{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:17:05Z","timestamp":1783340225401,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008128","name":"Universidade Do Estado De Santa Catarina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Intensive poultry production in humid subtropical agro-ecologies faces unique environmental challenges that compromise carcass quality, welfare, and food security. While climatic influences are recognized, the temporal dimensions of these effects remain largely underexplored. This study quantified the immediate and time-lagged (1\u20133 months) influences of climatic variables on 12 causes of broiler carcass condemnation in a representative subtropical hub. Longitudinal data (2021\u20132023) from federally inspected slaughterhouses in Santa Catarina, Brazil, a relevant case study for poultry production within K\u00f6ppen Cfa and Cfb climate zones, were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation and robust regression models, including Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with a quasibinomial distribution. Total condemnation rates rose from 13.1% in 2021 to 15.5% in 2023, dominated by gastrointestinal contamination (5.0%) and skin lesions (3.5%). Regression analysis revealed that lagged precipitation was a significant predictor for arthritis and cellulitis (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas higher temperatures and heat index reduced rejections for ascites and skin lesions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). A quasibinomial GLM identified lagged heat index (\u03b2 = \u2212\u20090.096,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.051) as a marginal predictor for inflammatory lesions. These findings suggest an association between environmental conditions during the initial stages of rearing and the final carcass quality. The established models offer insights for seasonal management across similar humid subtropical belts to mitigate economic losses and enhance production sustainability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05081-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:23:29Z","timestamp":1779269009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental drivers of broiler carcass condemnation in humid subtropical regions: an exploratory study on the association of lagged climatic effects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Alessandro Silva","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2863-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Francisco Sobierai","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6527-909X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise Ortigosa","family":"Stolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0950-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel Manente","family":"Boiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Cazonatto","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weber","family":"da Silva Robazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0507","volume":"22","author":"CA Alvares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Gon\u00e7alves JLM, Sparovek G (2013) K\u00f6ppen\u2019s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorol Z 22(6):711\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0507","journal-title":"Meteorol Z"},{"key":"5081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22067\/IJVST.2024.82675.1260","volume":"16","author":"A Azizpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azizpour A, Amirajam Z (2024) Causes for carcass condemnations of slaughtered poultry in the industrial slaughterhouse of Namin, Ardabil province, Iran. Iran J Vet Sci Technol 16:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22067\/IJVST.2024.82675.1260","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Sci Technol"},{"key":"5081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180046","DOI":"10.1590\/rbz4820180046","volume":"48","author":"RT Belintani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Belintani RT, Garcia RG, Gil JLRS, de Alencar N\u00e4\u00e4s I, Gandra ERS, de Cassia Komiyama C, Caldara FR (2019) Broiler carcass condemnation pattern during processing. Rev Bras Zootec 48:e20180046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/rbz4820180046","journal-title":"Rev Bras Zootec"},{"key":"5081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111095","volume":"10","author":"MW Bohler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bohler MW, Chowdhury VS, Cline MA, Gilbert ER (2021) Heat stress response in birds: a review of the neural components. Biology 10:1095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10111095","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"5081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105036","volume":"181","author":"SN Buzdugan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buzdugan SN, Chang YM, Huntington B, Rushton J, Guitian J, Alarcon P, Blake DP (2020) Identification of production chain risk factors for slaughter condemnation of broiler chickens. Prev Vet Med 181:105036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105036","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"5081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105884","volume":"196","author":"FES Carvalho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carvalho FES, Salle FO, Borges KA, Carvalho KBM, Furian TQ, Salle CTP (2025) Carcass condemnation prediction using artificial neural networks in poultry slaughterhouses. Res Vet Sci 196:105884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105884","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"5081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173112000110X","volume":"14","author":"C Chaiban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaiban C, Robinson TP, F\u00e8vre EM, Ogola J, Akoko J, Gilbert M, Vanwambeke SO (2020) Early intensification of backyard poultry systems in the tropics: a case study. Animals 14(11):2387\u20132396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S175173112000110X","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"5081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39(2):175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"5081_CR9","unstructured":"Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An R Companion to Applied Regression. 