{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:28:57Z","timestamp":1774524537760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004779","name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Do Paran\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gastrointestinal infections significantly impact sheep health and productivity, with diarrhea and parasites particularly threatening lambs. To address these challenges, feed additives offer solutions to enhance animal health and performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of humic acids (HA) on the gastrointestinal tract and growth of lambs. Forty 1\/2 Hampshire Down weaned lambs (aged 100.9\u2009\u00b1\u20097.1 days; average weight 24.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9\u00a0kg) were randomly allocated to two groups (20 each), balanced for weight and sex. The control group (CG) received a basal diet without HA supplementation, while the treatment group (TG) was fed a basal diet plus commercial HA at 500\u00a0mg\/kg body weight\/day for 56 days. Every two weeks, lambs underwent hematological, biochemical, parasitological, immunological, fecal consistency, and performance analyses. After the experimental period, 10 lambs per group were slaughtered. Histological analyses included measuring abomasal mucosa thickness and mucus production in the abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Tissues from the abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum were also used for leukocyte counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluations, while parasitological analysis consisted of parasite recovery from the abomasum and small intestine. The TG exhibited improved fecal consistency, a decrease in CD8 lymphocytes in the abomasum and duodenum, and reduced platelet counts. In general, hematological, biochemical, parasitological, histological, and performance parameters did not differ significantly between groups. HA fragments were not able to be distinguished with SEM on gastrointestinal mucosa surface. Overall, HA supplementation positively impacted digestive health by mitigating gastrointestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-04882-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:19:00Z","timestamp":1770909540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of humic acid supplementation on lamb gastrointestinal health and performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Di\u00f3genes Adriano Duarte","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francieli","family":"Rolinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia Graziela","family":"Trombetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Maria Debastiani","family":"G\u00f6hringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tharini Xavier Accioly","family":"Kaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline Ramos dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saulo Henrique","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina Santos","family":"Sotomaior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7972-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00fcdiger Daniel","family":"Ollhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13317","volume":"102","author":"F Ataollahi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ataollahi F, Holman BWB, Casburn GR, Piltz JW (2024) The effect of humate as a feed additive on feed intake, production, and carcass parameters of Angus steers. Aust Vet J 102:242\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.13317","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"4882_CR2","unstructured":"Bassert J (2021) McCurnin\u2019s clinical textbook for veterinary technicians, 10th edn. Saunders"},{"key":"4882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2016v37n2p807","volume":"37","author":"GA Bastos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bastos GA, Soares ACM, Vieira TM, C\u00e2ndido RCDS, Morais-Costa F, Vasconcelos VDO, Oliveira NJF, Duarte ER (2016) Blood parameters of sheep with high infection of Haemonchus contortus and treated with mushroom of the sun (Agaricus blazei). Semina Ci\u00eanc Agr\u00e1r 37:807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5433\/1679-0359.2016v37n2p807","journal-title":"Semina Ci\u00eanc Agr\u00e1r"},{"key":"4882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.31797\/vetbio.1056653","volume":"7","author":"D Budak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Budak D, DA\u015e BD, Camkerten G, Halici \u0130 (2022) The effects of humic acid addition to ration on the fattening performance and some oxidative stress parameters in Anatolian Merino lambs. J Adv VetBio Sci Tech 7:89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31797\/vetbio.1056653","journal-title":"J Adv VetBio Sci Tech"},{"key":"4882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11039","volume":"51","author":"K Buesing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buesing K, Harmeyer J, Markuske KD, Zeyner A (2011) Microscopic evidence for the uptake of orally given humic acids by the intestinal mucosa in piglets. Anim Prod Sci 51:967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AN11039","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.14202\/VETWORLD.2022.2785-2794","volume":"15","author":"H Burezq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burezq H, Khalil F (2022) Multifarious feed additives on lamb performance on Kuwait farms. Vet World 15:2785\u20132794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/VETWORLD.2022.2785-2794","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"4882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.12.013","volume":"96","author":"K B\u00fcsing","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00fcsing K, Elhensheri M, Entzian K, Meyer U, Zeyner A (2014) Microscopic examination of the intestinal wall and selected organs of minipigs orally supplemented with humic acids. Res Vet Sci 