{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:12:53Z","timestamp":1790881973126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05285-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:06:58Z","timestamp":1786349218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence and risk factors of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dromedary camels of Southern Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Aliza","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mughees Aizaz","family":"Alvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hammad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Numan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzafar","family":"Ghafoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5285_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Afzal M, Sakkir M (1994) Survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing camels in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Rev Sci Tech 13(3):787\u2009\u2013\u200992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.13.3.794. PMID: 7949353","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.3.794"},{"issue":"3","key":"5285_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0299881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299881","volume":"19","author":"A Al Naeem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Naeem A, Salem M, Housawi F, Al-Mohammed Salem K, Hussen J, Fayez M, Zaghawa A, Kostoulas P (2024) Epidemiological insights into paratuberculosis in camels in Saudi Arabia: Bayesian estimation of true prevalence and identification of risk factors. PLoS ONE 19(3):e0299881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299881","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5285_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alharbi KB, Al-Swailem A, Al-Dubaib MA, Al-Yamani E, Al-Naeem A, Shehata M, Hashad ME, Albusadah KA, Mahmoud OM (2012) Pathology and molecular diagnosis of paratuberculosis of camels. Trop Anim Health Prod 44(1):173-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-011-9905-2. Epub 2011 Jun 4. PMID: 21643659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9905-2"},{"key":"5285_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801004010041","volume":"4","author":"AM Alhebabi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alhebabi AM, Alluwaimi AM (2010) Paratuberculosis in Camel (Camelus dromedarius): The Diagnostic Efficiency of ELISA and PCR. Open Veterinary Sci J 4:41\u201344","journal-title":"Open Veterinary Sci J"},{"key":"5285_CR6","first-page":"163","volume":"15","author":"AM Alluwaimi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alluwaimi AM (2008) The efficiency of bovine ELISA in detection of the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in fection in camels (Camelus dromedaries) at different ages. J Camel Pract Res 15:163\u2013165","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5285_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01822-8","volume":"15","author":"AM Almuzaini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almuzaini AM, Aljohani ASM, Alajaji AI, Elbehiry A, Abalkhail A, Almujaidel A, Aljarallah SN, Sherif HR, Marzouk E, Draz AA (2025) Seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels and humans in the Al-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia and its implications for public health. AMB Express 15(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-025-01822-8","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"5285_CR7","unstructured":"Anonymous (2014) 12th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. International Association for Paratuberculosis, Parma, Italy, 22\u201326 June 2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"5285_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12858","volume":"50","author":"PA Burger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burger PA, Ciani E, Faye B (2019) Old World camels in a modern world - a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement. Anim Genet 50(6):598\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/age.12858","journal-title":"Anim Genet"},{"key":"5285_CR9","unstructured":"Cameron A (1999) Survey Toolbox for livestcok diseases: a practical manual and software package for active surveillance in developing countries. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research"},{"key":"5285_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaubey KK, Singh SV, Gupta S, Singh M, Sohal JS, Kumar N, Singh MK, Bhatia AK, Dhama K (2017) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - an important food borne pathogen of high public health significance with special reference to India: an update. Vet Q 37(1):282\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01652176.2017.1397301. PMID: 29090657","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1397301"},{"key":"5285_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collins MT (1996) Diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 12(2):357\u2009\u2013\u200971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0749-0720(15)30411-4. PMID: 8828110","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-0720(15)30411-4"},{"key":"5285_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhillon A, Yadav P, Singh SV, Ranjan R, Gupta S, Sawal RK, Singh M, Ranjan A, Nath K (2025) Comparative diagnostic evaluation and molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dromedary camels of Rajasthan, India. Vet Res Commun 49(6):317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10891-w. PMID: 40971092","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10891-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-022-01602-x","volume":"19","author":"CT Dow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dow CT, Alvarez BL (2022) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis zoonosis is a One Health emergency. EcoHealth 19(2):164\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-022-01602-x. Epub 2022 Jun 2. PMID: 35655048; PMCID: PMC9162107","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"5285_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101780","volume":"83","author":"A Elmoslemany","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elmoslemany A, Alanazi F, Elsohaby I, Fayez M, Alnaeem A (2022) Associations between management factors and seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dromedary camels. