{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:31:46Z","timestamp":1783488706835,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04478-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T22:57:05Z","timestamp":1747868225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of reproductive season and testicular volume on seminal parameters of alpacas (Vicugna pacos)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8717-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mija\u00edl Contreras","family":"Huamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crissthel Yverlin Guillen","family":"Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harumi Rebeca Orellana","family":"Berrocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving Mitchell Laines","family":"Arcce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionet Keny","family":"Bellido-Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Yony Acu\u00f1a","family":"Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiana Silva","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente Jos\u00e9","family":"de Figueir\u00eado Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"4478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0191-x","volume":"58","author":"MC Abraham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abraham MC, Puhakka J, Ruete A, Al-Essawe EM, De Verdier K, Morrell JM, B\u00e5ge R (2015) Testicular length as an indicator of the onset of sperm production in alpacas under Swedish conditions. Acta Vet Scand 58:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-016-0191-x","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"4478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.12.013","volume":"202","author":"S Al-Bulushi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Bulushi S, Manjunatha BM, De Graaf SP, Rickard JP (2019) Reproductive seasonality of male dromedary camels. Anim Reprod Sci 202:10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.12.013","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"4478_CR3","first-page":"171","volume":"12","author":"M Benavente","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benavente M, Fresno M, Delgado J (2018) Relaci\u00f3n entre el peso corporal y el volumen testicular en machos j\u00f3venes de las tres razas caprinas canarias. Actas Iberoam Conserv Anim 12:171\u2013178","journal-title":"Actas Iberoam Conserv Anim"},{"key":"4478_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9817-1","volume":"43","author":"M Bhakat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhakat M, Mohanty TK, Raina VS, Gupta AK, Khan HM, Mahapatra RK, Sarkar M (2011) Effect of age and season on semen quality parameters in Sahiwal bulls. Trop Anim Health Prod 43:1161\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-011-9817-1","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"3","key":"4478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00020-4","volume":"47","author":"P Bravo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bravo P, Flores U, Garnica J, Ordo\u00f1ez C (1997) Collection of semen and artificial insemination of alpacas. Theriogenology 47(3):619\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00020-4","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(00)00142-5","volume":"38","author":"P Bravo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bravo P, Ccallo M, Garnica J (2000) The effect of enzymes on semen viscosity in llamas and alpacas. Small Rumin Res 38(1):91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-4488(00)00142-5","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"4478_CR7","unstructured":"Bravo W (2003) Inseminaci\u00f3n Artificial en Alpacas y Llamas, II congreso mundial de Cam\u00e9lidos. Potos\u00ed, Bolivia"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4478_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00081-0","volume":"58","author":"BW Brown","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brown BW (2000) A review on reproduction in South American camelids. Anim Reprod Sci 58(3\u20134):169\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00081-0","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4478_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00724-5","volume":"57","author":"P Buend\u0131a","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buend\u0131a P, Soler C, Paolicchi F, Gago G, Urquieta B, P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez F, Bustos-Obreg\u00f3n E (2002) Morphometric characterization and classification of alpaca sperm heads using the Sperm-Class Analyzer\u00ae computer-assisted system. Theriogenology 57(4):1207\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00724-5","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"4478_CR10","first-page":"51","volume-title":"An\u00e1lisis de las variables biom\u00e9tricas circunferencia escrotal y volumen testicular en toros de la raza Braford","author":"GA Crudeli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crudeli GA, Pochon DO, Pellerano GS, Garc\u00edaDenegri ME, Amuchastegui FL (2005) An\u00e1lisis de las variables biom\u00e9tricas circunferencia escrotal y volumen testicular en toros de la raza Braford. