{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:13:04Z","timestamp":1790881984290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05256-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:28:54Z","timestamp":1785162534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the performance of hybrids obtained from reciprocal crosses between Anadolu\u2013T and a commercial parent stocks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyhan","family":"Yeter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1032-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Elero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0700709","volume":"70","author":"GF Barbato","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barbato GF, Vasilatos-Youken R (1991) Sex - linked and maternal effects on growth in chickens. Poult Sci 70:709\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0700709","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5256_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0670565","volume":"67","author":"JR Chambers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chambers JR, Lin CY (1988) Age-constant versus weight-constant feed consumption and efficiency in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 67(4):565\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0670565","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR3","unstructured":"Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D (2010) Elements of Evolutionary genetics; roberts and company publishers. Greenwood, CO, USA"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5256_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100289","volume":"15","author":"V Chatellier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chatellier V (2021) Review: international trade in animal products and the place of the European Union: main trends over the last 20 years. Animal 15(Suppl 1):100289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100289","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"5256_CR6","first-page":"201","volume":"61","author":"EA Dunnington","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dunnington EA, Siegel P (1997) Anorexia in chickens selected for low juvenile body weight. Archiv Fur Geflugelk 61:201\u2013204","journal-title":"Archiv Fur Geflugelk"},{"issue":"7","key":"5256_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03069","volume":"92","author":"EA Dunnington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dunnington EA, Honaker CF, Mc Gilliard ML, Siegel PB (2013) Phenotypic responses of chickens to long-term, bidirectional selection for juvenile body weight\u2013historical perspective. Poult Sci 92(7):1724\u20131734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2013-03069","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR7","unstructured":"D\u00fczg\u00fcne\u015f O, Kesici T, G\u00fcrb\u00fcz F (1987) Istatistik Metotlari. A.\u00dc. Zir. Fak. Yay. No:861\/229"},{"issue":"1","key":"5256_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1079\/pns200059","volume":"60","author":"G Emmans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Emmans G, Kyriazakis I (2001) Consequences of genetic change in farm animals on food intake and feeding behaviour. Proc Nutr Soc 60(1):115\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/pns200059","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"5256_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.29185\/hayuretim.1573738","volume":"65","author":"K Erensoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erensoy K (2024) Growth, welfare and leg soundness traits in genetically different Anadolu-T broiler pure lines and hybrids. J Anim Produc Vol 65(2):149\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29185\/hayuretim.1573738","journal-title":"J Anim Produc Vol"},{"key":"5256_CR10","first-page":"269","volume":"79","author":"RW Fairfull","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fairfull RW, Liljedahl LE, Gowe RS (1999) Age-regulated expression of genetic and environmental variation in fitness traits. 2. Genetic effects and variances for viability among crosses from a factorial mating of six selected Leghorn strains Can. J Anim Sci 79:269\u2013276","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"5256_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.10.1509","volume":"82","author":"GB Havenstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Havenstein GB, Ferket PR, Qureshi MA (2003) Carcass composition and yield of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult Sci 82(10):1509\u20131518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ps\/82.10.1509","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.36108\/adanja\/3202.40.0131","volume":"4","author":"KO Kareem-Ibrahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kareem-Ibrahim KO, Abanikannda OTF, Lawal AK, Nwadialo S (2023) Influence of weight at hatching on weekly weight of broiler chickens. ADAN J Agric 4:135\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36108\/adanja\/3202.40.0131","journal-title":"ADAN J Agric"},{"key":"5256_CR14","first-page":"5686","volume":"20","author":"RMT Khulel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khulel RMT, Sabri MA (2020) Effect of initial weight of chicks on performance of Iraqi local chicks. Plant Archives 20:5686\u20135690","journal-title":"Plant Archives"},{"issue":"2","key":"5256_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1079\/ASC41960121","volume":"80","author":"TN Kristensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kristensen TN, S\u00f8rensen C (2005) Inbreeding -- lessons from animal breeding, evolutionary biology and conservation genetics. Anim Sci 80(2):121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/ASC41960121","journal-title":"Anim Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5256_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-017-0392-7","volume":"58","author":"E Kubiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kubiak E, Wimmers K, Reyer H, Szwaczkowski T (2017) Genetic aspects of feed efficiency and reduction of environmental footprint in broilers:a review. J Appl Genet 58(4):487\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13353-017-0392-7","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"5256_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982006000800017","volume":"35","author":"NSM Leandro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leandro NSM, Cunha WCP, Stringhini JH, Cruz CP, Barcelos Caf\u00e9 M, Matos MS (2006) Effect of broiler chicken initial weight on performance, carcass yield and economic viability. R Bras Zootec 35(6):2314\u20132321 DOI:** **10.1590\/S1516-35982006000800017","journal-title":"R Bras Zootec"},{"key":"5256_CR19","volume-title":"Nutrition