{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:12:45Z","timestamp":1787317965522,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR42271\/TRM\/120\/511\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR42271\/TRM\/120\/511\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"ICMR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3\/1\/3\/JRF-2020\/HRD(LS)\/134663\/49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/1\/3\/JRF-2020\/HRD(LS)\/134663\/49"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010426","name":"UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211610035458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211610035458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04788-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:17:16Z","timestamp":1765268236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Targeting piroplasmosis and theileriosis: New frontiers in drug development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ritika","family":"Rajput","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4788_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.049","volume":"167","author":"M Aboulaila","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aboulaila M et al (2010) Evaluation of the in vitro growth-inhibitory effect of Epoxomicin on Babesia parasites. Vet Parasitol 167:19\u201327","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aderanti T, Marshall JM, Thekkiniath J (2025) Effect of protease inhibitors on the intraerythrocytic development of Babesia microti and Babesia duncani, the causative agents of human babesiosis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 72, e13064","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.13064"},{"key":"4788_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222913","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1222913","volume":"13","author":"S Akash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akash S et al (2023) Anti-parasitic drug discovery against Babesia microti by natural compounds: an extensive computational drug design approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1222913","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4788_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0180-8","volume":"5","author":"PB Araveti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Araveti PB, Srivastava A (2019) Curcumin induced oxidative stress causes autophagy and apoptosis in bovine leucocytes transformed by theileria annulata. Cell Death Discov 5:100","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"4788_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2021.12.003","volume":"18","author":"PB Araveti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Araveti PB et al (2022) MMV560185 from pathogen box induces extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in theileria annulata infected bovine leucocytes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 18:20\u201331","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"4788_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01067-7","volume":"21","author":"M Barman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barman M et al (2023) Artemisinin derivatives induce oxidative stress leading to DNA damage and caspase-mediated apoptosis in theileria annulata-transformed cells. Cell Commun Signal 21:78","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"4788_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batiha GE et al (2019a) The effects of trans-chalcone and chalcone 4 hydrate on the growth of Babesia and theileria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13, e0007030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007030"},{"key":"4788_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0171-8","volume":"47","author":"GE Batiha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batiha GE et al (2019b) Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Ivermectin on the growth of Babesia and theileria parasites in vitro and in vivo. Trop Med Health 47:42","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"4788_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06796-z","volume":"119","author":"GE Batiha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batiha GE et al (2020) Inhibitory effects of novel Ciprofloxacin derivatives on the growth of four Babesia species and theileria equi. Parasitol Res 119:3061\u20133073","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4788_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0604:CKACAP]2.0.CO;2","volume":"89","author":"S Bork","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bork S et al (2003) Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and clodinafop-propargyl as potent growth inhibitors of equine Babesia parasites during in vitro culture. J Parasitol 89:604\u2013606","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1645\/13-278.1","volume":"100","author":"S Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao S et al (2014) Mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil, mizoribine, ribavirin, and 7-nitroindole inhibit propagation of Babesia parasites by targeting inosine 5\u2019-monophosphate dehydrogenase. J Parasitol 100:522\u2013526","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardillo NM et al (2024) The combination of buparvaquone and ELQ316 Exhibit a stronger effect than ELQ316 and imidocarb against babesia bovis In Vitro, Pharmaceutics 16","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111402"},{"key":"4788_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sayed SAE et al (2023) Antiparasitic activity of FLLL-32 against four Babesia species, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens and B. caballi, and one Theileria species, Theileria equi in vitro, and Babesia microti in mice, Front Pharmacol 14, 1278451","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1278451"},{"key":"4788_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.12.024","volume":"217","author":"A Gopalakrishnan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan A et al (2016) In vitro growth inhibitory efficacy of some target specific novel drug molecules against theileria equi. Vet Parasitol 217:1\u20136","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2003.09.013","volume":"85","author":"J Guergnon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guergnon J et al (2003) Apoptosis of Theileria-infected lymphocytes induced upon parasite death involves activation of caspases 9 and 3. Biochimie 85:771\u2013776","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"4788_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.02.005","volume":"8","author":"A Guswanto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guswanto A et al (2018) 17-DMAG inhibits the multiplication of several Babesia species and theileria equi on in vitro cultures, and Babesia microti in mice. