{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:49:53Z","timestamp":1786981793002,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Kenya, and identifying the bacteria in milk is important in assessing the risk of exposure in people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study that involved 175 households was implemented in the pastoral counties of Marsabit and Isiolo in Kenya. Pooled milk samples (n = 164) were collected at the household level, and another 372 were collected from domesticated lactating animals (312 goats, 7 sheep, 50 cattle and 3 camels). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing of the milk samples was performed to identify Brucella species. Brucella anti-LPS IgG antibodies were also detected in bovine milk samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the qPCR, the prevalence of the pathogen at the animal level (considering samples from individual animals) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1\u20134.5) and 3.0% (CI: 1.0\u20137.0) in pooled samples. All 14 samples found positive by qPCR were from goats, with 10 contaminated with B. abortus and 4 with B. melitensis. The Brucella spp. antibody prevalence in bovine milk using the milk ELISA was 26.0% (95% CI: 14.6\u201340.3) in individual animal samples and 46.3% (95% CI: 30.7\u201362.6) in pooled samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is the first in Kenya to test for Brucella spp. directly from milk using qPCR without culturing for the bacteria. It also detected B. abortus in goats, suggesting transmission of brucellosis between cattle and goats. The high prevalence of Brucella spp. is a significant public health risk, and there is a need for intervention strategies necessary in the study area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02389-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T18:02:31Z","timestamp":1600452151000},"page":"3537-3544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk from various livestock species raised under pastoral production systems in Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, northern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wainaina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel O.","family":"Aboge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Omwenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ngaywa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Ngwili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Kiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Wamwere-Njoroge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"February","key":"2389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44420","volume":"7","author":"S Al Dahouk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Dahouk, S., K\u00f6hler, S., Occhialini, A., De Bag\u00fc\u00e9s, M. P. J., Hammerl, J. A., Eisenberg, T., \u2026 Scholz, H. C. (2017). Brucella spp. of amphibians comprise genomically diverse motile strains competent for replication in macrophages and survival in mammalian hosts. Scientific Reports, 7(February), 1\u201317. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep44420","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"2389_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04177.x","volume":"106","author":"R Capparelli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Capparelli, R., Parlato, M., Iannaccone, M., Roperto, S., Marabelli, R., Roperto, F., & Iannelli, D. (2009). Heterogeneous shedding of Brucella abortus in milk and its effect on the control of animal brucellosis. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106(6), 2041\u20132047. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04177.x","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4314\/acsj.v24i1.5S","volume":"24","author":"AC Chota","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chota, A. C., Magwisha, H. B., Stella, B., Bunuma, E. K., Shirima, G. M., Mugambi, J. M., \u2026 Gathogo, S. (2016). Prevalence of brucellosis in livestock and incidences in humans in east Africa. African Crop Science Journal, 24(1), 45. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/acsj.v24i1.5S","journal-title":"African Crop Science Journal"},{"key":"2389_CR4","unstructured":"Corbel, M. J. (2006). Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO, 1\u2013102."},{"issue":"28","key":"2389_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2015.7444","volume":"9","author":"DI Daniel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daniel, D. I., & Cornelius, C. C. (2015). Prevalence of Brucella antibodies in marketed cow milk in Benue State, Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9(28), 1752\u20131757. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJMR2015.7444","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiology Research"},{"key":"2389_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz Aparicio, E. (2013). Epidemiology of brucellosis in domestic animals caused by Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis and Brucella abortus. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics), 32(1), 43\u201351, 53\u201360. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23837364","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2187"},{"key":"2389_CR7","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"I Dohoo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dohoo, I., Wayne M., and Henrik S. (2003). Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. Charlottetown, Canada: AVC Inc, University of Prince Edward Island."},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2941-x","volume":"10","author":"S Enstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","unstructured":"Enstr\u00f6m, S., Nthiwa, D., Bett, B., Karlsson, A., Alonso, S., & Lindahl, J. F. (2017). Brucella seroprevalence in cattle near a wildlife reserve in Kenya. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 615. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-017-2941-x","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"key":"2389_CR9","volume-title":"Food safety in developing countries: research gaps and opportunities. White paper","author":"D Grace","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grace, D. (2017). Food safety in developing countries: research gaps and opportunities. White paper. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI."},{"issue":"10","key":"2389_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185823","volume":"12","author":"JL Higgins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Higgins, J. L., Gonzalez-Juarrero, M., & Bowen, R. A. (2017). Evaluation of shedding, tissue burdens, and humoral immune response in goats after experimental challenge with the virulent Brucella melitensis strain 16M and the reduced virulence vaccine strain Rev. 1. PLoS ONE, 12(10), 1\u201316. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185823","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32442","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v6.32442","volume":"6","author":"T Hoffman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffman, T., Rock, K., Mugizi, D. R., Muradrasoli, S., Lindahl-Rajala, E., Erume, J., \u2026 Boqvist, S. (2016). Molecular detection and characterization of Brucella species in raw informally marketed milk from Uganda. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 6(1), 32442. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/iee.v6.32442","journal-title":"Infection Ecology & Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268896007005","volume":"118","author":"M Kadohira","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kadohira, M., McDermott, J. J., Shoukri, M. M., & Kyule, M. N. (1997). Variations in the prevalence of antibody to Brucella infection in cattle by farm, area and district in Kenya. Epidemiology and Infection, 118(1), 35\u201341. doi:DOI: undefined","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01425.x","volume":"59","author":"DWM Kaindi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaindi, D. W. M., Schelling, E., Wangoh, J. M., Imungi, J. K., Farah, Z., & Meile, L. (2012). Risk Factors for Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Illness in Rural Town Isiolo, Kenya. Zoonoses and Public Health, 59(2), 118\u2013125. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01425.x","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"key":"2389_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kairu-Wanyoike, S., Nyamwaya, D., Wainaina, M., Lindahl, J., Ontiri, E., Bukachi, S., \u2026 Bett, B. (2019). Positive association between Brucella spp. seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(10), e0007506.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007506"},{"key":"2389_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4314\/kenvet.v27i1.39553","volume":"27","author":"EK Kang\u2019ethe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kang\u2019ethe, E. K., Arimi, S. M., Omore, A. O., McDermott, J. J., Nduhiu, J. G., Macharia, J. K., & Githua, A. (2004). Testing for Antibodies to Brucella abortus in Milk From Consumers and Market Agents in Kenya Using Milk Ring Test and Enzyme Immunoassay. The Kenya Veterinarian, 27, 18\u201321. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/kenvet.v27i1.39553","journal-title":"The Kenya Veterinarian"},{"issue":"11 (Suppl)","key":"2389_CR16","first-page":"S96","volume":"84","author":"EK Kang\u2019ethe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kang\u2019ethe, E. K., Ekuttan, C. E., Kimani, V. N., & Kiragu, M. W. (2007). Investigations into the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and the risk factors that predispose humans to infection among urban dairy and non-dairy farming households in Dagoretti Division, Nairobi, Kenya. East African Medical Journal, 84(11 (Suppl)), S96-S100.","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"2389_CR17","unstructured":"Lapraik, R. D., & Moffat, R. (1982). Latent bovine brucellosis. Veterinary Record, 111(25\u201326), 578 LP-579. Retrieved from http:\/\/veterinaryrecord.bmj.com\/content\/111\/25-26\/578.abstract"},{"key":"2389_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDermott, J. J., & Arimi, S. M. (2002). Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: Epidemiology, control and impact. Veterinary Microbiology, 90(1\u20134), 111\u2013134. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00249-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00249-3"},{"key":"2389_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menshawy, A. M. S. S., Perez-Sancho, M., Garcia-Seco, T., Hosein, H. I., Garc\u00eda, N., Martinez, I., \u2026 Alvarez, J. (2014). Assessment of genetic diversity of zoonotic Brucella spp. Recovered from livestock in Egypt using multiple locus VNTR analysis. BioMed Research International, 2014. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/353876","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/353876"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9899-9","volume":"44","author":"EN Muendo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muendo, E. N., Mbatha, P. M., Macharia, J., Abdoel, T. H., Janszen, P. V., Pastoor, R., & Smits, H. L. (2012). Infection of cattle in Kenya with Brucella abortus biovar 3 and Brucella melitensis biovar 1 genotypes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(1), 17\u201320. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-011-9899-9","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"issue":"8","key":"2389_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161576","volume":"11","author":"P Munyua","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munyua, P., Bitek, A., Osoro, E., Pieracci, E. G., Muema, J., Mwatondo, A., \u2026 Thumbi, S. M. (2016). Prioritization of zoonotic diseases in Kenya, 2015. PLoS ONE, 11(8), 1\u201311. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161576","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2389_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.03.008","volume":"102","author":"C Ngaywa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ngaywa, C., Aboge, G. O., Obiero, G., Omwenga, I., Ngwili, N., Wamwere, G., \u2026 Bett, B. (2019). Antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolates detected in raw milk of livestock in pastoral areas of northern Kenya. Food Control, 102, 173\u2013178. