{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:45:59Z","timestamp":1775490359919,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03342-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T11:02:28Z","timestamp":1665831748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigation of the outbreaks of abortions and orchitis in livestock in Namibia during 2016\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaster","family":"Samkange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolandie","family":"van der Westhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anselm Siegfried","family":"Voigts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Chitate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Kaatura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Khaiseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel H.","family":"Hikufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Kabajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alec S.","family":"Bishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pricilla","family":"Mbiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ndahafa N.","family":"Hawanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borden","family":"Mushonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3342_CR1","unstructured":"Abdelhadi, F. Z., Abdelhadi, S. A., Niar, A., Benallou, B., Meliani, S., Smail, N. L., & Mahmoud, D. (2015). Abortions in Cattle on the Level of Tiaret Area (Algeria). Global Veterinaria, 14(5), 638\u2013645."},{"key":"3342_CR2","unstructured":"Bagley, C. V. (1999). Abortion in cattle. In Animal Health Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgireferer=http:\/\/www.google.com\/&httpsredir=1&article=1418&context=extension_curall"},{"key":"3342_CR3","first-page":"694","volume":"6","author":"B Balmurugan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balmurugan, B., Ramamoorthy, M., Mandal, R.S.K., Keerthana, J., Gopalakrishnan, G., Kavya, K.M., Kharayat, N.S., Chaudhary, G.R. and Katiyar, R., 2017. Mineral an important nutrient for efficient reproductive health in dairy cattle International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 6, 694\u2013701","journal-title":"Environment and Technology"},{"key":"3342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-3870.2006.tb00064.x","volume":"11","author":"G Bell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bell, G., 2006. Clinical: Diseases of the bovine scrotum Livestock, 11, 19\u201323","journal-title":"Livestock"},{"key":"3342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-9718.2018.00014.4","volume":"24","author":"AS Bishi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bishi, A.S., Khaiseb, S., Shaanika, A., Kandiwa, E., Mushonga, B., Samkange, A. and Tjipura, G., 2018. Serological evidence of coxiellosis in sheep farms of Namibia Indian Jurnal of Small Ruminants, 24, 168\u2013170","journal-title":"Indian Jurnal of Small Ruminants"},{"key":"3342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2018.014","volume":"38","author":"H Bulut","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bulut, H., Sozdutmaz, I., Pesti, Z., Abayli, H., Sait, A. and Cevik, A., 2017. High Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1 in Sheep Abortion Samples with Pestivirus Infection in Turkey Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 38, 71\u201375","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"3342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.09.008","volume":"57","author":"JD Colmenero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colmenero, J.D., Mu\u00f1oz-Roca, N.L., Bermudez, P., Plata, A., Villalobos, A. and Reguera, J.M., 2007. Clinical findings, diagnostic approach, and outcome of Brucella melitensis epididymo-orchitis Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 57, 367\u2013372","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"3342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browska, J., Karamon, J., Kochanowski, M., Sroka, J., Zdybel, J. and Cencek, T., 2019. Tritrichomonas Foetus as a Causative Agent of Tritrichomonosis in Different Animal Hosts Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 533 (De Gruyter)","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2019-0072"},{"key":"3342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3923\/rjvs.2008.28.36","volume":"1","author":"T Das","year":"2008","unstructured":"Das, T., Ershaduzzaman, M., Islam, K.K., Haque, M.M., Rahman, M.M. and Islam, K.B.M.S., 2008. Surveillance of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus from Aborted Bengal Goats in Bangladesh Research Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 1, 28\u201336","journal-title":"Research Journal of Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"3342_CR10","first-page":"201","volume":"1-2","author":"AS Dechicha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dechicha, A.S., Moula, N., Gharbi, I., Baazize-Ammi, D., Akloul, K. and Guetarni, D., 2020. Abortions in cattle and sheep herds in Algeria, descriptive study and risk factors Agriculture, 1\u20132, 201\u2013213","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"3342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deng, X., Zhang, H., Shao, Z., Zhao, X., Yang, Q., Song, S., Wang, Z., Wang, Yong, Wang, Yuanzhi, Sheng, J., Chen, C., (2020). Abortion and various associated risk factors in dairy cow and sheep in Ili, China. BioRxiv, 2020.04.20.050872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.20.050872","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.20.050872"},{"key":"3342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0044","volume":"61","author":"S-Y Derdour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Derdour, S.