96:308\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.12.013","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982011000100023","volume":"40","author":"FQ Cartaxo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cartaxo FQ, de Sousa WH, Cezar MF, Costa RG, Cunha M, das GG, Neto SG (2011) Caracter\u00edsticas de carca\u00e7a determinadas Por ultrassonografia Em tempo real e p\u00f3s-abate de Cordeiros terminados Em confinamento com diferentes n\u00edveis de energia Na Dieta. Rev Bras Zootec 40:160\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1516-35982011000100023","journal-title":"Rev Bras Zootec"},{"key":"4882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090194","volume":"37","author":"H Cash","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cash H, Relle M, Menke J, Brochhausen C, Jones SA, Topley N, Galle PR, Schwarting A (2010) Interleukin 6 (IL-6) deficiency delays lupus nephritis in MRL-Faslpr mice: the IL-6 pathway as a new therapeutic target in treatment of autoimmune kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 37:60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.090194","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"4882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.3923\/JAVAA.2011.2402.2407","volume":"10","author":"E Cetin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cetin E, Guclu BK, Cetin N (2011) Effect of dietary humate and organic acid supplementation on social stress induced by high stocking density in laying hens. J Anim Vet Adv 10:2402\u20132407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/JAVAA.2011.2402.2407","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"4882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9644","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23359","volume":"106","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen M, Xie W, Zhou S, Ma N, Wang Y, Huang J, Shen X, Chang G (2023) A high-concentrate diet induces colonic inflammation and barrier damage in Hu sheep. J Dairy Sci 106:9644\u20139662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2023-23359","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1751-0813.2007.00242.X","volume":"86","author":"PMV Cusack","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cusack PMV (2008) Effects of a dietary complex of humic and fulvic acids (FeedMAX 15) on the health and production of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market. Aust Vet J 86:46\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1751-0813.2007.00242.X","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"4882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.33545\/pathol.2020.v3.i2b.234","volume":"3","author":"DA Dasgupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dasgupta DA, HS DN, R DS, R DV (2020) A quick and reliable method for estimating platelet count on unstained peripheral smears in comparison to stained peripheral blood smears. Int J Clin Diagn Pathol 3:90\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33545\/pathol.2020.v3.i2b.234","journal-title":"Int J Clin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"4882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Chagas ACS, Tupy O, dos Santos IB, Esteves SN (2022) Economic impact of Gastrointestinal nematodes in Morada Nova sheep in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Veterin\u00e1ria 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1984-29612022044","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612022044"},{"key":"4882_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.12.001","volume":"62","author":"BAG de Melo","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Melo BAG, Motta FL, Santana MHA (2016) Humic acids: structural properties and multiple functionalities for novel technological developments. Mater Sci Eng C 62:967\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2015.12.001","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C"},{"key":"4882_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Paula CBV, Nagashima S, Liberalesso V, Collete M, da Silva FPG, Oricil AGG, Barbosa GS, Silva GVC da, Wiedmer DB, Dezid\u00e9rio F da S, Noronha L (2021) COVID-19: Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 23:168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS23010168\/S1","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS23010168\/S1"},{"key":"4882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.22358\/JAFS\/92074\/2018","volume":"27","author":"HM El-Zaiat","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Zaiat HM, Morsy AS, El-Wakeel EA, Anwer MM, Sallam SM (2018) Impact of humic acid as an organic additive on ruminal fermentation constituents, blood parameters and milk production in goats and their kids growth rate. J Anim Feed Sci 27:105\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22358\/JAFS\/92074\/2018","journal-title":"J Anim Feed Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR16","unstructured":"EMEA (1999) Humic acids and their sodium salts. Comm Vet Med Prod"},{"key":"4882_CR17","unstructured":"FAO (2021) FAOSTAT \u2013 Meat of sheep, fresh or chilled. Food Agric Organ U N"},{"key":"4882_CR18","unstructured":"Gordon H, Whitlock HV (1939) A new technique for counting nematode eggs in sheep faeces. J Counc Sci Ind Res"},{"key":"4882_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.10.011","volume":"45","author":"SZ Hasnain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasnain SZ, Gallagher AL, Grencis RK, Thornton DJ (2013) A new role for mucins in immunity: insights from Gastrointestinal nematode infection. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45:364\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.10.011","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"4882_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-022-00864-6","volume":"22","author":"SU Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan SU, Chua EG, Kaur P, Paz EA, Tay CY, Greeff JC, Liu S, Martin GB (2022) Contribution of the immune response in the ileum to the development of diarrhoea caused by helminth infection: studies with the sheep model. Funct Integr Genomics 22:865\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10142-022-00864-6","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genomics"},{"key":"4882_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2023.07.012","volume":"161","author":"Y He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y, Wang D, Liu K, Deng S, Liu Y (2023) Sodium humate alleviates LPS-induced intestinal barrier injury by improving intestinal immune function and regulating gut microbiota. Mol Immunol 161:61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2023.07.012","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"4882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.977-986","volume":"16","author":"O Herawati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herawati O, Bejo SK, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ (2023) The global profile of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from goats and sheep: a systematic review. Vet World 16:977\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2023.977-986","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"4882_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heuschkel MA, Leitolis A, Roderjan JG, Suss PH, Luzia CAO, da Costa FDA, Correa A, Stimamiglio MA (2019) In vitro evaluation of bovine pericardium after a soft decellularization approach for use in tissue engineering. Xenotransplantation 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/XEN.12464","DOI":"10.1111\/XEN.12464"},{"key":"4882_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.014","volume":"170","author":"VC Hoang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoang VC, Williams MAK, Simpson HV (2010) Monosaccharide composition of fundic and duodenal mucins in sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Parasitol 170:253\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4882_CR25","first-page":"21","volume":"5","author":"TT Ikyume","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ikyume TT, Obi AT, Idoko VA, Hangem MO, Donkoh PH DS (2022) Impact of sodium humate on performance, rumen microbial and faecal egg counts of West African Dwarf goats fed cassava Peel based diets. Niger J Anim Sci Technol 5:21\u201327","journal-title":"Niger J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"4882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3923\/PJN.2005.126.134","volume":"4","author":"K Islam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Islam K, Schumacher A, Gropp JM (2005) Humic acidic substances in animal agriculture. Pak J Nutr 4:126\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/PJN.2005.126.134","journal-title":"Pak J Nutr"},{"key":"4882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IFLA.0000039563.90066.5D","volume":"28","author":"GK Joon\u00e9","year":"2004","unstructured":"Joon\u00e9 GK, van Rensburg CEJ (2004) An in vitro investigation of the anti-inflammatory properties of potassium humate. Inflammation 28:169\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:IFLA.0000039563.90066.5D","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"4882_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104699","volume":"253","author":"AE Kholif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kholif AE, Matloup OH, El-Bltagy EA, Olafadehan OA, Sallam SMA, El-Zaiat HM (2021) Humic substances in the diet of lactating cows enhanced feed utilization, altered ruminal fermentation, and improved milk yield and fatty acid profile. Livest Sci 253:104699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104699","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1051\/VETRES:2006022","volume":"37","author":"C Lacroux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lacroux C, Nguyen THC, Andreoletti O, Prevot F, Grisez C, Bergeaud JP, Gruner L, Brunel JC, Fran\u00e7ois D, Dorchies P, Jacquiet P (2006) Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) infection in lambs elicits an unequivocal Th2 immune response. Vet Res 37:607\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/VETRES:2006022","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"4882_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lambertz C, Poulopoulou I, Wuthijaree K, Gauly M (2019) Anthelmintic resistance in Gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep Raised under mountain farming conditions in Northern Italy. Vet Rec Open 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/VETRECO-2018-000332","DOI":"10.1136\/VETRECO-2018-000332"},{"key":"4882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6606423","volume":"2022","author":"H-T Lan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lan H-T, Zheng Y-T, Tong Z-J, Zhang C, Cong X-Y, Wang Z-H (2022) Humic acids inhibit platelet activation to reduce venous thromboembolism in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/6606423","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"4882_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.008","volume":"165","author":"RW Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li RW, Li C, Elsasser TH, Liu G, Garrett WM, Gasbarre LC (2009) Mucin biosynthesis in the bovine goblet cell induced by Cooperia oncophora infection. Vet Parasitol 165:281\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4882_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2018.07.008","volume":"166","author":"V Mariano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mariano V, Nardi A, Moruzzo R, Iacovo FPD, Rossignoli CM (2018) In-farm cost of an outbreak of diarrhoea in lambs. Small Rumin Res 166:17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2018.07.008","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"4882_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VETPAR.2015.05.024","volume":"211","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Valladares","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Valladares M, Geurden T, Bartram DJ, Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez JM, Robles-P\u00e9rez D, Boh\u00f3rquez A, Florez E, Meana A, Rojo-V\u00e1zquez FA (2015) Resistance of Gastrointestinal nematodes to the most commonly used anthelmintics in sheep, cattle and horses in Spain. Vet Parasitol 211:228\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VETPAR.2015.05.024","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4882_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5216\/CAB.V14I1.12336","author":"C McManus","year":"2013","unstructured":"McManus C, Paim TDP, Louvandini H, Dallago BSL, Dias LT, Teixeira RA (2013) Ci\u00eanc Anim Bras 14:8\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5216\/CAB.V14I1.12336. