{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:46:10Z","timestamp":1785512770854,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04596-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T18:33:54Z","timestamp":1753986834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adoption and intensity of artificial insemination technology for dairy cattle in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Amenu Leta","family":"Duguma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuguang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"4596_CR1","unstructured":"Abot MD (2020) Factors influencing adoption of artificial insemination by smallholder livestock farmers in dryland production systems of Kenya. University of Nairobi"},{"issue":"2","key":"4596_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5897\/JDAE2019.1086","volume":"12","author":"B Abraha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abraha B, Gezahegn M, Yousuf J (2020) Adoption of artificial insemination service for cattle crossbreeding by smallholder farmers in Laelay-Maichew district, tigray, Ethiopia. J Dev Agricultural Econ 12(2):104\u2013112","journal-title":"J Dev Agricultural Econ"},{"key":"4596_CR3","unstructured":"Ahmed MAM, Ehui S, Assefa Y (2004) Dairy development in Ethiopia. International Food Policy Research Institute"},{"issue":"4","key":"4596_CR4","first-page":"445","volume":"73","author":"B Baban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baban B, Mrinal KD (2018) What influences the adoption and use intensity of artificial insemination technology among smallholder dairy farmers in assam? A Double-hurdle approach. Int J Agricultural Econ 73(4):445\u2013458","journal-title":"Int J Agricultural Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4596_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.5958\/2322-0430.2018.00166.X","volume":"14","author":"B Bayan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bayan B (2018) Factors influencing extent of adoption of artificial insemination (AI) technology among cattle farmers in Assam. Indian J Econ Dev 14(3):528\u2013534","journal-title":"Indian J Econ Dev"},{"key":"4596_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayei JD, Nache AI (2014) The effect of socio-economic characteristics of cattle farmers on the adoption of artificial insemination technology in Kaduna State of Nigeria. IOSR J Agric Vet Sci 7(9, Ver. II):2319\u20132372","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-07921117"},{"key":"4596_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Begna D, Kuma T, Yohannes Z (2024) The tendency of livestock growth in Ethiopia: a review. Agric Rev Of. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18805\/ag.rf-291","DOI":"10.18805\/ag.rf-291"},{"issue":"2","key":"4596_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sr.20210902.11","volume":"9","author":"A Bekuma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bekuma A, Addisu Y (2021) Dairy cattle husbandry practices and coping strategies against feed scarcity in Buno Bedele zone, South Western Ethiopia. Sci Res 9(2):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.sr.20210902.11","journal-title":"Sci Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4596_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.32474\/CDVS.2018.01.000117","volume":"1","author":"A Biru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biru A, Abera Z, Duguma M, Hundera A (2018) Review on procedures and utilization of artificial insemination technologies in Nekemte semen and liquid nitrogen production and distribution centre, Western oromia. Ethiopia 1(4):106\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32474\/CDVS.2018.01.000117","journal-title":"Ethiopia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4596_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-019-02166-0","volume":"147","author":"WD Biru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biru WD, Zeller M, Loos TK (2020) The impact of agricultural technologies on poverty and vulnerability of smallholders in ethiopia: a panel data analysis. Soc Indic Res 147(2):517\u2013544","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"4596_CR11","unstructured":"Cochran WG (1977) Sampling techniques. Johan Wiley & Sons Inc"},{"key":"4596_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cragg JG (1971) Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 829\u2013844","DOI":"10.2307\/1909582"},{"key":"4596_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das DN, Paul D, Mondal S (2022) Role of biotechnology on animal breeding and genetic improvement. In: Emerging issues in climate smart livestock production. Elsevier, p. 317\u201337.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822265-2.00015-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"4596_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.17081\/invinno.10.2.5283","volume":"10","author":"JH Davila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davila JH, Ceballos YF, Torres GS (2022) A system dynamics approach for dairy herd modeling considering fixed-term artificial insemination scenario. Investigaci\u00f3n E Innovaci\u00f3n En Ingenier\u00edas 10(2):93\u2013105","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n E Innovaci\u00f3n En Ingenier\u00edas"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/ruminants4010003","volume":"4","author":"M Dayoub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dayoub M, Shnaigat S, Tarawneh RA, Al-Yacoub AN, Al-Barakeh F, Al-Najjar K (2024) Enhancing animal production through smart agriculture: possibilities, hurdles, resolutions, and advantages. Ruminants 4(1):22\u201346","journal-title":"Ruminants"},{"key":"4596_CR16","unstructured":"FAO, O (2021) OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021\u20132030. In: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook. Paris: OECD"},{"issue":"10","key":"4596_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.55248\/gengpi.5.1024.3013","volume":"5","author":"M Gandhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gandhi M (2024) Enhancing rural livelihoods: the role of dairy farming in income and employment generation in Telangana. Int J Res Publication Reviews 5(10):4075\u20134079","journal-title":"Int J