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 83:101780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101780. Epub 2022 Feb 24. PMID: 35228157","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020323","volume":"11","author":"I Elsohaby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elsohaby I, Fayez M, Alkafafy M, Refaat M, Al-Marri T, Alaql FA, Al Amer AS, Abdallah A, Elmoslemany A (2021) Serological and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Anim (Basel) 11(2):323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11020323. PMID: 33525431; PMCID: PMC7911684","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"key":"5285_CR18","unstructured":"FAO (2018) Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nations. Rome, Italy"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5252\/az2014n2a01","volume":"49","author":"B Faye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faye B (2014) The camel today: assets and potentials. Anthropozoologica 49(2):167\u2013176","journal-title":"Anthropozoologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"5285_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-022-00217-6","volume":"75","author":"NL Field","year":"2022","unstructured":"Field NL, McAloon CG, Gavey L, Mee JF (2022) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle - a review in the context of seasonal pasture-based dairy herds. Ir Vet J 75(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13620-022-00217-6. PMID: 35590382; PMCID: PMC9121589","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"key":"5285_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcia AB, Shalloo L (2015) Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Dairy Sci 98(8):5019-39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2014-9241. PMID: 26074241","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9241"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031947","volume":"7","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghosh P, Hsu C, Alyamani EJ, Shehata MM, Al-Dubaib MA, Al-Naeem A, Hashad M, Mahmoud OM, Alharbi KB, Al-Busadah K, Al-Swailem AM, Talaat AM (2012) Genome-wide analysis of the emerging infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius). PLoS ONE 7(2):e31947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031947. Epub 2012 Feb 29. PMID: 22393374; PMCID: PMC3290536","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5285_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352623","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1352623","volume":"11","author":"S Griss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Griss S, Knific T, Buzzell A, Carmo LP, Sch\u00fcpbach-Regula G, Meylan M, Ocepek M, Thomann B (2024) A scoping review on associations between paratuberculosis and productivity in cattle. Front Vet Sci 11:1352623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1352623. PMID: 38756521; PMCID: PMC11097669","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5285_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamers-Casterman C, Atarhouch T, Muyldermans S, Robinson G, Hamers C, Songa EB, Bendahman N, Hamers R (1993) Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature 363(6428):446-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/363446a0. PMID: 8502296","DOI":"10.1038\/363446a0"},{"key":"5285_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110870","volume":"153","author":"TM Ho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ho TM, Zou Z, Bansal N (2022) Camel milk: A review of its nutritional value, heat stability, and potential food products. Food Res Int 153:110870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110870. Epub 2021 Dec 7. PMID: 35227464","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"5285_CR25","first-page":"335","volume":"35","author":"FM Housawi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Housawi FM, Zaghawa AA, Al-Naeem A (2015) Seroprevalence of paratuberculosis among camels in Al-Ahsa and Riyadh regions, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pak Vet J 35:335\u2013378","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0734-y","volume":"47","author":"MH Hussain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hussain MH, Saqib M, Al-Maawali MG, Al-Makhladi S, Al-Zadjali MS, Al-Sidairi T, Asubaihi S, Al-Rawahi A, Mansoor MK (2015) Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and evaluation of risk factors in camels of the Sultanate of Oman. Trop Anim Health Prod 47(2):383\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-014-0734-y. Epub 2014 Nov 28. PMID: 25429909","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"5285_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908479","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.908479","volume":"9","author":"S Hussain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussain S, Saqib M, El-Adawy H, Hussain MH, Jamil T, Sajid MS, Alvi MA, Ghafoor M, Tayyab MH, Abbas Z, Mertens-Scholz K, Neubauer H, Khan I, Khalid Mansoor M, Muhammad G (2022) Seroprevalence and Molecular Evidence of Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels of Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 9:908479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.908479. PMID: 35782546; PMCID: PMC9244431","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5285_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kramsky JA, Miller DS, Hope A, Collins MT (2000) Modification of a bovine ELISA to detect camelid antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 77(3\u20134):333-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-1135(00)00318-7. PMID: 11118718","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(00)00318-7"},{"key":"5285_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKenna SL, Keefe GP, Barkema HW, McClure J, Vanleeuwen JA, Hanna P, Sockett DC (2004) Cow-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in culled dairy cows in Atlantic Canada and Maine. J Dairy Sci 87(11):3770-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73515-8. PMID: 15483160","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73515-8"},{"key":"5285_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell RM, Schukken Y, Koets A, Weber M, Bakker D, Stabel J, Whitlock RH, Louzoun Y (2015) Differences in intermittent and continuous fecal shedding patterns between natural and experimental Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in cattle. Vet Res 46:66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0188-x"},{"key":"5285_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565324","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.565324","volume":"7","author":"L Ozsvari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozsvari L, Harnos A, Lang Z, Monostori A, Strain S, Fodor I (2020) The Impact of Paratuberculosis on Milk Production, Fertility, and Culling in Large Commercial Hungarian Dairy Herds. Front Vet Sci 7:565324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.565324. PMID: 33195541; PMCID: PMC7604298","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5285_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12163","volume":"48","author":"R Pribylova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pribylova R, Slana I, Cech S, Kralova A, Pavlik I (2013) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detected in the reproductive tract of cows from an infected herd. Reprod Domest Anim 48(5):790\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rda.12163. Epub 2013 Apr 19. PMID: 23600627","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"5285_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-5","volume":"9","author":"M Pruvot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pruvot M, Forde TL, Steele J, Kutz SJ, De Buck J, van der Meer F, Orsel K (2013) The modification and evaluation of an ELISA test for the surveillance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wild ruminants. BMC Vet