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o ultrassonogr\u00e1fica da qualidade de carca\u00e7a de ovinos Santa In\u00eas"},{"key":"4882_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01156.x","volume":"32","author":"M Menzies","year":"2010","unstructured":"Menzies M, Reverter A, Andronicos N, Hunt P, Windon R, Inghan A (2010) Nematode challenge induces differential expression of oxidant, antioxidant and mucous genes down the longitudinal axis of the sheep gut. Parasite Immunol 32:36\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01156.x","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"4882_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2019.1707780","volume":"31","author":"D Mudro\u0148ov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mudro\u0148ov\u00e1 D, Karaffov\u00e1 V, Pe\u0161ulov\u00e1 T, Ko\u0161\u010dov\u00e1 J, Maru\u0161\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1 IC, Bartkovsk\u00fd M, Marcin\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1 D, \u0160ev\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1 Z, Marcin\u010d\u00e1k S (2020) The effect of humic substances on gut microbiota and immune response of broilers. Food Agric Immunol 31:137\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540105.2019.1707780","journal-title":"Food Agric Immunol"},{"key":"4882_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.56093\/IJANS.V84I4.39854","volume":"84","author":"R Nagaraju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagaraju R, Reddy BSV, Gloridoss R, Suresh BN, Ramesh C (2014) Effect of dietary supplementation of humic acids on performance of broilers. Indian J Anim Sci 84:447\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56093\/IJANS.V84I4.39854","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR40","unstructured":"Nitsche PR, Caramori PH, Ricce W, da Pinto S LFD (2019) Atlas clim\u00e1tico do Estado do Paran\u00e1. \u00c1rea de Neg\u00f3cios Tecnol\u00f3gicos \u2013 ANT"},{"key":"4882_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-6812","volume":"66","author":"GH N\u00f3brega","year":"2014","unstructured":"N\u00f3brega GH, C\u00e9zar MF, Sousa OB, Filho JMP, Sousa WH, Cunha MGG, Cord\u00e3o MA, Ferreira RC, Santos JRS (2014) Regime alimentar Para Ganho compensat\u00f3rio de Ovinos Em confinamento: desempenho produtivo e morfometria do r\u00famen e do intestino Delgado. Arq Bras Med Veterin\u00e1ria Zootec 66:1522\u20131530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-6812","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Veterin\u00e1ria Zootec"},{"key":"4882_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nolinda N, Ikusika OO, Akinmoladun OF, Mpendulo CT (2024) Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives \u2013 a review. Open Agric 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/opag-2022-0234","DOI":"10.1515\/opag-2022-0234"},{"key":"4882_CR43","unstructured":"NRC (1985) Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. National Research Council"},{"key":"4882_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/JSFA.4541","volume":"92","author":"E Ozturk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozturk E, Ocak N, Turan A, Erener G, Altop A, Cankaya S (2012) Performance, carcass, Gastrointestinal tract and meat quality traits, and selected blood parameters of broilers fed diets supplemented with humic substances. J Sci Food Agric 92:59\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JSFA.4541","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"4882_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/09064710.2015.1030442","volume":"65","author":"L Posp\u00ed\u0161ilov\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Posp\u00ed\u0161ilov\u00e1 L, Kom\u00ednkov\u00e1 M, Z\u00edtka O, Kizek R, Baran\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1 G, Litavec T, Lo\u0161\u00e1k T, Hlu\u0161ek J, Martensson A, Liptaj T (2015) Fate of humic acids isolated from natural humic substances. Acta Agric Scand Sect B\u2014Soil Plant Sci 65:517\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09064710.2015.1030442","journal-title":"Acta Agric Scand Sect B\u2014Soil Plant Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7061(93)90009-A","volume":"57","author":"G Ricca","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ricca G, Federico L, Astori C, Gallo R (1993) Structural investigations of humic acid from Leonardite by spectroscopic methods and thermal analysis. Geoderma 57:263\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-7061(93)90009-A","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"4882_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/12979716-42-61","volume":"42","author":"M Rinaldi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rinaldi M, Dreesen L, Hoorens PR, Li RW, Claerebout E, Goddeeris B, Vercruysse J, Van den Broek W, Geldhof P (2011) Infection with the Gastrointestinal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle affects mucus biosynthesis in the abomasum. Vet Res 42:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/12979716-42-61","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"4882_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts FHS, O\u2019Sullivan PJ (1950) Methods for egg counts and larval cultures for strongyles infecting