Res Publication Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-022-00384-3","volume":"11","author":"YH Gebre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gebre YH, Gebru GW, Gebre KT (2022) Adoption of artificial insemination technology and its intensity of use in Eastern Tigray National regional state of Ethiopia. Agric Food Secur 11(1):44","journal-title":"Agric Food Secur"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2003.tb00148.x","volume":"29","author":"B Gebremedhin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gebremedhin B, Swinton SM (2003) Investment in soil conservation in Northern ethiopia: the role of land tenure security and public programs. Agric Econ 29(1):69\u201384","journal-title":"Agric Econ"},{"key":"4596_CR20","volume-title":"Assessment of calf crop productivity and total herd life of Fogera cows at Andassa ranch in North-western Ethiopia","author":"Y Giday","year":"2001","unstructured":"Giday Y (2001) Assessment of calf crop productivity and total herd life of Fogera cows at Andassa ranch in North-western Ethiopia. Alemaya University, Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"4596_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goshme S, Dadi H (2024) Genetic diversity and footprint of the Ethiopian cattle population, and the application of molecular information on sustainable cattle genetic improvement: opportunities, challenges, and future directions in Ethiopia. A comprehensive review. Biol Divers","DOI":"10.1002\/bod2.12026"},{"issue":"15","key":"4596_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1071\/AN19192","volume":"61","author":"K Govindasamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Govindasamy K, Rahman M, Chutia T, Singh LA (2021) Success rate, genetic improvement and economic analysis of artificial insemination delivery models for smallholder pig production systems. Anim Prod Sci 61(15):1606\u20131612","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"4596_CR23","unstructured":"Greene WH (2003) Econometric analysis. Prentice Hall"},{"key":"4596_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamid M, Abduraman S, Tadesse B (2021) Risk factors for the efficiency of artificial insemination in dairy cows and economic impact of failure of first service insemination in and around Haramaya Town, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6622487","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6622487"},{"key":"4596_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M. (2019). Does gender influence farm households\u2019 decision to adopt technology and commercial agriculture: Implication for household food security in rural Bangladesh. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 17(1):219\u2013226","DOI":"10.3329\/sja.v17i1.42772"},{"key":"4596_CR27","unstructured":"Ingabire MC, Yonggong L, Pesha JC, Hardi A (2018) Factors affecting adoption of artificial insemination technology by small dairy farmers in Rwanda: A case of Rwamagana District. J Eco and Sustain Dev, 9(12):46\u201353"},{"key":"4596_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070349","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1070349","volume":"7","author":"L Korir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Korir L, Manning L, Moore HL, Lindahl JF, Gemechu G, Mihret A, Berg S, Wood JLN, Nyokabi NS (2023) Adoption of dairy technologies in smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia. Front Sustainable Food Syst 7:1070349","journal-title":"Front Sustainable Food Syst"},{"key":"4596_CR29","volume-title":"Factors affecting adoption of dairy cattle milk production technologies by smallholder dairy farmers in mosop sub County","author":"JK Kosgei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kosgei JK (2021) Factors affecting adoption of dairy cattle milk production technologies by smallholder dairy farmers in mosop sub County. University of Kabianga, Nandi County, Kenya"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR30","first-page":"2194735","volume":"9","author":"AE Lemma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lemma AE, Yitbarek MC, Mekonen EK (2023) The impact of adopting artificial cattle insemination technology by smallholder farmers on their wellbeing: the case of yem special district, Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sci 9(1):2194735","journal-title":"Cogent Social Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.46281\/bjmsr.v7i1.2115","volume":"7","author":"T Mekonnen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mekonnen T, Meseret S (2023) A review on efficiency of artificial insemination in cattle breeding in Ethiopia. Bangladesh J Multidisciplinary Sci Res 7(1):44\u201349","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Multidisciplinary Sci Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"4596_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601922","volume":"56","author":"PG Moffatt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moffatt PG (2005) Hurdle models of loan default. J Oper Res Soc 56(9):1063\u20131071","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"4596_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2022-0363","volume":"4","author":"SG Moore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore SG, Crowe AD, Randi F, Butler ST (2023) Effect of delayed timing of artificial insemination with sex-sorted semen on pregnancy per artificial insemination in synchronized dairy heifers managed in a seasonal-calving pasture-based system. JDS Commun 4(5):417\u2013421","journal-title":"JDS Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.273226","volume":"55","author":"B Mushonga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mushonga B, Dusabe J (2017) Artificial insemination in Nyagatare district: level of adoption and the factors determining its adoption. Alexandria J Veterinary Sci 55(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/ajvs.273226","journal-title":"Alexandria J Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"4596_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399434","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2024.1399434","volume":"5","author":"M Nagahara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nagahara M, Tatemoto S, Ito T, Fujimoto