{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:49:07Z","timestamp":1778780947951,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04750-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1762844449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms for estrous detection in dairy cows using sensor-based behavioral data across seasons"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Melik\u015fah","family":"Sakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malik","family":"Ergin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasin","family":"Altay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4750_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.25864","volume":"73","author":"Y Altay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altay Y, Aytekin \u0130, Eyduran E (2022) Use of multivariate adaptive regression splines, classification tree and Roc curve in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Hellenic Vet Med Soc 73(1):3817\u20133826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/jhvms.25864","journal-title":"Hellenic Vet Med Soc"},{"key":"4750_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arago NM, Alvarez CI, Mabale AG, Legista CG, Repiso NE, Robles RRA, Amado TM, Jorda RJL, Thio-ac AC, Velasco JS, Tolentino LKS (2020) Automated estrous detection for dairy cattle through neural networks and bounding box corner analysis. J Adv Comput Sci, Appl 11(9)","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2020.0110935"},{"issue":"5","key":"4750_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4653","volume":"95","author":"SPM Aungier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aungier SPM, Roche JF, Sheehy M, Crowe MA (2012) Effects of management and health on the use of activity monitoring for estrous detection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 95(5):2452\u20132466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2011-4653","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4750_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2018.50.1.189.195","volume":"50","author":"I Aytekin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aytekin I, Eyduran E, Karadas K, Aksahan R, Keskin I (2018) Prediction of fattening final live weight from some body measurements and fattening period in young bulls of crossbred and exotic breeds using MARS data mining algorithm. Pak J Zool 50(1):189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2018.50.1.189.195","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"issue":"5","key":"4750_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7560","volume":"97","author":"JP Bikker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bikker JP, Van Laar H, Rump P, Doorenbos J, Van Meurs K, Griffioen GM, Dijkstra J (2014) Evaluation of an ear-attached movement sensor to record cow feeding behavior and activity. J Dairy Sci 97(5):2974\u20132979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2013-7560","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"4750_CR6","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. In: Blockeel H, Leuven KU (eds) Machine learning. Springer, New York, pp 5\u201332"},{"key":"4750_CR7","unstructured":"Brownlee J (2016) Machine learning algorithms from scratch with python. Machine Learning Mastery"},{"key":"4750_CR21","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.15316\/SJAFS.2021.237","volume":"35","author":"G Co\u015fkun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Co\u015fkun G, Aytekin \u0130 (2021) Early detection of mastitis by using infrared thermography in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows via classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Selcuk J Agric Food Sci 35(2):118\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15316\/SJAFS.2021.237","journal-title":"Selcuk J Agric Food Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4750_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03811-0","volume":"55","author":"RA Delialioglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delialioglu RA, Pehlivan E, Altay Y (2023) Morphological characterization of the Polatli sheep in terms of live weight using data mining algorithms. Trop Anim Health Prod 55(6):416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-023-03811-0","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"4750_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"JH Friedman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Friedman JH (1991) Multivariate adaptive regression splines. Annals Stat 19:1\u201361","journal-title":"Annals Stat"},{"key":"4750_CR11","unstructured":"General Directorate of Meteorology (GDM) of Turkey (2024) Annual average temperature, and humidity value of Ankara Province. [cited 2024 Jun1]. https:\/\/www.mgm.gov.tr\/veridegerlendirme\/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx"},{"key":"4750_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-014-5440-5","volume":"101","author":"E Kartal Koc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kartal Koc E, Bozdogan H (2015) Model selection in multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) using information complexity as the fitness function. Mach Learn 101:35\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10994-014-5440-5","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"4750_CR13","first-page":"168","volume":"34","author":"M Kayri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kayri M, Boysan M (2008) Assessment of relation between cognitive vulnerability and depression\u2019s level by using classification and regression tree analysis. Hacet Univ J Ed 34:168\u2013177","journal-title":"Hacet Univ J Ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"4750_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","volume":"28","author":"M Kuhn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuhn M (2008) Building predictive models in r using the caret package. J Stat Softw 28(5):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"4750_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.10.023","volume":"66","author":"AJ Landaeta-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Landaeta-Hern\u00e1ndez AJ, Mel\u00e9ndez P, Bartolom\u00e9 J, Rae DO, Archbald LF (2006) Effect of biostimulation on the expression of estrus in postpartum Angus cows. Theriogenology 66(4):710\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.10.023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"4750_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126382","volume":"598","author":"M Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma M, Zhao G, He B, Li Q, Dong H, Wang S, Wang Z (2021) XGBOOST-based method for flash flood risk assessment. J Hydrol 598:126382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126382","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4750_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14738","volume":"102","author":"LM Mayo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayo LM, Silvia WJ, Ray DL, Jones BW, Stone AE, Tsai IC, Clark JD, Bewley JM, Heersche G Jr (2019) Automated estrous detection using multiple commercial precision dairy monitoring technologies in synchronized dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 102(3):2645\u20132656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2018-14738","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"4750_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.02.003","volume":"221","author":"K Minegishi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minegishi K, Heins BJ, Pereira GM (2019) Peri-estrous activity and rumination time and its application to estrous prediction: evidence from dairy herds under organic grazing and low-input conventional production. Livest Sci 221:144\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.02.003","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4750_CR19","unstructured":"NRC (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC"},{"key":"4750_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149085","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1149085","volume":"4","author":"HJ Perez Marquez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perez Marquez HJ, Ambrose DJ, Bench CJ (2023) Behavioral changes to detect estrous using ear-sensor accelerometer compared to in-line milk progesterone in a commercial dairy herd. Front Anim Sci 4:1149085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fanim.2023.1149085","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci"},{"key":"4750_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.05.055","volume":"572","author":"O Sagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sagi O, Rokach L (2021) Approximating XGBoost with an interpretable decision tree. Inf Sci 572:522\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2021.05.055","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.24180\/ijaws.1035429","volume":"8","author":"\u00c7M Sakar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sakar \u00c7M (2022) The effects of temperature-humidity index values on some behaviours in male Anatolian black cattle. Int J Agric Wildl Sci 8(2):349\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24180\/ijaws.1035429","journal-title":"Int J Agric Wildl Sci"},{"key":"4750_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.03.003","volume":"104","author":"DM Tsai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsai DM, Huang CY (2014) A motion and image analysis method for automatic detection of estrous and mating behavior in cattle. Comput Electron Agr 104:25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2014.03.003","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4750_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14629","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14629","volume":"59","author":"E \u00dcnay","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00dcnay E, Okuro\u011flu A, Tirpan MB, Co\u015fkun M\u0130, Sevgi R, Yilmaz MA, \u00dcnal \u0130, Eri\u015fek A, Say E, Satilmi\u015f M, Kaya U (2024) Association between metabolic parameters and embryo production in superovulated dairy cattle. Reprod Domes Anim 59(6):e14629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.14629","journal-title":"Reprod Domes Anim"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04750-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04750-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04750-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1764381700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04750-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["4750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04750-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of International Center for Livestock Research and Training (29.03.2022\/199).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The study does not involve human participation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"479"}}