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This study evaluated the effects of different lipid sources (protected fat, flaxseed, and a mixture) on milk yield, composition, fatty acid profile, and behavioral and physiological responses of Holstein cows. Twelve cows were allocated to three 4\u2009\u00d7\u20094 Latin squares, with each period lasting 15 days (10 days adaptation, 5 days data collection). Treatments consisted of a basal diet supplemented with 278\u00a0g protected fat, 790\u00a0g flaxseed, or a combination of 139\u00a0g protected fat and 395\u00a0g flaxseed, compared with a control. Behavioral observations, physiological parameters, and milk samples were collected. Results showed that daily thermal load indicated moderate thermal challenge, but behavioral and physiological responses remained within normal ranges. Milk yield and protein content were unaffected by lipid supplementation. Flaxseed significantly increased milk fat percentage and improved the fatty acid profile, with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 and CLA, compared with protected fat. Somatic cell count did not differ among treatments, indicating no adverse effect on udder health. Elevated milk urea nitrogen values suggested imbalances between protein and carbohydrate supply. Overall, flaxseed supplementation enhanced milk nutritional quality while maintaining production stability under moderate heat stress. These findings suggest that flaxseed may represent a practical nutritional strategy to improve milk value and support sustainable dairy management in warm climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05147-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:23:09Z","timestamp":1781497389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of lipid supplementation on milk fatty acid profile of lactating cows under semi-confined summer conditions in southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6709-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ione Maria Pereira","family":"Haygert-Velho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andressa","family":"Faccenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego do Prado","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2064-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Laize Bandeira Calgaro","family":"Lorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9289-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Veiga","family":"Elicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8366-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Laerte","family":"N\u00f6rnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dileta Regina Moro","family":"Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Busanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Velho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0507","volume":"22","author":"CA Alvares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, De Moraes Gon\u00e7alves JL, Sparovek G (2013) K\u00f6ppen\u2019s climate classification map for Brazil. 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