the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. Aust J Agric Res 1\u201399","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9500099"},{"key":"4882_CR50","first-page":"1015","volume":"28","author":"F Rosalinski-Moraes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosalinski-Moraes F, Fernandes FG, Munaretto A, de Oliveira S, Wilmsen MO, Pereira MW, Meirelles ACF (2012) M\u00e9todo FAMACHA\u00a9, Escore corporal e de Diarreia Como indicadores de Tratamento anti-helm\u00edntico Seletivo de ovelhas Em reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o. Biosci J 28:1015\u20131023","journal-title":"Biosci J"},{"key":"4882_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03672-7","volume":"55","author":"SMA Sallam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sallam SMA, Ibrahim MAM, Allam AM, El-Waziry AM, Attia MFA, Elazab MA, El-Nile AEA, El-Zaiat HM (2023) Feeding Damascus goats humic or fulvic acid alone or in combination: in vitro and in vivo investigations on impacts on feed intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent nutrients digestibility. Trop Anim Health Prod 55:265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-023-03672-7","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"4882_CR52","unstructured":"Samuelson DA (2006) Textbook of veterinary histology, 1st edn. Saunders"},{"key":"4882_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2014.10.016","volume":"123","author":"AS Schafer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schafer AS, Leal MLR, Molento MB, Aires AR, Duarte MMMF, Carvalho FB, Tonin AA, Schmidt L, Flores EMM, Fran\u00e7a RT, Grando TH, Minho AP, Krause A, Antoniazzi AQ, Lopes STA (2015) Immune response of lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and parenterally treated with a combination of zinc and copper. Small Rumin Res 123:183\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2014.10.016","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"4882_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186752","volume":"12","author":"I Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott I, Umair S, Savoian MS, Simpson HV (2017) Abomasal dysfunction and cellular and mucin changes during infection of sheep with larval or adult Teladorsagia circumcincta. PLoS ONE 12:e0186752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0186752","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4882_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VETPAR.2009.03.052","volume":"163","author":"KP Shakya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shakya KP, Miller JE, Horohov DW (2009) A Th2 type of immune response is associated with increased resistance to Haemonchus contortus in naturally infected Gulf Coast native lambs. Vet Parasitol 163:57\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VETPAR.2009.03.052","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4882_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.026","volume":"226","author":"HV Simpson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpson HV, Umair S, Hoang VC, Savoian MS (2016) Histochemical study of the effects on abomasal mucins of Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in lambs. Vet Parasitol 226:210\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.026","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4882_CR57","unstructured":"Stein K (1994) Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu ausgew\u00e4hlten pharmakologischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften verschiedener Humins\u00e4urenprodukte. Dissertation, Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Univ Leipzig, Leipzig"},{"key":"4882_CR58","unstructured":"Stevenson FJ (1994) Humus chemistry: Genesis, composition, reactions, 2nd edn. Wiley"},{"key":"4882_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01200.x","volume":"32","author":"K Takeda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeda K, Hashimoto K, Uchikawa R, Tegoshi T, Yamada M, Ariazono N (2010) Direct effects of IL-4\/IL-13 and the nematode Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis on intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Parasite Immunol 32:420\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01200.x","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"4882_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky265","volume":"96","author":"SA Terry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Terry SA, Ribeiro G, de Gruninger O, Hunerberg RJ, Ping M, Chaves S, Burlet AV, Beauchemin J, McAllister KA TA (2018) Effect of humic substances on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, and rumen microbiota in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 96:3863\u20133877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/sky265","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR61","unstructured":"Ueno H, Gon\u00e7alves PC (1998) Manual para diagn\u00f3stico das helmintoses de ruminantes, 4th edn. Japan International Cooperation Agency"},{"key":"4882_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5319","volume":"29","author":"CEJ Van Rensburg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Rensburg CEJ (2015) The antiinflammatory properties of humic substances: a mini review. Phytother Res 29:791\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.5319","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"4882_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/JAC\/46.5.853","volume":"46","author":"CEJ Van Rensburg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Rensburg CEJ, Straten AV, Dekker J (2000) An in vitro investigation of the antimicrobial activity of oxifulvic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 46:853\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JAC\/46.5.853","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4882_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01023.x","volume":"94","author":"AV Vucskits","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vucskits