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resumen, p 51"},{"key":"4478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595856","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.595856","volume":"7","author":"A El Zawam","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Zawam A, Tibary A, Patino C (2020) Basal levels and hCG responses of serum testosterone and estrogen in male alpacas. Front Vet Sci 7:595856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.595856","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4478_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.4861299x","volume":"48","author":"M Fields","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fields M, Burns W, Warnick A (1979) Age, season and breed effects on testicular volume and semen traits in young beef bulls. J Anim Sci 48(6):1299\u20131304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas1979.4861299x","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4478_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00095-7","volume":"72","author":"P Flores","year":"2002","unstructured":"Flores P, Garc\u0131a-Huidobro J, Mu\u00f1oz C, Bustos-Obreg\u00f3n E, Urquieta B (2002) Alpaca semen characteristics previous to a mating period. Anim Reprod Sci 72(3\u20134):259\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00095-7","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"4478_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.02.016","volume":"104","author":"S Giuliano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giuliano S, Director A, Gambarotta M, Trasorras V, Miragaya M (2008) Collection method, season and individual variation on seminal characteristics in the llama (Lama glama). Anim Reprod Sci 104(2\u20134):359\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.02.016","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4478_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.06.005","volume":"118","author":"S Giuliano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giuliano S, Carretero M, Gambarotta M, Neild D, Trasorras V, Pinto M, Miragaya M (2010) Improvement of llama (Lama glama) seminal characteristics using collagenase. Anim Reprod Sci 118(1):98\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.06.005","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"4478_CR16","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1les Castillo ML, Huanca Mamani T, C\u00e1rdenas Minaya OE (2011) Evaluaci\u00f3n de la fertilidad en alpacas inseminadas con semen refrigerado a diferentes tiempos post inducci\u00f3n de ovulaci\u00f3n. Spermova"},{"issue":"4","key":"4478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03650-z","volume":"55","author":"G Hasi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hasi G, Sodnompil T, Na H, Liu H, Ji M, Xie W, Nasenochir N (2023) Hormone measurements and histomorphological observations in male Bactrian camels. Trop Anim Health Prod 55(4):240","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"4478_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14514","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14514","volume":"59","author":"MC Huamani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huamani MC, Olaguivel Flores CA, Palomino CG, Carretero MI, Fumuso FG, Arcce IL (2024) Pregnancy and birth rate outcomes in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) inseminated with frozen semen using two commercial extenders. Reprod Domest Anim 59(1):e14514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.14514","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"4478_CR19","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Importancia de la Evaluaci\u00f3n Reproductiva de Alpaca macho resumen XXI APPA 98","author":"W Huanca","year":"1998","unstructured":"Huanca W (1998) Importancia de la Evaluaci\u00f3n Reproductiva de Alpaca macho resumen XXI APPA 98. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno-Per\u00fa, pp 167\u2013169"},{"key":"4478_CR20","unstructured":"Huanca MT, Mamani CRH, Naveros FML, Pacheco CJI, Condori RN (2011) Variaci\u00f3n individual y estacional de las caracter\u00edsticas seminales en la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Spermova. http:\/\/repositorio.inia.gob.pe\/handle\/20.500.12955\/1101"},{"key":"4478_CR21","unstructured":"INEI M (2012) IV censo nacional Agropecuario 2012. Obtenido de Sistema de Consulta de Resultados censales: http:\/\/censos.inei.gob.pe\/cenagro\/tabulados"},{"key":"4478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.10.007","volume":"163","author":"AM Khumran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khumran AM, Yimer N, Rosnina Y, Ariff MO, Wahid H, Kaka A, Ebrahimi M, Sarsaifi K (2015) Butylated hydroxytoluene can reduce oxidative stress and improve quality of frozen\u2013thawed bull semen processed in lecithin and egg yolk based extenders. Anim Reprod Sci 163:128\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.10.007","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"4478_CR23","unstructured":"Matheus PWB (2023) Sperm physiology of South American Camelids"},{"issue":"2","key":"4478_CR25","first-page":"45","volume":"2","author":"NP Moreno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moreno NP, Fernando GMD (2012) Correlaci\u00f3n entre di\u00e1metro testicular y calidad esperm\u00e1tica en ovinos criollos del municipio de Sorac\u00e1. Boyac\u00e1 Conexi\u00f3n Agropecuaria JDC 2(2):45\u201355","journal-title":"Boyac\u00e1 