{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:10:49Z","timestamp":1791486649211,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05070-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:22:23Z","timestamp":1779942143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seroprevalence of Orthoflaviviruses in horses in 3 different Algerian climatic zones between 2021 and 2023"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Hadjer","family":"Boukabache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teheipuaura","family":"Helle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Boudjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Mign\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phan","family":"Zientara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdennour","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farouk","family":"Laabassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"43","key":"5070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800545","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.43.1800545","volume":"23","author":"SW Aberle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aberle SW, Kolodziejek J, Jungbauer C, Stiasny K, Aberle JH, Zoufaly A, Nowotny N (2018) Increase in human West Nile and Usutu virus infections, Austria, 2018. Euro Surveill 23(43):1800545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.43.1800545","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"3","key":"5070_CR1","first-page":"315","volume":"10","author":"F Ahmadnejad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fathnia A, Ahmadabadi A, Fallah MH, Zavareh A, Miandehi N, Durand B, Sabatier P (2016) Impact of Climate and Environmental Factors on West Nile Virus Circulation in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 10(3):315\u2013327","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020087","volume":"10","author":"B Ba\u017can\u00f3w","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ba\u017can\u00f3w B, van Jansen P, Szyma\u0144ski P, Stygar D, Fr\u0105cka A, Twardo\u0144 J, Kozdrowski R, Paw\u0119ska JT (2018) A survey on West Nile and Usutu viruses in horses and birds in Poland. Viruses 10:12\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10020087","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"41","key":"5070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.41.17-00644","volume":"22","author":"T Bakonyi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakonyi T, Jungbauer C, Aberle SW, Kolodziejek J, Dimmel K, Stiasny K, Nowotny N (2017) Usutu virus infections among blood donors, Austria, July and August 2017 \u2013 Raising awareness for diagnostic challenges. Euro Surveill 22(41):17\u201300644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.41.17-00644","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"5070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1236","volume":"13","author":"L Barbic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbic L, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Listes E, Stevanovic V, Gjenero-Margan I, Ljubin-Sternak S, Pem-Novosel I, Listes I, Mlinaric-Galinovic G, Di Gennaro A, Savini G (2013) Demonstration of Usutu virus antibodies in horses, Croatia. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 13:772\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2012.1236","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"5070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005936","volume":"11","author":"C Beck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck C, Lowenski S, Durand B, Bahuon C, Zientara S, Lecollinet S (2017) Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(9):e0005936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005936","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.256566","volume":"55","author":"S Benbetka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benbetka S, Hachid A, Benallal K, Benbetka C, Khaldi A, Bitam I, Harrat Z (2018) First Field Evidence Infection of Culex Perexiguus byWest Nile Virus in Sahara Oasis of Algeria. J Vector Borne Dis 55(4):305\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-9062.256566","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12259","volume":"61","author":"T Ben Hassine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ben Hassine T, De Massis F, Calistri P, Savini G, BelHaj Mohamed B, Ranen A, Di Gennaro A, Sghaier S, Hammami S (2014) First detection of co-circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids in the south-west of Tunisia. Transbound Emerg Dis 61:385\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.12259","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010041","volume":"13","author":"KK Ben-Mostafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Mostafa KK, Savini G, Di Gennaro A, Teodori L, Leone A, Monaco F, Alaoqib MMA, Rayes AA, Dayhum A, Eldaghayes I (2024) Evidence of West Nile Virus Circulation in Horses and Dogs in Libya. Pathogens 13:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13010041","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.06.006","volume":"53","author":"E Cardinale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cardinale E, Bernard C, Lecollinet S, Rakotoharinome VM, Ravaomanana J, Roger M, Olive MM, Meenowa D, Jaumally MR, Melanie J, H\u00e9raud JM, Zientara S, C\u00eatre-Sossah C (2017) West Nile virus infection in horses, Indian ocean. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 53:45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.06.006","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01197.x","volume":"58","author":"J Castillo-Olivares","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castillo-Olivares J, Mansfield KL, Phipps LP, Johnson N, Tearle J, Fooks AR (2011) Antibody response in horses following experimental infection with West Nile Virus lineages 1 and 2. Transbound Emerg Dis 58(3):206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01197.x","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01508-w","volume":"56","author":"N Chevalier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chevalier N, Mign\u00e9 CV, Mariteragi-Helle T, Dumarest M, De Mas M, Chevrier M, Quer\u00e9 E, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Lupo C, Bigeard C, Touzet T, Leblond A, Durand B, Depecker M, Gonzalez G (2025) Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023. Vet Res 56(1):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01508-w","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"5070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881000035X","volume":"138","author":"V Chevalier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chevalier V, Dupressoir A, Tran A, Diop OM, Gottland C, Diallo M, Etter E, Ndiaye M, Grosbois V, Dia M, Gaidet N, Sall AA, Soti V, Niang M (2010) Environmental risk factors of West Nile virus infection of horses in the Senegal River basin. Epidemiol Infect 138:1601\u20131609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S095026881000035X","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"30","key":"5070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.12.005","volume":"25","author":"G Dauphin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dauphin G, Zientara S (2007) West Nile virus: recent trends in diagnosis and vaccine