{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:02:39Z","timestamp":1779897759321,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010435","name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010435","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widespread retroviruses of goats and sheep with significant economic and health impacts on small ruminant production systems. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of SRLVs in dairy goat flocks from Brazil. A total of 433 blood samples from eight dairy goat farms were analyzed via PCR targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. The overall SRLV prevalence was 32.6%, with marked variation between farms (7.1% to 90.0%). Phylogenetic analysis of 37 selected samples revealed that most sequences clustered within the B1 subtype. Notably, two sequences from farms C and G grouped with subtype A1 and showed evidence of recombination between B1 and A1 strains. These findings provide evidence of recombinant SRLV strains circulating in Brazilian goats. The findings highlight the circulation of distinct and recombinant SRLV strains in the region, reinforcing the importance of continuous molecular surveillance, improved biosecurity practices, and the development of effective control strategies to reduce viral dissemination and mitigate long-term impacts on small ruminant farming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05069-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T06:11:36Z","timestamp":1778307096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Small ruminant lentiviruses in dairy goats under tropical conditions: evidence of recombinant genotypes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0582-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie Costa","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"de Oliveira Campello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro dos Santos","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Salles","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalyta Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"de Almeida Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Pinheiro Melo","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Colitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayse","family":"Lima da Costa Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isadora de F\u00e1tima Braga","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmiro Rosendo","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio Felipe Alvarez","family":"Balaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"5069_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcangeli C, Torricelli M, Sebastiani C, Lucarelli D, Ciullo M, Passamonti F, Giammarioli M, Biagetti M (2022) Genetic characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) circulating in naturally infected sheep in central Italy Viruses. 14:686","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040686"},{"key":"5069_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)90167-8","volume":"50","author":"J Barlough","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barlough J, East N, Rowe JD, Van Hoosear K, Derock E, Bigornia L, Rimstad E (1994) Double-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral DNA in blood, milk, and tissues of infected goats. J Virol Methods 50:101\u2013113","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5069_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouzalas I, Apostolidi ED, Scalas D, Davidopoulou E, Chassalevris T, Rosati S, Colitti B (2024) A combined approach for the characterization of small ruminant lentivirus strains circulating in the islands and mainland of Greece Animals. 14:1119","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071119"},{"key":"5069_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105322","volume":"103","author":"GF Braz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Braz GF, Heinemann MB, Reis JKP, Teixeira BM, Cruz JCM, Raj\u00e3o DS, Oliveira FG, Alves F, Castro RS, Leite RC, Valas S (2022) Genetic and antigenic characterization of brazilian SRLV strains: natural small ruminant interspecies transmission from mixed herds. Infect Genet Evol 103:105322","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"5069_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callado AKC, Castro RS (2001) de and Teixeira, M.F. da S., Lentiv\u00edrus de pequenos ruminantes (CAEV e Maedi-Visna): revis\u00e3o e perspectivas Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira, 21, 87\u201397","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2001000300001"},{"key":"5069_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2021.106474","volume":"202","author":"J De la Luz-Armend\u00e1riz","year":"2021","unstructured":"De la Luz-Armend\u00e1riz J, Ducoing-Watty AE, Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza H, G\u00f3mez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez L, Tufi\u00f1o-Loza C, Cabrera-Dom\u00ednguez EM, D\u00edaz-Aparicio E, Rivera-Ben\u00edtez JF (2021) Prevalence, molecular detection, and pathological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses in goats from. Mexico Small Ruminant Res 202:106474","journal-title":"Mexico Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"5069_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furtado Ara\u00fajo J, Andrioli A, Pinheiro RR, Sider