O, Ono T, Taniguchi M, Takagi M, Otoi T (2024) Designing a diagnostic method to predict the optimal artificial insemination timing in cows using artificial intelligence. Front Anim Sci 5:1399434","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s44230-023-00050-2","volume":"4","author":"S Neethirajan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neethirajan S (2024) Artificial intelligence and sensor innovations: enhancing livestock welfare with a human-centric approach. Human-Centric Intell Syst 4(1):77\u201392","journal-title":"Human-Centric Intell Syst"},{"key":"4596_CR37","unstructured":"Okeyo Mwai A, Tsuma V, Owino JO, Ochieng L, Rao EJO (2020) Accelerating genetic improvement in emerging smallholder dairy systems through fixed-time and conventional artificial insemination technologies: organizational and operational experiences from Kenya. ILRI Project Report"},{"key":"4596_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2022.08.007","volume":"76","author":"S Saba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saba S, Sarker MAR, Gow J (2022) Determinants of non-farm income diversification strategies and decisions of Bangladesh farm households. Econ Anal Policy 76:226\u2013235","journal-title":"Econ Anal Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"4596_CR39","first-page":"109","volume":"9","author":"E Shanku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shanku E (2022) Evaluation of artificial insemination (AI) after estrus synchronization of dairy cattle in Wondo genet district, Sidama regional state of Southern Ethiopia. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci 9(6):109\u2013117","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4596_CR40","first-page":"6","volume":"19","author":"AK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh AK, Bhakat C, Ghosh MK, Dutta TK (2021) Technologies used at advanced dairy farms for optimizing the performance of dairy animals: A review. Span J Agricultural Res 19(4):6","journal-title":"Span J Agricultural Res"},{"key":"4596_CR41","unstructured":"Tefera SS (2013) Determinants of artificial insemination use by smallholder dairy farmers in Lemu-Bilbilo District, Ethiopia. Egerton University"},{"key":"4596_CR42","unstructured":"Temba AEM (2011) Factors affecting adoption of artificial insemination technology by dairy farmers in Kinondoni District. Sokoine University of Agriculture"},{"issue":"18","key":"4596_CR43","first-page":"3341","volume":"12","author":"B Tesfaye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tesfaye B, Lengoiboni M, Zevenbergen J, Simane B (2023) A holistic analysis of food security situation of households engaged in land certification and sustainable land management programs: South Wello. Ethiopia Foods 12(18):3341","journal-title":"Ethiopia Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"4596_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"AS Tsehay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsehay AS (2024) Analysis of dairy farm management practices and drivers of technology adoption: insights from central highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiop J Dev Res 46(2):1\u201335","journal-title":"Ethiop J Dev Res"},{"key":"4596_CR45","unstructured":"Webb DW (1992) Artificial insemination in dairy cattle. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.12982\/VIS.2024.018","volume":"22","author":"T Woldeyohannes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Woldeyohannes T, Betsha S, Melesse A (2024) Genetic improvement approaches of Indigenous cattle breeds for adaptation, conservation and sustainable utilization to changing climate in Ethiopia. Veterinary Integr Sci 22(1):231\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12982\/VIS.2024.018","journal-title":"Veterinary Integr Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR47","first-page":"7","volume":"21","author":"CM Yadav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yadav CM, Naagar KC (2021) Dairy farming technologies adopted by the farmers in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan. Indian Res J Ext Edu 21(1):7\u201311","journal-title":"Indian Res J Ext Edu"},{"issue":"8","key":"4596_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.9734\/jsrr\/2021\/v27i830424","volume":"27","author":"R Yadav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yadav R, Yadav SK, Singh AK, Singh P (2021) Constraints and way forward for boosting income from dairy farming in india: A review. J Sci Res Rep 27(8):55\u201364","journal-title":"J Sci Res Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4596_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.jri.2018.28.35","volume":"9","author":"B Yehalaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yehalaw B, Jemberu A, Asnake A, Wube A, Hirpa A, Medicine V, Box PO (2018) Factors affecting the efficiency of artificial insemination in dairy cows in and around Bishoftu (Debre Zeite), Oromia Regional State. Ethiopia 9(2):28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5829\/idosi.jri.2018.28.35","journal-title":"Ethiopia"},{"issue":"5","key":"4596_CR50","first-page":"79","volume":"7","author":"TT Yitayih","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yitayih TT, Moges TM, Kebeto UL (2017) Review on status and constraints of artificial insemination in dairy cattle in developing countries: the case of Ethiopia. J Biology Agric Healthc 7(5):79\u201387","journal-title":"J Biology Agric Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4596_CR51","first-page":"19","volume":"12","author":"M Yousuf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yousuf M, Yusuf A, Mohammed I (2024) Review on current animal breeding and genetic technologies to increase production and productivity of cattle. J Anim Sci Res 12(1):19\u201336","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Res"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04596-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04596-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04596-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:30:23Z","timestamp":1760427023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04596-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04596-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"334"}}