{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:11:06Z","timestamp":1781629866750,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007041","name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study describes the first simultaneous identification of\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella bovoculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in dromedary camels from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria. Four lactating camels showing ocular lesions including conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimation, keratoconjunctivitis, and inflammation of the third eyelid were examined. Ocular swabs were collected and analyzed using real-time PCR for major bacterial and viral ocular pathogens. Only\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovoculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Cq 27) and\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Cq 36) were detected, while all other agents tested negative. Clinical recovery was achieved in all animals after topical treatment with oxytetracycline. The findings suggest a possible polymicrobial etiology, as has been described in cattle, and highlight the susceptibility of camels to pathogens traditionally associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The absence of other pathogens reinforces the role of\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella spp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . as primary etiological agents in these cases. This report provides new insights into camel ocular health and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment under field conditions. Moreover, it underscores the need to strengthen disease surveillance and preventive strategies in humanitarian contexts, where camel health is closely linked to the food security and livelihoods of displaced populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04836-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:29:44Z","timestamp":1768289384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First simultaneous identification of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in the Sahara Desert"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda de los \u00c1ngeles","family":"Ramo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh Mohamed","family":"Lamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lochaa","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Embarek Mohamed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Chacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam Salma","family":"Muftah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Solsona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Alcaraz-Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Alfonso","family":"Abecia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4836_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"KA Al-Salihi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Salihi KA (2018) Invited review: camelids zoonotic diseases. J Camelid Sci 11:1\u201320","journal-title":"J Camelid Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4836_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.11.001","volume":"31","author":"JA Angelos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Angelos JA (2015) Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 31(1):61\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.11.001","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"4836_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-021-00205-3","volume":"6","author":"DH Braam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braam DH, Jephcott FL, Wood JLN (2021) Identifying the research gap of zoonotic disease in displacement: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 6:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41256-021-00205-3","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"key":"4836_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014","volume":"5","author":"D Destoumieux-Garz\u00f3n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Destoumieux-Garz\u00f3n D, Mavingui P, Boetsch G, Boissier J, Darriet F, Duboz P, Fritsch C, Giraudoux P, Le Roux F, Morand S, Paillard C, Pontier D, Sueur C, Voituron Y (2018) The one health concept: 10 years old and a long road ahead. Front Vet Sci 5:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4836_CR5","volume-title":"The camel in health and disease","author":"AJ Higgins","year":"1986","unstructured":"Higgins AJ (1986) The camel in health and disease. Bailli\u00e8re Tindall, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"4836_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.35229\/jaes.1245621","volume":"8","author":"V \u00d6zavc\u0131","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00d6zavc\u0131 V, Sefero\u011flu Y (2023) Identification of Moraxella bovoculi in infectious camel (Camelus dromedarius) keratoconjunctivitis cases and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility. J Anatol Environ Anim Sci 8(1):110\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35229\/jaes.1245621","journal-title":"J Anatol Environ Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4836_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.08.002","volume":"101","author":"KM Rich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rich KM, Perry BD (2011) The economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing countries: new roles, new demands for economics and epidemiology. 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Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 59(3):331\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bvip-2015-0049","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy"},{"issue":"2","key":"4836_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02329-09","volume":"48","author":"MT Tejedor-Junco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tejedor-Junco MT, Guti\u00e9rrez C, Gonz\u00e1lez M, Fern\u00e1ndez A, Wauters G, De Baere T, Deschaght P, Vaneechoutte M (2010) Outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis in a camel herd caused by a specific biovar of Moraxella canis. J Clin Microbiol 48(2):596\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02329-09","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4836_CR10","first-page":"12","volume":"58","author":"BT White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White BT (2018) Humans and animals in refugee camps. Forced Migr Rev 58:12\u201314","journal-title":"Forced Migr Rev"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04836-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04836-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04836-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:39:43Z","timestamp":1781627983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04836-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-025-04836-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was carried out in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf (Algeria), where no institutional animal ethics committee is established. The work involved the clinical examination and treatment of dromedary camels naturally affected by ocular disease, performed at the request of their owners and with the sole purpose of improving animal health and welfare. No experimental infections or invasive procedures were conducted, and informed consent was obtained from the animal owners prior to sampling and treatment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"46"}}