development. Vaccine 25(30):5563\u20135576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.12.005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"5070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606","volume":"12","author":"W Fares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fares W, Dachraoui K, Cherni S, Barhoumi W, Slimane TB, Younsi H, Zhioua E (2021) Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Ixodes Ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks, Tunisia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 12(1):101606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101606. Epub 2020 Nov 1","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01298.x","volume":"59","author":"I Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra I, Ja\u00e9n-T\u00e9llez JA, Napp S, Arenas-Montes A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Morente M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Molera V, Arenas A (2012) Monitoring of the West Nile virus epidemic in Spain between 2010 and 2011. Transbound Emerg Dis 59(5):448\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01298.x","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050788","volume":"16","author":"P Girl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Girl P, Euringer K, Coroian M, Mihalca AD, Borde JP, Dobler G (2024) Comparison of Five Serological Methods for the Detection of West Nile Virus Antibodies. Viruses 16:788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16050788","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051108","volume":"15","author":"LMR Gothe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gothe LMR, Ganzenberg S, Ziegler U, Obiegala A, Lohmann KL, Sieg M, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, H\u00f6r\u00fcgel U, Pfeffer M (2023) Horses as Sentinels for the Circulation of Flaviviruses in Eastern\u2013Central Germany. Viruses 15:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15051108","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"5070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13810","volume":"68","author":"F Guerrero-Carvajal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerrero-Carvajal F, Bravo-Barriga D, Mart\u00edn-Cuervo M, Aguilera-Sep\u00falveda P, Ferraguti M, Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero M\u00c1, Llorente F, Alonso JM, Frontera E (2021) Serological evidence of co-circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids from western Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 68:1432\u20131444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13810","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habarugira G, Suen WW, Hobson-Peters J, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H (2020) West Nile virus: an update on pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control and \u201cone health\u201d implications. Pathogens 9(7):589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9070589","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070589"},{"key":"5070_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Im JH, Baek JH, Durey A, Kwon HY, Chung MH, Lee JS (2020) Geographic distribution of Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex. J Vector Borne Dis 57(1):14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-9062.308794","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.308794"},{"key":"5070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-78","volume":"10","author":"C Klaus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klaus C, Ziegler U, Kalthoff D, Hoffmann B, Beer M (2014) Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) \u2013 findings on cross reactivity and longevity of TBEV antibodies in animal sera. BMC Vet Res 10:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-10-78","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"S56","key":"5070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.47_13495","volume":"53","author":"F Laabassi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laabassi F, Beck C, Gaudaire D, Lecollinet S, Zientara S, Hans A (2021) Seroprevalence of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and West Nile virus (WNV) in donkeys in eastern Algeria in 2015. Equine Vet J 53(S56):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.47_13495","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"5070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101947","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CIMID.2023.101947","volume":"94","author":"F Laabassi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laabassi F, Dheilly N, Beck C, Amaral R, Gonzalez G, Gaudaire D, Madeline A, Lecouturier F, Lecollinet S, Zientara S, Hans A, Valle-Casuso JC (2023) Serological evidence of circulation of West Nile virus in equids in Algerian eastern drylands and its epidemiological risk factors. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 94:101947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CIMID.2023.101947","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Magallanes S, Llorente F, Ruiz-L\u00f3pez MJ, Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente J, Soriguer R, Calderon J, J\u00edmenez-Clavero M\u00c1, Aguilera-Sep\u00falveda P, Figuerola J (2023) Long-term serological surveillance for West Nile and Usutu virus in horses in south-West Spain. One Heal 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100578"},{"issue":"1","key":"5070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05424-2","volume":"15","author":"N Mechouk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mechouk N, Mihalca AD, Deak G, Bouslama Z (2022) Synopsis of the ticks of Algeria with new hosts and localities records. Parasit Vectors 15(1):302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05424-2","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5070_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030360","volume":"12","author":"Y M\u2019ghirbi","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u2019ghirbi Y, Mousson L, Moutailler S, Lecollinet S, Amaral R, Beck C, Aounallah H, Amara M, Chabchoub A, Rhim A, Failloux AB, Bouattour A (2023) West Nile, Sindbis and Usutu Viruses: Evidence of Circulation in Mosquitoes and Horses in Tunisia. Pathogens 12:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12030360","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15040174","volume":"15","author":"V Mittova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mittova V, Tsetskhladze ZR, Motsonelidze C, Palumbo R, Vicidomini C, Roviello GN (2024) Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV): Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Approaches and Some Molecular Aspects\u2014An Updated Review. Microbiol Res 15:2619\u20132649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microbiolres15040174","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.09.009","volume":"139","author":"M Niedrig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Niedrig M, Sonnenberg K, Steinhagen K, Paweska JT (2007) Comparison of ELISA and immunoassays for measurement of IgG and IgM antibody to West Nile virus in human sera against virus neutralization. J Virol Methods 139(1):103\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.09.009","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"5070_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070899","volume":"10","author":"OT Olufemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olufemi OT, Barba M, Daly JM (2021) A scoping review of west nile virus seroprevalence studies among african equids. Pathogens 10:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10070899","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5070_CR29","unstructured":"O.N.S (Office National des Statistiques) (2021) La production agricole, Campagne 2020\/2021 900:1\u201320. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.dz\/IMG\/pdf\/ProdAgricol2020_2021.pdf"},{"key":"5070_CR30","first-page":"181","volume":"48","author":"E Pilo-Moron","year":"1970","unstructured":"Pilo-Moron E, Vincent J, Le Corroller Y (1970) Isolation of a West-Nile virus in the extreme south of the Algerian Sahara (Djanet). Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 48:181\u2013184","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Alger"},{"issue":"4","key":"5070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.121450","volume":"19","author":"JO Rushton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rushton JO, Lecollinet S, Hubalek Z, Svobodova P, Lussy H, Nowotny N (2013) Tickborne encephalitis virus in horses, Austria, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 19(4):635\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1904.121450","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.03.036","volume":"151","author":"G Savini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Savini G, Monaco F, Terregino C, Di Gennaro A, Bano L, Pinoni C, De Nardi R, Bonilauri P, Pecorari M, Di Gialleonardo L, Bonfanti L, Polci A, Calistri P, Lelli R (2011) Usutu virus in Italy, an emergence or a silent infection? Vet Microbiol 151(3\u20134):264\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.03.036","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"5070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14448-4","volume":"15","author":"A Schwarzer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schwarzer A, Ziegler U, Fertey J, Kreuz M, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, Ulbert S (2025) Serological differentiation of West Nile, Usutu, and tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies in birds and horses using mutant E protein ELISAs. Sci Rep 15:28752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14448-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5070_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx244","volume":"365","author":"JC Semenza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Semenza JC, Suk JE (2018) Vector-borne diseases and climate change: A European perspective. FEMS Microbiol Lett 365:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnx244","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"5070_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simmonds P, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, Muerhoff S, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Smith DB, Stapleton JT (2017) ICTV Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 98:2\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672"},{"issue":"10","key":"5070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102120","volume":"14","author":"Y Simonin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simonin Y (2022) Usutu, West Nile, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses. Viruses 14(10):2120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14102120","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"5070_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800487","volume":"117","author":"JE Soverow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soverow JE, Wellenius GA, Fisman DN, Mittleman MA (2009) Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001\u20132005). Environ Health Perspect 117(7):1049\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.0800487","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5070_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taw018","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taw018","volume":"23","author":"R Steffen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steffen R (2016) Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) in International Travellers to Western\/Central Europe and Conclusions on Vaccination Recommendations. J Travel Med 23:taw018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taw018Print 2016 Apr","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"5070_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valiakos G, Papaspyropoulos K, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Tsiodras S, Hutchings MR, Spyrou V, Pervanidou D, Athanasiou LV, Papadopoulos N, Tsokana C, Baka A, Manolakou K, Chatzopoulos D, Artois M, Yon L, Hannant D, Petrovska L, Hadjichristodoulou C, Billinis C (2014) Use of wild bird surveillance, human case data and GIS spatial analysis for predicting spatial distributions of West Nile virus in Greece. PLoS One 9(5):e96935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096935. eCollection 2014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096935"},{"issue":"5","key":"5070_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2042","volume":"17","author":"J Vanhomwegen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vanhomwegen J, Beck C, Despr\u00e8s P, Figuerola A, Garc\u00eda R, Lecollinet S, L\u00f3pez-Roig M, Manuguerra J-C, Serra-Cobo J (2017) Circulation of Zoonotic Arboviruses in Equine Populations of Mallorca Island (Spain). Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 17(5):340\u2013346","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"5070_CR41","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (2018) Chap. 3.1.25. West Nil Fever. In Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, OIE, Paris. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/fr\/Healthstandards\/tahm\/3.01.25_WEST_NILE.pdf. Accessed 06 July 2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"5070_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7070184","volume":"7","author":"S Zannoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zannoli S, Sambri V (2019) West Nile virus and Usutu virus co-circulation in Europe: epidemiology 514 and implications. Microorganisms 7(7):184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7070184","journal-title":"Microorganisms"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05070-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05070-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05070-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:24:38Z","timestamp":1783337078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05070-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["5070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05070-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that ethical review is not required from this work in their region. Blood samples were collected by the researchers (veterinarians) after getting informed consent from the owners of the horses. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering during sample collection. Oral and written informed consent was obtained from all people who participated in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"298"}}