of the Chicken","author":"S Leeson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leeson S, Summers JD (2001) Nutrition of the Chicken. University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"},{"key":"5256_CR18","volume-title":"Broiler breeder production","author":"S Leeson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leeson S, Summers JD (2010) Broiler breeder production. Nottingham University, Nottingham"},{"key":"5256_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0350582","volume":"35","author":"DW Maclaury","year":"1956","unstructured":"Maclaury DW, Nordskog AW (1956) Effects of inbreeding on mortality in the domestic fowl. Poult Sci 35:582\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0350582","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5256_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102783","volume":"102","author":"AC Mancinelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancinelli AC, Menchetti L, Birolo M, Bittante G, Chiattelli D, Castellini C (2023) Crossbreeding to improve local chicken breeds: predicting growth performance of the crosses using the Gompertz model and estimated heterosis. Poult Sci 102(8):102783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102783","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5256_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37216-z","volume":"9","author":"W Mebratie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mebratie W, Reyer H, Wimmers K, Bovenhuis H, Jensen J (2019) Genome wide association study of body weight and feed efficiency traits in a commercial broiler chicken population, a re-visitation. Sci Repo 9(1):922. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-37216-z.pdf","journal-title":"Sci Repo"},{"issue":"3","key":"5256_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2011000300001","volume":"13","author":"AS Mendes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mendes AS, Paixao SJ, Restelatto R, Reffatti R, Possenti JC, De Moura DJ, Morello GMZ, de Carvalho TMR (2011) Effects of initial body weight and litter material on broiler production. Braz J Poult Sci 13(3):165\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1516-635X2011000300001","journal-title":"Braz J Poult Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muir et al (2008) l Genome-wide assessment of worldwide chicken SNP genetic diversity indicates significant absence of rare alleles in commercial breeds. Agri Sci 105(45):17312\u201317317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0806569105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806569105"},{"key":"5256_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0670859","volume":"67","author":"AW Nordskog","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nordskog AW, Cheng S (1988) Inbreeding effects on fertility and hatchability associated with the formation of sublines. Poult Sci 67:859\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0670859","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5256_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101072","volume":"100","author":"I Nyalala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nyalala I, Okinda C, Kunjie C, Korohou T, Nyalala L, Chao Q (2021) Weight and volume estimation of poultry and products based on computer vision systems: a review. Poult Sci 100(5):101072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101072","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"5256_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v12i9.1539-1547.6509","volume":"12","author":"E O\u011fuzhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u011fuzhan E, Sar\u0131ca M (2024) Live weight and egg production changes of pure lines used to obtain Anadolu-T broiler parent line. Turkish J Agri - Food Sci Tech 12(9):1539\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24925\/turjaf.v12i9.1539-1547.6509","journal-title":"Turkish J Agri - Food Sci Tech"},{"key":"5256_CR28","volume-title":"Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi. Kaan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131","author":"K \u00d6zdamar","year":"2002","unstructured":"\u00d6zdamar K (2002) Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi. Kaan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 4 edn. Bask\u0131, Eski\u015fehir","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"5256_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1735978","volume":"76","author":"A Prakash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prakash A, Saxena VK, Singh MK (2020) Genetic analysis of residual feed intake, feed conversion ratio and related growth parameters in broiler chicken: a review. World\u2019s Poul Sci J 76(2):304\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00439339.2020.1735978","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poul Sci J"},{"issue":"7","key":"5256_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0661119","volume":"66","author":"FG Proudfoot","year":"1987","unstructured":"Proudfoot FG, Hulan HW (1987) Parental effects on performance of broiler chicken progenies. Poult Sci 66(7):1119\u20131122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0661119","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.7.1478","volume":"86","author":"MP Richards","year":"2007","unstructured":"Richards MP, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M (2007) Mechanisms Regulating Feed Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Body Weight in Poultry. Poult Sci 86:1478\u20131490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ps\/86.7.1478","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"5256_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v9i11.1980-1987.4575","volume":"9","author":"M Sar\u0131ca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sar\u0131ca M, Erensoy K, \u00d6zkan I, O\u011fuzhan E, \u00c7a\u011flak S (2021a) Growth and carcass Traits of Anadolu-T broiler pure lines, Turkish J. of Agri. - Food Sci Techn 9(11):1980\u20131987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24925\/turjaf.v9i11.1980-1987.4575","journal-title":"- Food Sci Techn"},{"key":"5256_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sar\u0131ca M, Erensoy K, O\u011fuzhan E, Yeter B, Camci \u00d6 (2021b) Effects of male selection for body weight on performance of offsprings in broiler pure-lines. Braz J Poult Sci 23(03). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9061-2021-1464","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2021-1464"},{"key":"5256_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213306","volume":"13","author":"BS Sosa-Madrid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sosa-Madrid BS, Maniatis G, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Escriche N, Avenda\u00f1o S, Kranis A (2023) Genetic variance estimation over time in broiler breeding programmes for growth and reproductive traits. Ani 13:3306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13213306","journal-title":"Ani"},{"issue":"13","key":"5256_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131602","volume":"12","author":"P Sungkhapreecha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sungkhapreecha P, Chankitisakul V, Duangjinda M, Boonkum W (2022) Combining abilities, heterosis, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in a diallel cross from black-bone chickens and thai native chickens. Animals 12(13):1602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12131602","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"8","key":"5256_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101959","volume":"101","author":"KM Sweeney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sweeney KM, Aranibar CD, Kim WK, Williams SM, Avila LP, Starkey JD, Wilson JL (2022) Impact of every-day versus skip-a-day feeding of broiler breeder pullets during rearing on body weight uniformity and reproductive performance. Poult Sci 101(8):101959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101959","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR37","unstructured":"U\u00e7ar A (2020) The effect of some parent stock characteristics on incubation and broiler performance. Ankara Univ"},{"issue":"1","key":"5256_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.24925\/turjaf.v6i1.73-77.1751","volume":"6","author":"A U\u00e7ar","year":"2018","unstructured":"U\u00e7ar A, T\u00fcrko\u011flu M, Sar\u0131ca M (2018) Evolution of broilers and broiler breeders. Turkish J Agri -Food Sci Tech 6(1):73\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24925\/turjaf.v6i1.73-77.1751","journal-title":"Turkish J Agri -Food Sci Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"5256_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.15832\/ankutbd.1502100","volume":"31","author":"A U\u00e7ar","year":"2025","unstructured":"U\u00e7ar A, Elibol O, T\u00fcrko\u011flu M (2025) The effect of male broiler parent live weight differences during the growing period on progeny broiler performance. J Agri Sci 31(2):332\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15832\/ankutbd.1502100","journal-title":"J Agri Sci"},{"key":"5256_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198830870.001.0001","volume-title":"Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits","author":"B Walsh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walsh B, Lynch M (2018) Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK"},{"issue":"12","key":"5256_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102201","volume":"101","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Sun Y, Ni A, Li Y, Yuan J, Ma H, Wang P, Shi L, Zong Y, Zhao J, Bian S, Chen J (2022) Research Note: Heterosis for egg production and oviposition pattern in reciprocal crossbreeds of indigenous and elite laying chickens. Poult Sci 101(12):102201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102201","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"5256_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey062","volume":"97","author":"C Wen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wen C, Yan W, Zheng J, Ji C, Zhang D, Sun C, Yang N (2018) Feed efficiency measures and their relationships with production and meat quality traits in slower growing broilers. Poult Sci 97(7):2356\u20132364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pey062","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5256_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey424","volume":"98","author":"W Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan W, Sun C, Wen C, Ji C, Zhang D, Yang N (2019) Relationships between feeding behaviors and performance traits in slow-growing yellow broilers. Poult Sci 98(2):548\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pey424","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5256_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.8.1214","volume":"84","author":"S Zerehdaran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zerehdaran S, Vereijken A, Arendonk JAM, Bovenhuis H, van der Waaij EH (2005) Broiler breeding strategies using indirect carcass measurements. Poult Sci 84(8):1214\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ps\/84.8.1214","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5256_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04291","volume":"93","author":"MJ Zuidhof","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuidhof MJ, Schneider BL, Carney VL, Korver DR, Robinson FE (2014) Growth, efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poult Sci 93(12):2970\u20132982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2014-04291 Epub 2014 Sep 26","journal-title":"Poult Sci"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05256-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05256-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05256-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:35:07Z","timestamp":1790879707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05256-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05256-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8669688\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted under controlled experimental conditions, which may not fully represent the variability encountered in commercial broiler production systems. Furthermore, the findings are limited to the four hybrid combinations derived from the Anadolu-T and commercial parent stocks evaluated in this study and therefore should not be generalized to other genetic backgrounds without further validation. The present investigation focused primarily on growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and viability. Although feed conversion ratio provides an indirect indication of production efficiency, a comprehensive economic evaluation, including feed costs, production costs, and profitability, was beyond the scope of the present study. Similarly, behavioural observations, detailed animal welfare assessments, carcass characteristics, meat quality, disease resistance, and reproductive performance were not evaluated. Future studies should incorporate these parameters and validate the results under commercial production conditions to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the biological and economic potential of these hybrid combinations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Limitations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University Faculty of Agriculture Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Approval No. 2025\/02).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"447"}}