-Y., Hafsi, F., Azzag, N., Tennah, S., Laamari, A., China, B. and Ghalmi, F., 2017. Prevalence of The Main Infectious Causes of Abortion in Dairy Cattle in Algeria Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 337 (De Gruyter)","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"3342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/03057079608708503","volume":"22","author":"S Devereux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Devereux, S. and N\u00e6raa, T., 1996. Drought and survival in rural Namibia Journal of Southern African Studies, 22, 421\u2013440","journal-title":"Journal of Southern African Studies"},{"key":"3342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2009-3","volume":"15","author":"A Di Blasio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Blasio, A., Traversa, A., Giacometti, F., Chiesa, F., Piva, S., Decastelli, L., Dondo, A., Gallina, S. and Zoppi, S., 2019. Isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected opportunistic agents from aborted bovine and caprine fetuses BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 257","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"3342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000024","volume":"45","author":"FA dos Santos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dos Santos, F.A., De Azevedo, E.O., De Azevedo, S.S., J\u00fanior, F.G., Mota, R.A., Kim, P. de C.P., Gomes, A.L.V. and Alves, C.J., 2014. Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis from a goat with clinical epididymo-orchitis in Brazil Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 45, 205\u2013209 (Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia)","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"3342_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.12968\/live.2019.24.1.44","volume":"24","author":"K Dun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dun, K., 2019. Ovine abortion \u2014 causes and diagnosis Livestock, 24, 44\u201350","journal-title":"Livestock"},{"key":"3342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132454","volume":"24","author":"PJ Fraker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J. and King, L.E., 2004. Reprogramming of the Immune System During Zinc Deficiency Annual Review of Nutrition, 24, 277\u2013298","journal-title":"Annual Review of Nutrition"},{"key":"3342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerdes, G. H. (2004). Rift Valley fever. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics), 23(2), 613\u2013623.","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1500"},{"key":"3342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.165.16.475","volume":"165","author":"F Ghalmi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghalmi, F., Dramchini, N. and China, B., 2009. Risk factors for abortion in cattle herds in Algeria Veterinary Record, 165, 475\u2013476","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"3342_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"RJ Goldstone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstone, R.J., Talbot, R., Schuberth, H.J., Sandra, O., Sheldon, I.M. and Smitha, D.G.E., 2014. Draft genome sequence of Trueperella pyogenes, isolated from the infected uterus of a postpartum cow with metritis Genome Announcements, 2, 1\u20132","journal-title":"Genome Announcements"},{"key":"3342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600114","volume":"6","author":"TW Graham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Graham, T.W., Thurmond, M.C., Mohr, F.C., Holmberg, C.A., Anderson, M.L. and Keen, C.L., 1994. Relationships between maternal and fetal liver copper, iron, manganese, and zinc concentrations and fetal development in California Holstein dairy cows Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 6, 77\u201387","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"3342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.016","volume":"66","author":"DL Grooms","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grooms, D.L., 2006. Reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospirosis Theriogenology, 66, 624\u2013628 (Elsevier Inc.)","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"3342_CR23","first-page":"218","volume":"6","author":"AM Hamzah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamzah, A.M. and Kadim, H.K., 2018. Isolation and identification of Enterococcus fecalis from cow milk samples and vaginal swab from human Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6, 218\u2013222","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"key":"3342_CR24","first-page":"529","volume":"31","author":"R Higgins","year":"1990","unstructured":"Higgins, R., Gottschalk, M., Fecteau, G., Sauvageau, R., De Guise, S. and Du Tremblay, D., 1990. Isolation of Streptococcus suis from cattle Canadian Veterinary Journal, 31, 529","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"3342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/09557570008400341","volume":"14","author":"A Holloway","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holloway, A., 2000. Drought emergency, yes...drought, no: Southern Africa 1991-93 Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 14, 254\u2013276","journal-title":"Cambridge Review of International Affairs"},{"key":"3342_CR26","unstructured":"Kahiurika, N. (2016, June 30). President declares drought an emergency. The Namibian, p. 1. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.namibian.com.na\/152587\/archive-read\/President-declares-drought-an-emergency"},{"key":"3342_CR27","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, D., Zubrick\u00fd, P., Babin\u011b\u00e1kov\u00e1, M. and Tr\u00e1vnic\u0300ek, M., 2007. Importance of serological diagnostics in ovine epididymitis caused by brucella OVIS Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51, 219\u2013224"},{"key":"3342_CR28","volume-title":"Bubaline Theriogenology","author":"A Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Singh, M., Gokuldas, P.P. and Kumar, P., 2015. Non-infectious causes of bubaline abortions In:, G. N. Purohit (ed), Bubaline Theriogenology, (International Veterinary Information Service: Ithaca NY)"},{"key":"3342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6550","volume":"40","author":"M Mac\u00edas-Rioseco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas-Rioseco, M., Silveira, C., Fraga, M., Casaux, L., Cabrera, A., Francia, M.E., Robello, C., Maya, L., Zarantonelli, L., Suanes, A., Colina, R., Buschiazzo, A., Giannitti, F. and Riet-Correa, F., 2020. Causes of abortion in dairy cows in Uruguay Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 40, 325\u2013332","journal-title":"Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira"},{"key":"3342_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmoud, M. A. M., Megahed, G., Yousef, M. S., Abo, F., Ali, Z. F. A. Z., Zaki, R. S., & Abdelhafeez, H. H. (2020). Salmonella Typhimurium Triggered Unilateral Epididymo-Orchitis and Splenomegaly in a Holstein Bull in Assiut, Egypt: A Case Report. Pathogens, 9(314). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9040314","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040314"},{"key":"3342_CR31","unstructured":"McAllister, M. M. (2020). Neosporosis in Animals. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from MSD Veterinary Manual website: https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/generalized-conditions\/neosporosis\/neosporosis-in-animals?query=neosporacaninum"},{"key":"3342_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)00236-0","volume":"20","author":"L Minatel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Minatel, L., 2000. Copper Deficiency and Immune Response in Ruminants Nutrition Research, 20, 1473\u20131484","journal-title":"Nutrition Research"},{"key":"3342_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"89","author":"U Molini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molini, U., Dondona, A.C., Hilbert, R. and Monaco, F., 2018. Antibodies against Schmallenberg virus detected in cattle in the Otjozondjupa region, Namibia Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 89, 1\u20132","journal-title":"Namibia Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"3342_CR34","first-page":"a1625","volume":"89","author":"G Ndazigaruye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ndazigaruye, G., Mushonga, B., Kandiwa, E., Samkange, A. and Segwagwe, B.E., 2018. Prevalence and risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity in cattle in Nyagatare District , Eastern Province , Rwanda Journal of South African Veterinary Association, 89, a1625","journal-title":"Eastern Province, Rwanda Journal of South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"3342_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1842-8","volume":"15","author":"TA Okumu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okumu, T.A., John, N.M., Wabacha, J.K., Tsuma, V. and Vanleeuwen, J., 2019. Seroprevalence of antibodies for bovine viral diarrhoea virus , Brucella abortus and Neospora caninum , and their roles in the incidence of abortion \/ foetal loss in dairy cattle herds in Nakuru District , Kenya BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 95 (BMC Veterinary Research)","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"3342_CR36","unstructured":"Parkinson, T. J., Weston, J. F., Laven, R. A., & Vermunt, J. J. (2019). Causes of embryonic and fetal loss. In T. J. Parkinson, J. J. Vermunt, J. Malmo, & R. Laven (Eds.), Diseases of cattle in Australasia (2nd ed., p. 667). Auckland, New Zealand: Massey University Press."