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This study investigates the genetic structure of the breed using 18 microsatellite markers and compares it to both commercial breeds in the island and global cattle populations. Nearly 10% of the total population, in particular 116 individuals of the Cyprus Bovine Breed, were analyzed and the findings revealed moderate to high genetic diversity (Ho\u2009=\u20090.691, He\u2009=\u20090.714), with allele richness comparable to other indigenous breeds (Na\u2009=\u20096.265). Notably, there is no evidence of genetic admixture with commercial cattle breeds grown in Cyprus. The analysis also highlights low inbreeding (Fis\u2009=\u20090.066) and genetic cohesion across regions of Cyprus. It was found that the Cyprus Bovine Breed shows genetic affinities to both Zebu and African Bos taurus cattle, reflecting a complex history of genetic exchanges likely driven by ancient trade and migration routes. These results have important implications for the conservation of the Cyprus Bovine Breed. The breed\u2019s genetic diversity and minimal differentiation among regions suggest that it has retained considerable genetic variability despite modern challenges. To ensure its survival, sustainable breeding practices and region-specific programs are essential to maintain its genetic integrity. The results can find practical application in conservation programs of the Cyprus bovine endangered breed, as well as become the basis for future fundamental research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04728-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:44:10Z","timestamp":1774532650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic characterization of the indigenous Cyprus cattle breed"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mikaella","family":"Kyriakou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simoni","family":"Symeou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouranios","family":"Tzamaloukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Miltiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4728_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ajmone-Marsan P, Garcia JF, Lenstra JA (2010) On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became cattle and colonized the world. 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The study protocol was assessed and approved by Cyprus University of Technology research and extension office. Participants provided their verbal informed consent for animal blood sampling as well as for the related survey questions. Collection of blood samples was carried out by veterinarians adhering to the regulations and guidelines on animal husbandry and welfare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of animal rights"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"199"}}