{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:45:56Z","timestamp":1785527156234,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brooke East Africa","award":["BHAKEN 14\/05\/2024."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BHAKEN 14\/05\/2024."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05195-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:43:59Z","timestamp":1783529039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding donkey value chain in Kenya: mapping, governance, challenges, and equity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8071-056X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Mutiiria","family":"Kithuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy Muthui","family":"Wachira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6467-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurice Karani","family":"Murungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Orungo","family":"Onono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5195_CR16","unstructured":"Adams F (1886) The genuine works of Hippocrates, vol 1. W. Wood"},{"key":"5195_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2016.12.005","volume":"152","author":"P Alarcon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alarcon P, F\u00e8vre EM, Murungi MK, Muinde P, Akoko J, Dominguez-Salas P et al (2017) Mapping of beef, sheep and goat food systems in Nairobi\u2014A framework for policy making and the identification of structural vulnerabilities and deficiencies. Agric Syst 152:1\u201317","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"issue":"18","key":"5195_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182974","volume":"13","author":"M Aroua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aroua M, Fehri NE, Ben Said S, Quattrone A, Agradi S, Brecchia G et al (2024) The use of horse and donkey meat to enhance the quality of the traditional meat product (Kaddid): analysis of physico-chemical traits. Foods 13(18):2974","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"6","key":"5195_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2746\/042516405775314826","volume":"37","author":"FH Ashley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ashley FH, Waterman-Pearson AE, Whay HR (2005) Behavioural assessment of pain in horses and donkeys: application to clinical practice and future studies. Equine Vet J 37(6):565\u2013575","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"5195_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"A Bekuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bekuma A, Galmessa U (2019) Combating negative effect of negative energy balance in dairy cows: Comprehensive review. Approch Poult Dairy Vet Sci 6:1\u20134","journal-title":"Approch Poult Dairy Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5195_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.605919","volume":"34","author":"N Borioni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borioni N, Marinaro P, Celestini S, Del Sole F, Magro R, Zoppi D et al (2012) Effect of equestrian therapy and onotherapy in physical and psycho-social performances of adults with intellectual disability: a preliminary study of evaluation tools based on the ICF classification. Disabil Rehabil 34(4):279\u2013287","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"09","key":"5195_CR26","first-page":"1152","volume":"10","author":"G Carder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carder G, Ingasia O, Ngenoh E, Theuri S, Rono D, Langat P (2019) The emerging trade in donkey hide: An opportunity or a threat for communities in Kenya? Agricultural Sci 10(09):1152","journal-title":"Agricultural Sci"},{"key":"5195_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.08.013","volume":"147","author":"M Carron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carron M, Alarcon P, Karani M, Muinde P, Akoko J, Onono J et al (2017) The broiler meat system in Nairobi, Kenya: Using a value chain framework to understand animal and product flows, governance and sanitary risks. Prev Vet Med 147:90\u201399","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5195_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112668","volume":"11","author":"G Chakona","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chakona G, Shackleton C (2019) Food taboos and cultural beliefs influence food choice and dietary preferences among pregnant women in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Nutrients 11(11):2668","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5195_CR13","volume-title":"People and Development. A Resource Book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA)","author":"D Fernando","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fernando D, Starkey P, Donkeys (2000) People and Development. A Resource Book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen"},{"issue":"24","key":"5195_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243673","volume":"14","author":"K Fletcher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fletcher K, Limon G, Agongo E, Akunzule A, Essel G, Padalino B et al (2024) Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus) Welfare at Slaughter in Ghana. Animals 14(24):3673","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"5195_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1163\/15685306-bja10134","volume":"32","author":"M