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Twenty calves were assessed in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910 in period 1, late winter\u2013spring;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910 in period 2, late summer\u2013autumn). The study used a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factorial arrangement with probiotic supplementation (with or without fungal inoculation) and experimental periods as factors. Growth performance, structural development, and nutrient intake were evaluated. Fungal supplementation increased total hip width gain (4.5 vs. 3.6\u00a0cm) and tended to increase hay dry matter intake during the preweaning phase in both periods. However, supplementation did not influencied other performance parameters (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Calves evaluated during Period 2 showed greater average daily gain (0.674 vs. 0.537\u00a0kg\/d) and improved feed efficiency (1.44 vs. 1.69) compared with Period 1. In conclusion, fungal inoculation enhanced structural growth, specifically hip width gain, whereas overall performance was more strongly influenced by season. Dairy calves reared under a tropical outdoor system in a semi-arid region exhibited improved growth performance during late summer and autumn.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05248-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:07:59Z","timestamp":1784650079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth performance and nutrient intake of Gir x Holstein dairy calves reared in a tropical outdoor system and inoculated with rumen-derived fungi"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ellen Batista","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Castro","family":"Geraseev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Gomes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilla Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Queir\u00f3z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Emanuel Gomes","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia","family":"de Melo Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idael Matheus G\u00f3es","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Robson","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0633-5","volume":"69","author":"FO Abr\u00e3o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abr\u00e3o FO, Duarte ER, Freitas CES, Vieira EA, Geraseev LC, Silva Hughes AF, Rosa AC, Rodrigues NM (2014) Characterization of fungi from ruminal fluid of beef cattle with different ages and raised in tropical lignified pastures. 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