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 8:104\u2013111","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"4788_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v71i2.274","volume":"71","author":"M Gwamaka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gwamaka M et al (2004) The effect of dexamethasone and promethazine in combination with Buparvaquone in the management of East Coast fever. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 71:119\u2013128","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"4788_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3038-7","volume":"11","author":"L He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He L et al (2018) The MEP pathway in Babesia orientalis apicoplast, a potential target for anti-babesiosis drug development. Parasit Vectors 11:452","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4788_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870852","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.870852","volume":"12","author":"L He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He L et al (2022) Lactate dehydrogenase as a potential therapeutic drug target to control Babesia Bigemina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:870852","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4788_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb01029.x","volume":"30","author":"JW Holland","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holland JW, Gero AM, O\u2019Sullivan WJ (1983) Enzymes of de Novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in Babesia Rodhaini. J Protozool 30:36\u201340","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"4788_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02801-15","volume":"60","author":"I Hostettler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hostettler I, Muller J, Hemphill A (2016) In vitro screening of the Open-Source medicines for malaria venture malaria box reveals novel compounds with profound activities against theileria annulata schizonts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:3301\u20133308","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4788_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.12.006","volume":"64","author":"A Iguchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iguchi A et al (2015) The efficacy of artemisinin, artemether, and lumefantrine against Babesia Gibsoni in vitro. Parasitol Int 64:190\u2013193","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"4788_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048962","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1048962","volume":"12","author":"S Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji S et al (2022) Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is a viable target for the radical cure of Babesia microti infection in immunocompromised hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:1048962","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4788_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107069","volume":"249","author":"S Ji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ji S et al (2024) Anti-babesial activity of a series of 6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4-diamines (DMQDAs). Acta Trop 249:107069","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"4788_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0325823","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03258-23","volume":"12","author":"S Kamble","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kamble S et al (2024) Epidrugs: alternative chemotherapy targeting theileria annulata schizont stage parasites. Microbiol Spectr 12:e0325823","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"4788_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0419","volume":"76","author":"K Kamyingkird","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kamyingkird K et al (2014) Babesia Bovis dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (BboDHODH) is a novel molecular target of drug for bovine babesiosis. J Vet Med Sci 76:323\u2013330","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.03.002","volume":"176","author":"K Kamyingkird","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamyingkird K et al (2017) Effects of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors on the growth of theileria equi and Babesia Caballi in vitro. Exp Parasitol 176:59\u201365","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102049","volume":"13","author":"PP Kar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kar PP, Araveti PB, Srivastava A (2022) Deciphering the Kinome of theileria annulata for identification of drug targets and anti-theilerial drug. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 13:102049","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4788_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kar PP et al (2024) Cimicifugin, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of theileria annulata and plasmodium falciparum CDK7. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 68:e0044024","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00440-24"},{"key":"4788_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keroack CD et al (2024) Comparative chemical genomics in Babesia species identifies the alkaline phosphatase PhoD as a determinant of antiparasitic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 121:e2312987121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312987121"},{"key":"4788_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.110055","volume":"324","author":"P Koonyosying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koonyosying P et al (2023) Inhibitory effects on bovine babesial infection by iron chelator, 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)- 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1), and antimalarial drugs. Vet Parasitol 324:110055","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae238","volume":"79","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2024","unstructured":"Krause PJ et al (2024) Tafenoquine for relapsing babesiosis: A case series. Clin Infect Dis 79:130\u2013137","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4788_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1171","volume":"65","author":"S Kumar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kumar S et al (2003) In-vivo therapeutic efficacy trial with Artemisinin derivative, Buparvaquone and Imidocarb dipropionate against Babesia equi infection in donkeys. J Vet Med Sci 65:1171\u20131177","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1980.176.10.1103","volume":"176","author":"KL Kuttler","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kuttler KL (1980) Pharmacotherapeutics of drugs used in treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1103\u20131108","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"4788_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107831","volume":"210","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y et al (2020) Drug screening of food and drug administration-approved compounds against Babesia Bovis in vitro. Exp Parasitol 210:107831","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102774","volume":"96","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H et al (2023) In vitro screening of compounds from the food and drug Administration-approved library identifies anti-Babesia Gibsoni activity of Idarubicin hydrochloride and Vorinostat. Parasitol Int 96:102774","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"4788_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06623-9","volume":"18","author":"W Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo W et al (2025) Design and screening of novel molecular compounds targeting lactate dehydrogenase of Babesia microti. Parasit Vectors 18:69","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4788_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.04.002","volume":"8","author":"GS M","year":"2017","unstructured":"M GS et al (2017) Inhibition of the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina, Babesia Caballi and theileria equi parasites by Trifluralin analogues. