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Nelore (<jats:italic>Bos taurus indicus<\/jats:italic>) bulls were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: G1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=12), a single 400 \u03bcg dose of anti-GnRH vaccine on day 0; G2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=11), a first 400 \u03bcg dose of anti-GnRH vaccine on day 0 followed by a second (boost) dose 30 days later; and control group (CG, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=12), 1 mL saline 0.9% at day 0. Every 30 days, from day 0 until slaughter at day 90, the bulls were weighed and underwent testicular biometry, semen collection and analysis, and blood sample collection for testosterone measurement. Immediately after slaughter, the testicles were removed and transport at 15\u00b0C to the laboratory for histopathological analysis. There was a decrease in testicular height (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0476), width (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0021), and in scrotal circumference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0001), after either a single (G1) or two (G2) immunizations against GnRH. Both G1 and G2 had lower testosterone concentrations than CG from day 60 on (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01), but in G2, it was also lower than in G1 at day 90 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0006). All sperm parameters were affected by active immunization against GnRH (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05), and in G2, averages were lesser (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05) than in G1 from day 60 on. No signs of seminiferous tubule degeneration were found in any sample from the CG, contrasting with 75.0% and 100.0% of the samples from G1 and G2, respectively. In summary, immunocastration affected testicle morpho-functional characteristics in bulls in a time- and dose-dependent way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02600-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T01:36:13Z","timestamp":1612834573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of a single or two doses of an anti-GnRH vaccine on testicle morpho-functional characteristics in Nelore bulls"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel M.","family":"Doroteu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao H. 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This study was approved by the Ethics in the Use of Animals Committee of the Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (CEUA UNB, Protocol #042\/2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of animal rights"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"153"}}