Conexi\u00f3n Agropecuaria JDC"},{"issue":"4","key":"4478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01321.x","volume":"45","author":"K Morton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morton K, Thomson P, Bailey K, Evans G, Maxwell W (2010) Quality parameters for alpaca (Vicugna pacos) semen are affected by semen collection procedure. Reprod Domest Anim 45(4):637\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01321.x","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"4478_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.07.005","volume":"141","author":"SA Rateb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rateb SA (2016) Ultrasound-assisted liquefaction of dromedary camel semen. Small Rumin Res 141:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.07.005","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4478_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21608\/ajar.2022.266487","volume":"47","author":"A Samatar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samatar A, Ashour A, Zeidan A (2022) Influence of seasons of the year and ages on the testicular measurements and semen characteristics of the male dromedary camels. Al-Azhar J Agricult Res 47(1):89\u201398","journal-title":"Al-Azhar J Agricult Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4478_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2005.00021.x","volume":"7","author":"A Santiani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Santiani A, Huanca W, Sapana R, Huanca T, Sep\u00falveda N, S\u00e1nchez R (2005) Effects on the quality of frozen-thawed alpaca (Lama pacos) semen using two different cryoprotectants and extenders. Asian J Androl 7(3):303\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2005.00021.x","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"4478_CR31","unstructured":"Skidmore L (2000) Anatom\u00eda del tracto reproductivo en cam\u00e9lidos. Recent advances in camelid reproduction. Ithaca, New York: IVIS.[Internet],[20 diciembre 2011]. Disponible en: http:\/\/www.ivis.org\/advances\/Camel_Skidmore\/hassanein\/ivis.pdf"},{"key":"4478_CR32","volume-title":"Studies on reproductive pathology in alpacas","author":"J Sumar","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sumar J (1983) Studies on reproductive pathology in alpacas. SLU"},{"key":"4478_CR33","unstructured":"Sumar J (1997) Avances y perspectivas en reproducci\u00f3n de cam\u00e9lidos. Memorias I symposium internacional avances en reproducci\u00f3n de rumiantes. Per\u00fa. p, (pp. 30\u201355)"},{"key":"4478_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tibary A (2004) Male infertility in camelids. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/20043144442","DOI":"10.5555\/20043144442"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4478_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.01.019","volume":"90","author":"B Urquieta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Urquieta B, Flores P, Mu\u00f1oz C, Bustos-Obreg\u00f3n E, Garc\u00eda-Huidobro J (2005) Alpaca semen characteristics under free and directed mounts during a mating period. Anim Reprod Sci 90(3\u20134):329\u2013339","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"4478_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597964","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.597964","volume":"8","author":"M Valdivia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valdivia M, Bravo Z, Reyes J, Gonzales GF (2021) Rescue and conservation of male adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) based on spermatogonial stem cell biotechnology using atomized Black Maca as a supplement of cryopreservation medium. Front Vet Sci 8:597964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.597964","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4478_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v29i2.14483","volume":"29","author":"JC Villanueva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Villanueva JC, Huanca WF, Hilari F, Uchuari M, Rodr\u00edguez F, Huanca W (2018) Efecto de la estaci\u00f3n sobre las caracter\u00edsticas seminales de alpacas (Vicugna pacos) criadas a nivel del mar. Rev Inv Vet Per\u00fa 29(2):559\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15381\/rivep.v29i2.14483","journal-title":"Rev Inv Vet Per\u00fa"},{"issue":"2","key":"4478_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4067\/S0301-732X1998000200019","volume":"30","author":"L Von Baer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Von Baer L, Hellemann C (1998) Variables seminales en llama (Lama glama). Arch De Med Vet 30(2):171\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0301-732X1998000200019","journal-title":"Arch De Med Vet"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04478-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04478-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04478-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:37:33Z","timestamp":1752140253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04478-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04478-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Experiment was carried out in accordance with Peruvian National Law No. 30,407: \u201cAnimal Protection and Welfare State\u201d.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"227"}}