LH, de Sousa ALM, de Azevedo DAA, Peixoto RM, Lima AMC, Damasceno EM, Souza SCR, Teixeira MF (2020) da S., Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus PLOS ONE, 15, e0239916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239916"},{"key":"5069_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves AL, Lana RdeP, Vieira RAM, Henrique DS, Mancio AB, Pereira JC (2008) Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de caprinos leiteiros na Regi\u00e3o, vol 37. Sudeste do Brasil Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, pp 366\u2013376","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982008000200025"},{"key":"5069_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83292-0","volume":"88","author":"E Grego","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grego E, Bertolotti L, Quasso A, Profiti M, Lacerenza D, Muz D, Rosati S (2007) Genetic characterization of small ruminant lentivirus in Italian mixed flocks: evidence for a novel genotype circulating in a local goat population. J Gen Virol 88:3423\u20133427","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"5069_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilherme RDF, Azevedo SS, Costa DF da, Azevedo EO, Castro RS de, Alves CJ (2017) Serological survey of lentivirus infection in goats and sheep slaughtered in the State of Para\u00edba, semiarid of Northeastern Brazil Semina: Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias. 38:1651.","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1641"},{"key":"5069_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.05.019","volume":"140","author":"MY Hasegawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hasegawa MY, Meira EBS, Lara MCCS, Castro RS, Rodrigues JNM, Ara\u00fajo J, Keller LW, Brand\u00e3o PE, Rizzo H, Barbosa ML, Gaeta NC, Rossi RS, Durigon EL, Gregory L (2016) Small ruminant lentivirus variants and related clinical features in goats from southeastern. Brazil Small Ruminant Res 140:32\u201336","journal-title":"Brazil Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"5069_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob-Ferreira J, Coelho AC, Grau Vila A, Lacasta D, Quintas H (2023) Small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep and goats in North Portugal: seroprevalence and risk factors Pathogens. 12:829","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060829"},{"key":"5069_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.11.006","volume":"475","author":"Y L\u2019Homme","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u2019Homme Y, Leboeuf A, Arsenault J, Fras M (2015) Identification and characterization of an emerging small ruminant lentivirus circulating recombinant form (CRF). Virology 475:159\u2013171","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"5069_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2018.04.013","volume":"49","author":"RC Marinho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marinho RC, Martins GR, Souza KC, Sousa ALM, Silva STC, Nobre JA, Teixeira MFS (2018) Duplex nested-PCR for detection of small ruminant lentiviruses. Brazilian J Microbiol 49:83\u201392","journal-title":"Brazilian J Microbiol"},{"key":"5069_CR15","first-page":"1219","volume":"32","author":"BA Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller BA, Lu CD (2019) Current status of global dairy goat production: an overview Asian-Australasian. J Anim Sci 32:1219\u20131232","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"5069_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nei M (1987) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University","DOI":"10.7312\/nei-92038"},{"key":"5069_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neiva HDS, Da Silva MS, Cardoso C (2017) Analysis of climate behavior and land use in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Climate, 5, 52","DOI":"10.3390\/cli5030052"},{"key":"5069_CR18","first-page":"2546","volume":"13","author":"VD Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen VD, Nguyen CO, Chau TML, Nguyen DQD, Han AT, Le TTH (2023) Goat production, supply chains, challenges, and opportunities for development in Vietnam. Rev Anim 13:2546","journal-title":"Rev Anim"},{"key":"5069_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2023-0064","volume":"67","author":"M Olech","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olech M (2023) The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Veterinary Res 67:479\u2013502","journal-title":"J Veterinary Res"},{"key":"5069_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olech M, Ku\u017amak J (2021) Molecular characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses in Polish mixed flocks supports evidence of cross species transmission, dual infection, a recombination event, and reveals the existence of new subtypes within group A Viruses. 