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Data about BK in dairy cattle are scarce, and even scarcer for dairy cattle in Mediterranean climates. We determined the BK prevalence among dairy cattle in Southern Africa\u2019s Mediterranean climatic zone by examining 1,675 dairy cattle across 28 herds. Conjunctival swabs were analysed using real-time PCR. Risk factor data were collected by questionnaire and evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. The BK prevalence was 19.4%, (95% CI: 15.0 \u2013 24.8%).\n                    <jats:italic>Mesomycoplasma bovoculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was demonstrated in 75.7% of the sampled eyes (95% CI: 62.8 \u2013 85.2%) across all farms.\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (18.3%, 95% CI: 11.9 \u2013 27.0%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella bovoculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.6%, 95% CI: 4.6 \u2013 15.6%) were detected on 89% and 64% of the farms, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasmopsis bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was rarely encountered.\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella bovoculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly associated with BK (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 \u2013 5.6, Wald\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 0.01). Prevalence varied significantly by age and breed. Shade availability (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.4 \u2013 4.4, Wald\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), sanitation frequency, (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2 \u2013 1.0, Wald\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 0.05), fly burden (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3 \u2013 3.6, Wald\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and introduced cattle (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1 \u2013 3.5, Wald\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 0.02) were significantly associated with the prevalence of BK. Closed herds with proper biosecurity, fly control via sound management practices, and access to shade are recommended for preventing BK in dairy herds farmed in a Mediterranean climate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04341-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T11:25:13Z","timestamp":1743074713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A cross-sectional study of keratoconjunctivitis among dairy cattle farms subject to Mediterranean climatic conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6468-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. H.","family":"Maartens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. 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