AV, Hull\u00e1r I, Bers\u00e9nyi A, Andr\u00e1sofszky E, Kulcs\u00e1r M, Szab\u00f3 J (2010) Effect of fulvic and humic acids on performance, immune response and thyroid function in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 94:721\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01023.x","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"4882_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LIVSCI.2007.12.024","volume":"117","author":"Q Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang Q, Chen YJ, Yoo JS, Kim HJ, Cho JH, Kim IH (2008) Effects of supplemental humic substances on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livest Sci 117:270\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.LIVSCI.2007.12.024","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"4882_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112104","volume":"10","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Ying J, Zou P, Zhou Y, Wang B, Yu D, Li W, Zhan X (2020a) Effects of dietary supplementation of humic acid sodium and zinc oxide on growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets. Animals 10:2104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10112104","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"4882_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114644","volume":"269","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang R, Hao X, Hu Y, Guo T, Zhang J, Wang W, Shi X, An X, Qi J (2020b) Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses and antioxidant status of lambs supplemented with humic acids and fermented wheat Bran polysaccharides. Anim Feed Sci Technol 269:114644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114644","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"4882_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809086","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2022.809086\/BIBTEX","volume":"13","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, He Y, Liu K, Deng S, Fan Y, Liu Y (2022a) Sodium humate alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal dysfunction via alteration of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in mice. Front Microbiol 13:809086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2022.809086\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4882_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang D, You Z, Du Y, Zheng D, Jia H, Liu Y (2022b) Influence of sodium humate on the growth performance, diarrhea incidence, blood parameters, and fecal microflora of pre-weaned dairy calves. Anim Open Access J MDPI 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANI12010123","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI12010123"},{"key":"4882_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/SPECTRUM.05348-22\/SUPPL_FILE\/SPECTRUM.05348-22-S0001.PDF","author":"D Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang D, Zheng Y, Fan Y, He Y, Liu K, Deng S, Liu Y (2023) Sodium humate-derived gut microbiota ameliorates intestinal dysfunction induced by Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Microbiol Spectr 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/SPECTRUM.05348-22\/SUPPL_FILE\/SPECTRUM.05348-22-S0001.PDF","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr 11"},{"key":"4882_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00806-2","volume":"58","author":"IB Wood","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wood IB, Amaral NK, Bairden K, Duncan JL, Kassai T, Malone JB, Pankavich JA, Reinecke RK, Slocombe O, Taylor SM, Vercruysse J (1995) World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in ruminants (bovine, ovine, caprine). Vet Parasitol 58:181\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00806-2","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4882_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wyk JAV, Mayhew E (2013) Morphological identification of parasitic nematode infective larvae of small ruminants and cattle: a practical lab guide. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.539","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.539"},{"key":"4882_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu P, Dong S, Luo X, Wei B, Zhang C, Ji X, Zhang J, Zhu X, Meng G, Jia B, Zhang J (2023) Humic acids alleviate aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic injury by reprogramming gut microbiota and absorbing toxin. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115051"},{"key":"4882_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zhou QJ, Chen XQ, Yan BL, Guo XL, Zhang HL, Du AF (2015) Profiling of differentially expressed genes in sheep T lymphocytes response to an artificial primary Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasit Vectors 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13071-015-0844-Z","DOI":"10.1186\/S13071-015-0844-Z"},{"key":"4882_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2754\/AVB201079010073","volume":"79","author":"Z Zral\u00fd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zral\u00fd Z, P\u00edsa\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1 B (2010) Effect of sodium humate on the content of trace elements in organs of weaned piglets. Acta Vet Brno 79:73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2754\/AVB201079010073","journal-title":"Acta Vet Brno"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-04882-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-04882-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-04882-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:48:42Z","timestamp":1774522122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-04882-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-04882-5","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5216\/CAB.V14I1.12336","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) of the Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUCPR) under registration number 02061.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"102"}}