3rd Edition. Sage"},{"key":"5081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03521-z","volume":"18","author":"MC Hort\u00eancio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hort\u00eancio MC, Costa LRM, Souza MVP, Freitas WD, Fonseca BB, Silva MJB, Cossi MVC (2022) Time series evaluation of condemnation at poultry slaughterhouses enable to export in Southeastern Brazil (2009\u20132019): a tool for optimizing resources in the poultry production chain. BMC Vet Res 18:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-022-03521-z","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"5081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101294","volume":"100","author":"JY Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu JY, Cheng HW (2021) Warm perches: a novel approach for reducing cold stress effect on production, plasma hormones, and immunity in laying hens. Poult Sci 100(8):101294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101294","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2022-1669","volume":"25","author":"BT Kanabata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanabata BT, Souza FL, Biz G, Pescim RR, Soares AL (2023) Relationship between pre-slaughter factors and major causes of carcass condemnation in a broiler slaughterhouse under federal inspection. Braz J Poult Sci 25:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9061-2022-1669","journal-title":"Braz J Poult Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568093","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.568093","volume":"7","author":"S Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang S, Kim DH, Lee S, Lee T, Lee KW, Chang HH, Moon B, Ayasan T, Chi YH (2020) An acute, rather than progressive, increase in temperature-humidity index has severe effects on mortality in laying hens. Front Vet Sci 7:568093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.568093","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2025.02.015","volume":"55","author":"L Karlsson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karlsson L, Keeling L, R\u00f6\u00f6s E (2025) What is a better chicken? Exploring trade-offs between animal warfare and greenhouse gas emissions in higher-welfare broiler systems. Sustain Prod Consump 55:203\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spc.2025.02.015","journal-title":"Sustain Prod Consump"},{"issue":"3","key":"5081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.435","volume":"7","author":"CC Kpomasse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kpomasse CC, Oke OE, Houndonougbo FM, Tona K (2021) Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review. Vet Med Sci 7(3):831\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.435","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102867","volume":"97","author":"M Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar M, Ratwan P, Dahiya SP, Nehra AK (2021) Climate change and heat stress: impact on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry and its mitigation using genetic strategies. J Therm Biol 97:102867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102867","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.019","volume":"99","author":"L Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu L, Ren M, Ren K, Jin Y, Yan M (2020) Heat stress impacts on broiler performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Poult Sci 99(11):6205\u20136211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR18","volume-title":"Decree No. 9,013, of March 29, 2017. Regulamento de Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o Industrial e Sanit\u00e1ria de Produtos de Origem Animal (RIISPOA)","author":"MAPA","year":"2017","unstructured":"MAPA (2017) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. Decree No. 9,013, of March 29, 2017. Regulamento de Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o Industrial e Sanit\u00e1ria de Produtos de Origem Animal (RIISPOA). Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"},{"key":"5081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03577-5","volume":"55","author":"C McManus","year":"2023","unstructured":"McManus C, Louren\u00e7o-Silva J, Paim TP, Oliveira F, Giannoni-Guzm\u00e1n MA (2023) Tropical Animal Health and Production: a 55-year bibliographic analysis setting the course for a globalized international reference journal. Trop Anim Health Prod 55:160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-023-03577-5","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"5081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1399\/eps.2020.318","volume":"84","author":"HT Meteyake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meteyake HT, Bilalissi A, Oke OE, Voemesse K, Tona K (2020) Effect of thermal manipulation during incubation and heat challenge during the early juvenile stage on production parameters of broilers reared under a tropical climate. Eur Poult Sci 84:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1399\/eps.2020.318","journal-title":"Eur Poult Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2023.103773","volume":"119","author":"LM Moreira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreira LM, Sousa LS, Guam\u00e1n CAG, Vieira MC, Santini MB, Cardoso AR, Leme FOP, Lara LJC, Ara\u00fajo ICS (2024) Effects of cold stress on physiologic metabolism in the initial phase and performance of broiler rearing. J Therm Biol 119:103773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2023.103773","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933917000071","volume":"73","author":"A Mottet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mottet A, Tempio G (2017) Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. Worlds Poult Sci J 73(2):245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933917000071","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"5081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180249","DOI":"10.1590\/rbz4820180249","volume":"48","author":"JL Muchon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muchon JL, Garcia RG, Gandra ERS, Assun\u00e7\u00e3o ASA, Komiyama CM, Caldara FR, N\u00e4\u00e4s IA, Santos RA (2019) Origin of broiler carcass condemnations. Rev Bras Zootec 48:e20180249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/rbz4820180249","journal-title":"Rev Bras