Res 9:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-5. PMID: 23302439; PMCID: PMC3545983","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5285_CR35","first-page":"47","volume":"19","author":"A Raoofi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raoofi A, Hemmatzadeh F, Ghanaei A (2012) Serological survey in camels (Camelus dromedarius) to detect antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type-1 and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in Iran. J Camel Pract Res 19(1):47\u201350","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5285_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19381","volume":"104","author":"P Rasmussen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasmussen P, Barkema HW, Mason S, Beaulieu E, Hall DC (2021) Economic losses due to Johne\u2019s disease (paratuberculosis) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 104(3):3123\u20133143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2020-19381. Epub 2021 Jan 15. PMID: 33455766","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"5285_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00187","volume":"4","author":"G Rathnaiah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rathnaiah G, Zinniel DK, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Gr\u00f6hn YT, Collins MT, Barletta RG, Pathogenesis (2017) Molecular Genetics, and Genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Etiologic Agent of Johne\u2019s Disease. Front Vet Sci 4:187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2017.00187. PMID: 29164142; PMCID: PMC5681481","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"5285_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robbe-Austerman S, Gardner IA, Thomsen BV, Morrical DG, Martin BM, Palmer MV, Thoen CO, Ewing C (2006 Jul-Aug) Sensitivity and specificity of the agar-gel-immunodiffusion test, ELISA and the skin test for detection of paratuberculosis in United States Midwest sheep populations. Vet Res 37(4):553\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/vetres:2006018. Epub 2006 Apr 28. PMID: 16641016","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006018"},{"key":"5285_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross TD (2003) Accurate confidence intervals for binomial proportion and Poisson rate estimation. Comput Biol Med 33(6):509\u2009\u2013\u200931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0010-4825(03)00019-2. PMID: 12878234","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-4825(03)00019-2"},{"key":"5285_CR41","first-page":"1141","volume":"8","author":"M Salem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salem M, El-Sayed A, Fayed A, Abo-El-Hassan DG (2012) Subclinical infection of paratuberculosis among camels in Egypt. J Am Sci 8:1141\u20131147","journal-title":"J Am Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.218-223","volume":"12","author":"MA Salem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salem MA, El-Deeb WM, Zaghawa AA, Housawi FM, Alluwaimi AM (2019a) Investigation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Arabian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 12(2):218\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2019.218-223. Epub 2019 Feb 9. PMID: 31040561; PMCID: PMC6460865","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"2","key":"5285_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.218-223","volume":"12","author":"MA Salem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salem MA, El-Deeb WM, Zaghawa AA, Housawi FM, Alluwaimi AM (2019b) Investigation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Arabian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 12(2):218\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2019.218-223","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"9","key":"5285_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091517","volume":"13","author":"J Schrott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schrott J, Sodoma E, D\u00fcnser M, Tichy A, Khol JL (2023) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Sheep and Goats in Austria: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors and Detection from Boot Swab Samples. Animals 13(9):1517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13091517","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5285_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106261","volume":"226","author":"A Selim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Selim A, Attia KA, Alsubki RA, Kimiko I, Sayed-Ahmed MZ (2022) Cross-sectional survey on Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis in Dromedary Camels: Seroprevalence and risk factors. Acta Trop 226:106261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106261. Epub 2021 Nov 27. PMID: 34848184","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5285_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh SV, Singh PK, Singh AV, Sohal JS, Kumar N, Chaubey KK, Gupta S, Rawat KD, Kumar A, Bhatia AK, Srivastav AK, Dhama K (2014) \u2018Bio-load\u2019 and bio-type profiles of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in the domestic livestock population endemic for Johne\u2019s disease: a survey of 28 years (1985\u20132013) in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 61 Suppl 1:43\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.12216. PMID: 25135463","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12216"},{"issue":"1","key":"5285_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.2","volume":"15","author":"M Tharwat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tharwat M, Ali H, Alkheraif AA (2025) Clinical insights on paratuberculosis in Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius): A review. Open Vet J 15(1):8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.2","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"5285_CR48","unstructured":"Thrusfield M (2018) Sample size determination. Veterinary epidemiology, 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell"},{"issue":"6","key":"5285_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1277-1283","volume":"16","author":"ETAE Tigani-Asil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tigani-Asil ETAE, Abdelwahab GED, Abdu EHAM, Terab AMA, Khalil NAH, Marri ZJMA, Yuosf MF, Shah AAM, Khalafalla AI, Ishag HZA (2023) Pathological, microscopic, and molecular diagnosis of paratuberculosis\/John\u2019s disease in naturally infected dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 16(6):1277\u20131283 Epub 2023 Jun 8. PMID: 37577185; PMCID: PMC10421554","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"5285_CR31","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Manual. 2021. Chapter 3.1.15. Paratuberculosis (Johne\u2019s Disease)"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05285-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05285-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05285-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:35:10Z","timestamp":1790879710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05285-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05285-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"482"}}