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 8:593\u2013597","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4788_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.1.91","volume":"41","author":"SE Marley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Marley SE et al (1997) Evaluation of selected antiprotozoal drugs in the Babesia microti-hamster model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:91\u201394","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4788_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00195-4","volume":"108","author":"HA Mbwambo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mbwambo HA et al (2002) Comparative studies of the efficacy of Parvaquone and Parvaquone-plus-frusemide in the treatment of theileria Parva infection (East Coast fever) in cattle. Vet Parasitol 108:195\u2013205","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237932","volume":"13","author":"N McHardy","year":"1981","unstructured":"McHardy N, Rae DG (1981) Treatment of stabilate-induced East Coast fever with menoctone. Trop Anim Health Prod 13:227\u2013239","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"4788_CR42","unstructured":"Minjauw B, McLeod A (2003) The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on the livelihood of small-scale and marginal livestock owners in India and Eastern and Southern Africa. Tick-Borne Diseases and Poverty, 2003, (DFID Animal Health Programme, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh., UK)"},{"key":"4788_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05326.x","volume":"916","author":"S Morzaria","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morzaria S et al (2000) Vaccines against theileria Parva. Ann N Y Acad Sci 916:464\u2013473","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TROP.0000016832.69136.68","volume":"36","author":"RA Musoke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Musoke RA et al (2004) Treatment of East Coast fever of cattle with a combination of Parvaquone and Frusemide. Trop Anim Health Prod 36:233\u2013245","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"4788_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.800-803.2003","volume":"47","author":"A Nagai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nagai A et al (2003) Growth-inhibitory effects of artesunate, pyrimethamine, and Pamaquine against Babesia equi and Babesia Caballi in in vitro cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:800\u2013803","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"4788_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.06.004","volume":"10","author":"AB Nugraha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nugraha AB et al (2019) Screening the medicines for malaria venture pathogen box against Piroplasm parasites. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 10:84\u201390","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"4788_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.01.002","volume":"9","author":"J Nyagwange","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nyagwange J et al (2019) Leveraging the medicines for malaria venture malaria and pathogen boxes to discover chemical inhibitors of East Coast fever. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 9:80\u201386","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"4788_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5564\/mjas.v11i2.210","volume":"11","author":"T Nyamjargal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nyamjargal T et al (2014) Trichostatin A, a potential drug for treatment of animal Babesia infections. Mongolian J Agricultural Sci 11:24\u201326","journal-title":"Mongolian J Agricultural Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.12.016","volume":"161","author":"MA Omar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Omar MA et al (2016) Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory effect of Enoxacin on Babesia and theileria parasites. Exp Parasitol 161:62\u201367","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac181","volume":"226","author":"AC Pal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pal AC, Vivo et al (2022) J Infect Dis, 226, 1267\u20131275","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4788_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/3284461","volume":"83","author":"M Pudney","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pudney M, Gray JS (1997) Therapeutic efficacy of Atovaquone against the bovine intraerythrocytic parasite, Babesia divergens. J Parasitol 83:307\u2013310","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.11.002","volume":"99","author":"EL Regner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Regner EL et al (2014) Biochemical characterization of thioredoxin reductase from Babesia Bovis. Biochimie 99:44\u201353","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"4788_CR53","first-page":"203","volume":"41","author":"M Rintelen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rintelen M, Schein E, Ahmed JS (1990) Buparvaquone but not cyclosporin A prevents theileria annulata-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cells from stimulating uninfected lymphocytes. Trop Med Parasitol 41:203\u2013207","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizk MA et al (2015) Optimization of a fluorescence-based assay for large-scale drug screening against babesia and theileria parasites. PLoS ONE. 10:e0125276","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125276"},{"key":"4788_CR56","volume-title":"Compounds from the medicines for malaria venture box inhibit in vitro growth of Babesia divergens, a blood","author":"MA Rizk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rizk MA et al (2021) Compounds from the medicines for malaria venture box inhibit in vitro growth of Babesia divergens, a blood-, vol 26. Borne Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance, Molecules"},{"key":"4788_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05430-4","volume":"15","author":"MA Rizk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rizk MA et al (2022) Repurposing of the malaria box for Babesia microti in mice identifies novel active scaffolds against piroplasmosis. Parasit Vectors 15:329","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4788_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102145","volume":"14","author":"MA Rizk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAE, Igarashi I (2023a) Diminazene aceturate and Imidocarb dipropionate-based combination therapy for babesiosis - A new paradigm. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 14:102145","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4788_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00648-9","volume":"68","author":"MA Rizk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAE, Igarashi I (2023b) Vitro inhibitory effects and bioinformatic analysis of Norfloxacin and Ofloxacin on Piroplasm. Acta Parasitol 68:213\u2013222","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44989","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c04564","volume":"9","author":"L Robbertse","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robbertse L et al (2024) Evaluating antimalarial proteasome inhibitors for efficacy in Babesia blood stage cultures. ACS Omega 9:44989\u201344999","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"4788_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.04.004","volume":"8","author":"MG Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva MG et al (2018) Assessment of Draxxin((R)) (tulathromycin) as an inhibitor of in vitro growth of Babesia bovis, Babesia Bigemina and theileria equi. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 8:265\u2013270","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"4788_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(93)90013-6","volume":"54","author":"DK Singh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Singh DK et al (1993) Chemotherapeutic trials with four drugs in crossbred calves experimentally infected with theileria annulata. Res Vet Sci 54:68\u201371","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108408","volume":"243","author":"K Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh K et al (2022) Economic impact of predominant ticks and tick-borne diseases on Indian dairy production systems. Exp Parasitol 243:108408","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.124309","volume":"6","author":"MP Soni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soni MP et al (2014) Buparvaquone loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery in theleriosis. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 6:22\u201330","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02239836","volume":"22","author":"NP Stewart","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stewart NP et al (1990) Elimination of theileria Buffeli infections from cattle by concurrent treatment with Buparvaquone and primaquine phosphate. Trop Anim Health Prod 22:116\u2013122","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"4788_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3109\/02652049409051112","volume":"11","author":"BA Timofeev","year":"1994","unstructured":"Timofeev BA et al (1994) Liposomal diamidine (imidocarb): Preparation and animal studies. J Microencapsul 11:627\u2013632","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"4788_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab537","volume":"225","author":"B Tuvshintulga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tuvshintulga B et al (2022) Combination of Clofazimine and Atovaquone as a potent therapeutic regimen for the radical cure of Babesia microti infection in immunocompromised hosts. J Infect Dis 225:238\u2013242","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4788_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03981-x","volume":"5","author":"M Villares","year":"2022","unstructured":"Villares M et al (2022) Trifloxystrobin blocks the growth of theileria parasites and is a promising drug to treat Buparvaquone resistance. Commun Biol 5:1253","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"4788_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00247","volume":"8","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang S et al (2020) Inhibitory effects of fosmidomycin against Babesia microti in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:247","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4788_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.835","volume":"62","author":"A Wijaya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wijaya A et al (2000) Therapeutic effect of clindamycin and Tetracycline on Babesia Rodhaini infection in mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 62:835\u2013839","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4788_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00202-5","volume":"65","author":"J Yadav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yadav J et al (2020) Protein kinase inhibitors arrested the In-Vitro growth of theileria equi. Acta Parasitol 65:644\u2013651","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.09.005","volume":"205","author":"M Yamasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamasaki M et al (2014) In vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy studies of amphotericin B on Babesia Gibsoni. Vet Parasitol 205:424\u2013433","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4788_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01663","volume":"10","author":"L Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu L et al (2019) Identifying the Naphthalene-Based compound 3,5-Dihydroxy 2-Napthoic acid as a novel lead compound for designing lactate Dehydrogenase-Specific antibabesial drug. Front Pharmacol 10:1663","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4788_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5084-4","volume":"115","author":"S Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao S et al (2016) Identification of a thioredoxin reductase from Babesia microti during mammalian infection. Parasitol Res 115:3219\u20133227","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4788_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.004","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao Y et al (2019) 4-NBT, a specific inhibitor of Babesia microti thioredoxin reductase, affects parasite biochemistry and proteomic properties. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 10:1018\u20131027","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04788-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04788-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04788-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:02:07Z","timestamp":1767045727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04788-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04788-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. There is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"529"}}