Geiger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geiger M, Hockenhull J, Buller H, Engida GT, Kedir MJ, Goshu L et al (2023) Being with donkeys: insights into the valuing and wellbeing of donkeys in Central Ethiopia. Soc Anim 32(5\u20136):602\u2013630","journal-title":"Soc Anim"},{"issue":"1","key":"5195_CR39","first-page":"69","volume":"7","author":"MN Gichure","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gichure MN, Olayide O (2024) Selected Intervention Strategies to Improve Health and Welfare of Working Donkeys in Kenya: A Narrative Review. Asian J Res Anim Vet Sci 7(1):69\u201382","journal-title":"Asian J Res Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"5195_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gichure M, Onono J, Wahome R, Gathura P (2020) Factors associated with level of income derived from working donkeys for smallholder farmers in the central highlands of Kenya. East Afr J Sci Technol Innov 1(4)","DOI":"10.37425\/eajsti.v1i4.177"},{"key":"5195_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.05.012","volume":"87","author":"BE Graeub","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graeub BE, Chappell MJ, Wittman H, Ledermann S, Kerr RB, Gemmill-Herren B (2016) The state of family farms in the world. World Dev 87:1\u201315","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"5195_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091073","volume":"12","author":"ZM Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan ZM, Manyelo TG, Nemukondeni N, Sebola AN, Selaledi L, Mabelebele M (2022) The possibility of including donkey meat and Milk in the food chain: a southern African scenario. Animals 12(9):1073","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5195_CR10","unstructured":"Karanja\u2013Lumumba T, Maichomo MW, Olum MO, Magero J, Okech T, Nyoike N (2019) The Status of Donkey Slaughter for Skin Trade and its Implications on the Kenyan Economy. In: 3rd Africa Animal Welfare Conference (AAWC) Held at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UN ECA) Complex in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"5195_CR15","unstructured":"Kenya Law (1977) Meat Control Act CAP 356. [Internet] [cited 2025 Feb 9]. Available from: http:\/\/www.kenyalaw.org\/"},{"key":"5195_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105009","volume":"179","author":"S Kiambi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiambi S, Onono JO, Kang\u2019ethe E, Aboge GO, Murungi MK, Muinde P et al (2020) Investigation of the governance structure of the Nairobi dairy value chain and its influence on food safety. Prev Vet Med 179:105009","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"5195_CR9","unstructured":"KNBS (2019) The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics [Internet] [cited 2025 Feb 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke"},{"key":"5195_CR31","unstructured":"Kugler W (2013) Added value of donkey breeds in Europe. Project Report January"},{"key":"5195_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.05.042","volume":"362","author":"G Macfadyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macfadyen G, Nasr-Alla AM, Al-Kenawy D, Fathi M, Hebicha H, Diab AM et al (2012) Value-chain analysis\u2014An assessment methodology to estimate Egyptian aquaculture sector performance. Aquaculture 362:18\u201327","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"11","key":"5195_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113154","volume":"11","author":"HC Maggs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maggs HC, Ainslie A, Bennett RM (2021) Donkey ownership provides a range of income benefits to the livelihoods of rural households in Northern Ghana. Animals 11(11):3154","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"11","key":"5195_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113154","volume":"11","author":"HC Maggs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maggs HC, Ainslie A, Bennett RM (2021) Donkey ownership provides a range of income benefits to the livelihoods of rural households in Northern Ghana. Animals 11(11):3154","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"5195_CR40","first-page":"71","volume":"10","author":"M Maigari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maigari M, Dantani U, Yelwa M, Ibrahim A (2020) Scavenging for Ejiao\u2019s raw material and the extinction of donkeys in Nigeria. Global J Sociology: Curr Issues 10(2):71\u201387","journal-title":"Global J Sociology: Curr Issues"},{"key":"5195_CR6","unstructured":"Mainka SA, Mills JA (1995) Wildlife and traditional Chinese medicine: supply and demand for wildlife species. J Zoo Wildl Med 193\u2013200"},{"key":"5195_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2019.04.009","volume":"96","author":"M Martini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martini M, Salari F, Licitra R, La Motta C, Altomonte I (2019) Lysozyme activity in donkey milk. Int Dairy J 96:98\u2013101","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"issue":"11","key":"5195_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112001","volume":"10","author":"T Massouras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Massouras T, Bitsi N, Paramithiotis S, Manolopoulou E, Drosinos EH, Triantaphyllopoulos KA (2020) Microbial profile