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This experiment evaluated the effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM), tomato pomace, and azolla growth, physiological, and histological parameters, besides their economic impact on Nile Tilapia (\n                    <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A total of 270 fish were randomly allocated to 6 groups (initial weight average was 12.08\u00a0g). The groups are as follows: a fish meal-based diet (T\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), a poultry by-products meal-based diet (T\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), a T. pomace-based diet (T\n                    <jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), T\n                    <jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>\n                    supplemented with Natuzyme (T\n                    <jats:sub>te<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), an azolla-based diet (T\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and T\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    supplemented with Natuzyme (T\n                    <jats:sub>ae<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Regarding the growth performance T\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    , T\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and T\n                    <jats:sub>ae<\/jats:sub>\n                    were secondary to T\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    and followed by T\n                    <jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>te<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The hematological and biochemical indicators didn\u2019t differ among groups. The Azolla-based groups had the lowest hepatosomatic index and the highest carcass fat and protein. Glutathione and interleukin-10 were higher in T.pomace and azolla enzyme-based diets. Malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were lower in T\n                    <jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>\n                    , T\n                    <jats:sub>te<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>ae<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Standard histological findings were observed in the spleen, kidney, and liver among groups. T\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    , T\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and T\n                    <jats:sub>ae<\/jats:sub>\n                    significantly showed the highest absorption surface area (ASA) compared to T\n                    <jats:sub>t<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>te<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The photomicrographs demonstrated negative expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) in all treatments. T\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    outperformed T\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    45% economically, and azolla matched PBM. It could be concluded that Azolla serves as a plant-based alternative. PBM represents a sustainable, cost-effective replacement for FM, reducing reliance on conventional marine-alternative proteins.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05001-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:04:09Z","timestamp":1776391449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating poultry by-product meal, tomato pomace, and azolla with or without Natuzyme supplementation as sustainable alternatives to fish meal for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2419-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed T.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba A.","family":"Alian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012031","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/923\/1\/012031","volume":"1","author":"AK Abd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abd AK, Taha NT (2021) Effect of The Type of Solvent in Azolla Extracts Added to The Ratio on The Growth of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio L. 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