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The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare Committee (Comit\u00e9 de Bienestar Animal) of the Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica (approval no. EMV-CBA-08-2011). Participation was voluntary, and horse owners were informed of the aims and scope of the study. Verbal informed consent was obtained from each owner before animal handling and blood collection. No experimental procedures were performed. Blood samples were collected by trained veterinarians following standard veterinary procedures and applicable national animal welfare regulations, with measures taken to minimize animal discomfort and handling time.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"623"}}