Zootec"},{"key":"5081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.08.010","volume":"78","author":"A Nawab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nawab A, Ibtisham F, Li G, Kieser B, Wu J, Liu W, Zhao Y, Nawab Y, Li K, Xiao M, An L (2018) Heat stress in poultry production: Mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry. J Therm Biol 78:131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.08.010","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"5081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699081","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.699081","volume":"8","author":"AH Nawaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nawaz AH, Amoah K, Leng QY, Zheng JH, Zhang WL, Zhang L (2021) Poultry response to heat stress: Its physiological, metabolic, and genetic implications on meat production and quality including strategies to improve broiler production in a warming world. Front Vet Sci 8:699081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.699081","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","volume":"11","author":"MC Peel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11(5):1633\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102828","volume":"102","author":"P Pirompud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pirompud P, Sivapirunthep P, Punyapornwithaya V, Chaosap C (2023) Preslaughter handling factors affecting dead on arrival, condemnations, and bruising in broiler chickens raised without an antibiotic program. Poult Sci 102(8):102828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102828","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104270","volume":"103","author":"P Pirompud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pirompud P, Sivapirunthep P, Punyapornwithaya V, Chaosap C (2024) Machine learning predictive modeling for condemnation risk assessment in antibiotic-free raised broilers. Poult Sci 103(12):104270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104270","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR29","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"5081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5030050","volume":"5","author":"A Rouger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rouger A, Tresse O, Zagorec M (2017) Bacterial contaminants of poultry meat: sources, species, and dynamics. Microorganisms 5:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms5030050","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"21","key":"5081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104000","volume":"180","author":"M Salines","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salines M, Allain V, Roul H, Magras C, Le Bouquin S (2017) Rates of and reasons for condemnation of poultry carcases: harmonised methodology at the slaughterhouse. Vet Rec 180(21):516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.104000","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"7","key":"5081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0861:TAOSPI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"RG Steadman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Steadman RG (1979) The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. J Appl Meteorol 18(7):861\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018%3C0861:TAOSPI%3E2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"5081_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.7896\/j.3313","volume":"127","author":"P Thobe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thobe P, Chibanda C, Almadani MI, Koch S (2025) Chicken meat production in global comparison \u2013 production systems and economics. Stud Agric Econ 127:220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7896\/j.3313","journal-title":"Stud Agric Econ"},{"key":"5081_CR34","unstructured":"Venables WN, Ripley BD (2022) Modern applied statistics with S. 4th ed. Springer, New York. ISBN: 0-387-95457-0"},{"key":"5081_CR35","unstructured":"Wei T, Simko V (2024) R package \u2018corrplot\u2019: Visualization of a correlation matrix (version 0.95). Available from https:\/\/github.com\/taiyun\/corrplot"},{"issue":"1","key":"5081_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02745","volume":"92","author":"RF Wideman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wideman RF, Rhoads DD, Erf GF, Anthony NB (2013) Pulmonary arterial hypertension (ascites syndrome) in broilers: A review. Poult Sci 92(1):64\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2012-02745","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5081_CR37","unstructured":"Zar JH (2010) Biostatistical analysis, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall"},{"issue":"3","key":"5081_CR38","first-page":"7","volume":"2","author":"A Zeileis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeileis A, Hothorn T (2022) Diagnostic checking in regression relationships. R News 2(3):7\u201310","journal-title":"R News"},{"issue":"3","key":"5081_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1214\/21-AOS2156","volume":"50","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Politis DN (2022) Ridge regression revisited: debiasing, thresholding and bootstrap. Ann Stat 50(3):1401\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/21-AOS2156","journal-title":"Ann Stat"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05081-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05081-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05081-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:28:22Z","timestamp":1783337302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05081-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["5081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05081-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9003534\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Compliance with ethical standards was strictly maintained. The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or direct experimentation with human or animal subjects. All data were retrieved from official secondary records provided by governmental sanitary inspection services, ensuring anonymity and adherence to international epidemiological reporting guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical compliance"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"279"}}