13:2529","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122529"},{"key":"5069_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2024-0025","volume":"68","author":"M Olech","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olech M, Ku\u017amak J (2024) Comparison of serological and molecular methods for differentiation between genotype A and genotype B strains of small ruminant lentiviruses. J Veterinary Res 68:181\u2013188","journal-title":"J Veterinary Res"},{"key":"5069_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/106351501750435121","volume":"50","author":"D Posada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Posada D, Crandall KA (2001) Selecting the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution. Syst Biol 50:580\u2013601","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"5069_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.09.005","volume":"190","author":"H Ram\u00edrez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez H, Glaria I, de Andr\u00e9s X, Mart\u00ednez HA, Hern\u00e1ndez MM, Reina R, Ir\u00e1izoz E, Crespo H, Berriatua E, V\u00e1zquez J, Amorena B, de Andr\u00e9s D (2011) Recombinant small ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in goats and sheep of imported breeds in Mexico. Vet J 190:169\u2013172","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"5069_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3390\/v5041175","volume":"5","author":"H Ram\u00edrez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez H, Reina R, Amorena B, Andr\u00e9s D, Mart\u00ednez H (2013) Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 5:1175\u20131207","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5069_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00339-2","volume":"79","author":"AP Ravazzolo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ravazzolo AP, Reischak D, Peterhans E, Zanoni R (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses from. South Brazil Virus Res 79:117\u2013123","journal-title":"South Brazil Virus Res"},{"key":"5069_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues A, de Pinheiro S, Brito RR, de Oliveira RLL, Oliveira LS, de Santos EL, dos VWS, Andrioli A, de Souza TS, Dias RP, Teixeira MF (2017) da S., Evaluation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus transmission in newborn goat kids Arquivos do Instituto Biol\u00f3gico, 84, e0542016","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000542016"},{"key":"5069_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MrBayes 3: bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models Bioinformatics. 19:1572\u20131574","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180"},{"key":"5069_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah C, B\u00f6ni J, Huder JB, Vogt H-R, M\u00fchlherr J, Zanoni R, Miserez R, Lutz H, Sch\u00fcpbach J (2004) Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade Virology. 319:12\u201326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.047"},{"key":"5069_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva SR, Sacarr\u00e3o-Birrento L, Almeida M, Ribeiro DM, Guedes C, Gonz\u00e1lez Monta\u00f1a JR, Pereira AF, Zaralis K, Geraldo A, Tzamaloukas O, Cabrera MG, Castro N, Arg\u00fcello A, Hern\u00e1ndez-Castellano LE, Alonso-Diez \u00c1J, Mart\u00edn MJ, Cal-Pereyra LG, Stilwell G, de Almeida AM (2022) Extensive sheep and goat production: the role of novel technologies towards sustainability and animal welfare Animals. 12:885","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070885"},{"key":"5069_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swofford DL, Sullivan J (2009) Phylogeny inference based on parsimony and other methods using PAUP. In: Lemey P, Salemi M, Vandamme A-M (eds) The Phylogenetic Handbook. Cambridge University Press","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511819049.010"},{"key":"5069_CR31","first-page":"105814","volume":"211","author":"JAA Teles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teles JAA, Nascimento SA, Melo EX, Almeida EC, Marvulo MFV, Rizzo H, Nogueira DB, de Azevedo SS, Silva JCR, Castro RS (2023) Factors associated with small ruminant lentivirus infection in goat herds from Pernambuco state. Northeast region Brazil Prev Veterinary Med 211:105814","journal-title":"Northeast region Brazil Prev Veterinary Med"},{"key":"5069_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","volume":"25","author":"J Thompson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thompson J (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876\u20134882","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"5069_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villarreal-Ornelas EC, Navarrete-Molina C, Meza-Herrera CA, Herrera-Machuca MA, Altamirano-Cardenas JR, Macias-Cruz U (2022) Garc\u00eda-de la Pe\u00f1a. In: Veliz-Deras FG (ed) Goat production and sustainability in Latin America & the Caribbean: a combined productive, vol 211. socio-economic & ecological footprint approach Small Ruminant Research, p 106677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2022.106677"},{"key":"5069_CR34","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2023) Terrestrial Animal Health Code. WOAH, Paris"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05069-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05069-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05069-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:05:32Z","timestamp":1779894332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05069-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05069-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No conflicts of interest are declared regarding the content, results, or conclusions of the manuscript submitted for publication. All ethical standards and principles of scientific integrity were fully respected throughout the development of this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"261"}}