},{"key":"3342_CR37","first-page":"284","volume":"6","author":"P Ponnusamy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ponnusamy, P., Ronald, B.S.M., Kumar, M.R., Chitra, M.A. and Manickam, R., 2017. A rare case of bovine abortion due to Trueperella pyogenes International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 6, 284\u2013287","journal-title":"Environment and Technology"},{"key":"3342_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.10.022","volume":"43","author":"MP Reichel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reichel, M.P., Ayanegui-alc\u00e9rreca, M.A., Gondim, L.F.P. and Ellis, J.T., 2013. What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle \u2013 The billion dollar question International Journal for Parasitology, 43, 133\u2013142 (Australian Society for Parasitology Inc.)","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"3342_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.10.013","volume":"27","author":"AL Ridler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ridler, A.L. and West, D.M., 2011. Control of Brucella ovis Infection in Sheep Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 27, 61\u201366 (Elsevier Ltd)","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice"},{"key":"3342_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riedel, P., Dascanio, J., Johnson, J., & Miller, L. (2018). Implications of allopregnanolone in weak calf syndrome. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 51(2), 332.","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20183209"},{"key":"3342_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3212-z","volume":"37","author":"L Ryan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryan, L., Daly, P., Cullen, I. and Doyle, M., 2018. Epididymo-orchitis caused by enteric organisms in men > 35\u00a0years old: beyond fluoroquinolones European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 37, 1001\u20131008 (European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases)","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"3342_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v77i1.1","volume":"77","author":"A Samkange","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samkange, A., Katsande, T.C., Tjipura-Zaire, G. and Crafford, J.E., 2010. Seroprevalence survey of Chlamydophila abortus infection in breeding goats on commercial farms in the Otavi Veterinary District, northern Namibia Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 77, 1\u20135","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"3342_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.701.225","volume":"7","author":"N Saxena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saxena, N., Singh, B.B. and Saxena, H.M., 2018. Brucellosis in Sheep and Goats and its Serodiagnosis and Epidemiology International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7, 1848\u20131877","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"3342_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00136","volume":"159","author":"P Schnydrig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schnydrig, P., Vidal, S., Brodard, I., Frey, C.F., Posthaus, H., Perreten, V. and Rodriguez-Campos, S., 2017. Bacterial, fungal, parasitological and pathological analyses of abortions in small ruminants from 2012-2016 Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 159, 647\u2013656","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde"},{"key":"3342_CR45","unstructured":"Searson, J. E. (1976). Ovine Epididymitis: Patholgy, Bacteriology and Serology. Wagga Wagga, Australia."},{"key":"3342_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.024","volume":"178","author":"B Sibhat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sibhat, B., Ayelet, G., Gebremedhin, E.Z., Skjerve, E. and Asmare, K., 2018. Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus in dairy cattle in Ethiopia Acta Tropica, 178, 61\u201367 (Elsevier)","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"3342_CR47","unstructured":"Staff Reporter. (2017, October 31). Livestock abortions reach unprecedented levels. New Era. Retrieved from https:\/\/neweralive.na\/posts\/livestock-abortions-reach-unprecedented-levels"},{"key":"3342_CR48","first-page":"107","volume":"10","author":"JL Stewart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stewart, J.L., Vieson, M. and Shipley, C.F., 2018. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as a pathogen of the reproductive tract of male small ruminants\u202f: case study and review Clinical Theriogenology, 10, 107\u2013117","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"3342_CR49","unstructured":"Stewart, J. L., & Shipley, C. F. (2014). Breeding Soundness Examination in Goats - Management and Nutrition - Veterinary Manual. Retrieved February 7, 2021, from MSD Veterinary Manual website: https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/management-and-nutrition\/management-of-reproduction-goats\/breedingsoundness-examination-in-goats"},{"key":"3342_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"TW Swerczek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swerczek, T.W. and Dorton, A.R., 2019. Effects of Nitrate and Pathogenic Nanoparticles on Reproductive Losses , Congenital Hypothyroidism and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities in Mares and Other Livestock\u202f: New Hypotheses Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7, 1\u201311","journal-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities in Mares and Other Livestock : New Hypotheses Animal and Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"3342_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-49-S1-S3","volume":"49","author":"P Syrj\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2007","unstructured":"Syrj\u00e4l\u00e4, P., Anttila, M., Dillard, K., Fossi, M., Collin, K., Nylund, M. and Autio, T., 2007. Causes of bovine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in Finland 1999\u20132006 Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 49, S3","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"},{"key":"3342_CR52","unstructured":"Tibary, A. (2021). Overview of Abortion in Large Animals. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from Merck Veterinary Manual website:https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/reproductive-system\/abortion-in-large-animals\/overview-of-abortion-in-large-animals"},{"key":"3342_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2017.0639","volume":"10","author":"D Tulu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tulu, D., Deresa, B., Begna, F. and Gojam, A., 2018. Review of common causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Ethiopia Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 10, 1\u201313","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"3342_CR54","first-page":"15","volume":"24","author":"D Tulu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tulu, D., Gojam, A. and Deresa, B., 2020. Serological investigation of brucellosis and its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone , southwestern Ethiopia Ethiopian Veterinary Journalan, 24, 15\u201333","journal-title":"Ethiopia Ethiopian Veterinary Journalan"},{"key":"3342_CR55","first-page":"23","volume":"2","author":"M Umer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Umer, M., Abba, Y., Abdullah, F.F.J.A., Saleh, W.M.M., Haron, A.W., Saharee, A.A., Ariff, A.B., Baiee, F.H.A., Hambali, I.U. and Sharif, A., 2017. Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants: An overview on reproductive implications International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, 2, 23\u201321","journal-title":"International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry"},{"key":"3342_CR56","unstructured":"Van Den Brom, R., Lievaart-Peterson, K., Luttikholt, S., Peperkamp, K., Wouda, W. and Vellema, P., 2012. Abortion in small ruminants in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2011 Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 137, 450\u2013457"},{"key":"3342_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2021.602962","volume":"3","author":"P van Rensburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Rensburg, P. and Tortajada, C., 2021. An Assessment of the 2015\u20132017 Drought in Windhoek Frontiers in Climate, 3, 1\u201314","journal-title":"Frontiers in Climate"},{"key":"3342_CR58","unstructured":"Vermunt, J. J., House, J. K., & Malmo, J. (2019). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. In T. J. Parkinson, J. J. Vermunt, J. Malmo, & R. Laven (Eds.), Diseases of cattle in Australasia (2nd ed., pp. 288\u2013289). Auckland, New Zealand: Massey University Press."},{"key":"3342_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolf-J\u00e4ckel, G. A., Hansen, M. S., Larsen, G., Holm, E., Agerholm, J. S., & Jensen, T. K. (2020). Diagnostic studies of abortion in Danish cattle 2015-2017. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 62(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-019-0499-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0499-4"},{"key":"3342_CR60","first-page":"2051","volume":"3","author":"R Yasothai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yasothai, R., 2014. Importance of minerals on reproduction in dairy cattle International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 3, 2051\u20132057","journal-title":"Environment and Technology"},{"key":"3342_CR61","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"T Zekarias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zekarias, T., Demissie, E., Ahmed, W.A., Dema, T. and Amsalu, A., 2019. Non-Infectious Causes of Infertility in Dairy Cows\u202f: A Review Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, 10, 51\u201357","journal-title":"Cows : A Review Journal of Reproduction and Infertility"},{"key":"3342_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1655-y","author":"JL Zepeda-Batista","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zepeda-Batista, J.L., Parra-bracamonte, G.M., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-dom\u00ednguez, R., Ram\u00edrez-valverde, R. and Ru\u00edz-flores, A., 2018. Screening genetic diseases prevalence in Braunvieh cattle Tropical Animal Health and Production, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-018-1655-y (Tropical Animal Health and Production)","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03342-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03342-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03342-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T08:35:54Z","timestamp":1678264554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03342-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03342-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1221209\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The University of Namibia\u2019s Research and Ethics Committee provided a waiver for this study since it only involved the use of secondary data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all farmers included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that the participating farmers provided informed consent for publication of the data collected.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"346"}}