760407","volume":"3","author":"JM Macrae","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macrae JM et al (2008) Citrate 4% versus heparin and the reduction of thrombosis study (CHARTS). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(2):369\u2013374","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3073_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1379-2","volume":"28","author":"C Rabe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rabe C et al (2002) Keeping central venous lines open: a prospective comparison of Heparin, vitamin C and sodium chloride sealing solutions in medical patients. Intensive Care Med 28(8):1172\u20131176","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2015.03.002","volume":"3","author":"L Baumann Kreuziger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baumann Kreuziger L et al (2015) A RIETE registry analysis of recurrent thromboembolism and hemorrhage in patients with catheter-related thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 3(3):243\u2013250e1","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3073_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026503526188","volume":"10","author":"DA Frank","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frank DA et al (2000) The treatment and outcome of cancer patients with thromboses on central venous catheters. J Thromb Thrombolysis 10(3):271\u2013275","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3073_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/107602969900500106","volume":"5","author":"J Schindler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schindler J et al (1999) Regional thrombolysis with urokinase for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell rescue. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 5(1):25\u201329","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"3073_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.5.558","volume":"48","author":"S Rodenhuis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rodenhuis S et al (1993) Central venous catheter associated thrombosis of major veins: thrombolytic treatment with Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Thorax 48(5):558\u2013559","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11239-025-03073-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11239-025-03073-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11239-025-03073-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T02:01:35Z","timestamp":1745028095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11239-025-03073-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11239-025-03073-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-742X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-742X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Joseph J. Shatzel is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/National Institutes of Health (R01HL151367). Joseph J. Shatzel reports receiving consulting fees from Aronora Inc.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}