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However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>), or various stressors, <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic> caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic> has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic> infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic> is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as <jats:italic>Gallibacterium<\/jats:italic> toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic> infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic>. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on <jats:italic>G. anatis<\/jats:italic> regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03796-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:03:21Z","timestamp":1698404601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Wafaa A.","family":"Abd El-Ghany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelazeem M.","family":"Algammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Elbestawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/8226","volume":"6","author":"AA Abd El Tawab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abd El Tawab, A.A., Hassan, W.M. and El Shemy, M.M., 2018. 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