antibacterial properties and chemical composition of raw donkey milk. Animals 10(11):2001","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5195_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.03.008","volume":"65","author":"AK McLean","year":"2018","unstructured":"McLean AK, Gonzalez FJN (2018) Can scientists influence donkey welfare? Historical perspective and a contemporary view. J Equine Vet Sci 65:25\u201332","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"5195_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581376","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.581376","volume":"8","author":"MK Murungi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murungi MK, Muloi DM, Muinde P, Githigia SM, Akoko J, F\u00e8vre EM et al (2021) The Nairobi pork value chain: mapping and assessment of governance, challenges, and food safety issues. Front Vet Sci 8:581376","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5195_CR25","unstructured":"Nguekeng CL, Hako TBA, Motsa\u2019a JS, Tangomo AN, Fonteh FA, Keambou CT (2022) Socio-economic and technical characteristics of donkeys in the far Northern region of Cameroon"},{"issue":"2","key":"5195_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247830","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247830","volume":"16","author":"SL Norris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norris SL, Little HA, Ryding J, Raw Z (2021) Global donkey and mule populations: Figures and trends. PLoS ONE 16(2):e0247830","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5195_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2017.10.001","volume":"159","author":"JO Onono","year":"2018","unstructured":"Onono JO, Alarcon P, Karani M, Muinde P, Akoko JM, Maud C et al (2018) Identification of production challenges and benefits using value chain mapping of egg food systems in Nairobi, Kenya. Agric Syst 159:1\u20138","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"key":"5195_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozturkoglu-Budak S, Akal HC, Bereli N, Cimen D, Akgonullu S (2021) Use of antimicrobial proteins of donkey milk as preservative agents in Kashar cheese production. Int Dairy J [Internet] 120:105090. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0958694621001187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2021.105090"},{"key":"5195_CR14","volume-title":"Report for Situation Assessment on Community Donkey Gantries","author":"JK Rono","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rono JK, Mukunya A, Mugothi E, Otiende D, Mwangi M (2018) Report for Situation Assessment on Community Donkey Gantries. Ministry of Pastoral Economy and Fisheries, Turkana County Government, Lodwar, Turkana"},{"key":"5195_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salari F, Licitra R, Altomonte I, Martini M (2020) Donkey feeding during maintenance, pregnancy, and lactation: effects on body weight, milk production, and foal growth. J Equine Vet Sci [Internet] 91:103131. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0737080620302227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103131"},{"key":"5195_CR7","unstructured":"Sanctuary TD (2017) Under the skin: the emerging trade in donkey skins and its implications for donkey welfare and livelihoods. Donkey Sanctuary"},{"key":"5195_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith ME, Linnell JDC, Odden J, Swenson JE (2000) Review of methods to reduce livestock depradation: I. Guardian animals. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A-Animal Sci 50(4):279\u201390","DOI":"10.1080\/090647000750069476"},{"key":"5195_CR11","unstructured":"Valette D (2015) Invisible workers: the economic contributions of working donkeys, horses and mules to livelihoods"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"5195_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2005.2s.427","volume":"4","author":"S Vincenzetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Fantuz F, Mariani PL, Cammertoni N, Vita A et al (2005) Donkey\u2019s milk caseins characterization. Ital J Anim Sci 4(sup2):427\u2013429","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5195_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14596","volume":"40","author":"C Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu C, Markova M, Seebeck N, Loft A, Hornemann S, Gantert T et al (2020) High-protein diet more effectively reduces hepatic fat than low\u2010protein diet despite lower autophagy and FGF21 levels. Liver Int 40(12):2982\u20132997","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"5195_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460859","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1460859","volume":"11","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang M, Sun Y, Liu S (2024) Factors affecting the quality and nutritional value of donkey meat: a comprehensive review. Front Vet Sci 11:1460859","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05195-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05195-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05195-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:09:23Z","timestamp":1785521363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05195-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05195-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"393"}}