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.03.008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3532-9","volume":"16","author":"J Njeru","year":"2016","unstructured":"Njeru, J., Wareth, G., Melzer, F., Henning, K., Pletz, M. W., Heller, R., & Neubauer, H. (2016). Systematic review of brucellosis in Kenya: disease frequency in humans and animals and risk factors for human infection. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 853. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3532-9","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2389_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.06.012","volume":"103","author":"RA Ocholi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ocholi, R.A., Kwaga, J.K.P., Ajogi, I. and Bale, J.O.O., (2004). Phenotypic characterization of Brucella strains isolated from livestock in Nigeria. Veterinary Microbiology, 103(1-2), pp. 47-53.","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"2389_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.04.005","volume":"103","author":"I Omwenga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Omwenga, I., Aboge, G. O., Mitema, E. S., Obiero, G., Ngaywa, C., Ngwili, N., \u2026 Bett, B. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes detected in milk from various livestock species in northern pastoral region of Kenya. Food Control, 103, 126\u2013132. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.04.005","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0113","volume":"93","author":"EM Osoro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osoro, E. M., Munyua, P., Omulo, S., Ogola, E., Ade, F., Mbatha, P., \u2026 Guerra, M. (2015). Strong Association Between Human and Animal Brucella Seropositivity in a Linked Study in Kenya, 2012-2013. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93(2), 224\u2013231. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0113","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"3","key":"2389_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1290","volume":"42","author":"WS Probert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Probert, W. S., Schrader, K. N., Khuong, N. Y., Bystrom, S. L., & Graves, M. H. (2004). Real-Time Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Brucella spp., Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(3), 1290\u20131293. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1290","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"2389_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315745046","volume-title":"Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa","author":"K Roesel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roesel, K. and Grace, D. 2014. Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa. London, UK: Routledge."},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05384.x","volume":"113","author":"C Schrader","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schrader, C., Schielke, A., Ellerbroek, L., & Johne, R. (2012). PCR inhibitors - occurrence, properties and removal. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(5), 1014\u20131026. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05384.x","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2389_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00885.x","volume":"52","author":"M Tittarelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tittarelli, M., Di Ventura, M., De Massis, F., Scacchia, M., Giovannini, A., Nannini, D., & Caporale, V. (2005). The Persistence of Brucella melitensis in Experimentally Infected Ewes Through Three Reproductive Cycles. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 52(9), 403\u2013409. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00885.x","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B"},{"issue":"7","key":"2389_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000044","volume":"143","author":"M Viana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viana, M., Shirima, G. M., John, K. S., Fitzpatrick, J., Kazwala, R. R., Buza, J. J., \u2026 Halliday, J. E. B. (2016). Integrating serological and genetic data to quantify cross-species transmission: brucellosis as a case study. Parasitology, 143(7), 821\u2013834. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182016000044","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1173-1","volume":"8","author":"G Wareth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wareth, G., Melzer, F., Tomaso, H., Roesler, U., & Neubauer, H. (2015). Detection of Brucella abortus DNA in aborted goats and sheep in Egypt by real-time PCR Veterinary Research. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 1\u20135. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-1173-1","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"key":"2389_CR33","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Camel Conference16-17th February 2007","author":"U Wernery","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wernery, U, J Kinne, M Joseph, B Johnson, and P Nagy. 2007. \u201cWhere Do Brucella Organisms Hide in Serologically Positive Lactating Dromedaries.\u201d In Proceedings of the International Camel Conference16-17th February 2007., 68\u201370. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, India."},{"issue":"10","key":"2389_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.63.10.3741-3751.1997","volume":"63","author":"IG Wilson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wilson, I. G. (1997). Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(10), 3741\u20133751. doi:0099-2240\/97\/$04.00?0","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-020-02389-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-020-02389-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-020-02389-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:17:56Z","timestamp":1631913476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-020-02389-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-020-02389-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the participating institutions or the funding organization.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}