{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:39:40Z","timestamp":1792622380830,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya","award":["PGIS\/2022\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGIS\/2022\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Anim Health Prod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-026-05431-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:12:49Z","timestamp":1792343569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost-effective and efficient diagnosis of bovine theileriosis in a low-income setting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4932-435X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakunika","family":"Amarasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menaka","family":"Marasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Gajavathany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5635-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeyathadchayini","family":"Pathmathas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7939-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupika S.","family":"Rajakaruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2441-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piyumali K.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"5431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa064","volume":"153","author":"B Abdalhamid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdalhamid B et al (2020a) Assessment of specimen pooling to conserve SARS-CoV-2 testing resources. Am J Clin Pathol 153:715\u2013718","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"5431_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13935","volume":"14","author":"B Abdalhamid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdalhamid B et al (2020b) Cost-effectiveness of sample pooling to test for SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Developing Ctries 14:1136\u20131137","journal-title":"J Infect Developing Ctries"},{"key":"5431_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.002","volume":"60","author":"M Aparna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aparna M, Ravindran R, Vimalkumar MB, Lakshmanan B, Rameshkumar P, Kumar KGA, Promod K, Ajithkumar S, Ravishankar C, Devada K, Subramanian H, George AJ, Ghosh S (2011) Molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis causing fatal infection in crossbred adult bovines of South India. Parasitol Int 60:524\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.002","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"5431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004748","volume":"129","author":"R Bishop","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bishop R, Musoke A, Morzaria S, Gardner M, Nene V (2004) Theileria: intracellular protozoan parasites of wild and domestic ruminants transmitted by ixodid ticks. Parasitology 129:S271\u2013S283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182003004748","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"5431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)03111-9","volume":"57","author":"R B\u00f6se","year":"1995","unstructured":"B\u00f6se R, Jorgensen WK, Dalgliesh RJ, Friedhoff KT, De Vos AJ (1995) Current state and future trends in the diagnosis of babesiosis. Vet Parasitol 57:61\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-4017(94)03111-9","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5431_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02130.x","volume":"47","author":"JJ Bull","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bull JJ, Cunningham CW, Molineux IJ, Badgett MR, Hillis DM (1993) Experimental molecular evolution of bacteriophage T7. Evolution 47:993\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02130.x","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"5431_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241287516","volume":"37","author":"C Burgess","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burgess C, Todd SM, Hungerford L, Lahmers K (2025) Determining diagnostic sensitivity loss limits for sample pooling in duplex rtPCR surveillance testing: Theileria orientalis and Anaplasma marginale. J Vet Diagn Invest 37(1):71\u201378","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"5431_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721159","volume":"12","author":"S Deka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deka S, Kalita D (2020) Effectiveness of sample pooling strategies for SARS-CoV-2 mass screening by RT-PCR: A scoping review. J Lab Physicians 12:212\u2013218","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"5431_CR9","unstructured":"Department of animal production and health (2019) Livestock statistical bulletin 2019. Ministry of agriculture, livestock development, irrigation and fisheries. https:\/\/daph.gov.lk\/files\/uploads\/documents\/downloads\/Statistical_Bulletin_2019_2020.10.06.pdf"},{"key":"5431_CR10","unstructured":"Department of animal production and health (2020) Livestock statistical bulletin\u2009\u2013\u20092020. Ministry of agriculture, livestock, land and irrigation. https:\/\/daph.gov.lk\/files\/uploads\/documents\/downloads\/StatBulletin2020Print.pdf"},{"key":"5431_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731363","volume":"14","author":"R Dorfman","year":"1943","unstructured":"Dorfman R (1943) The detection of defective members of large populations. Annals Math Stat 14:436\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aoms\/1177731363","journal-title":"Annals Math Stat"},{"key":"5431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12078","volume":"91","author":"GJ Eamens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eamens GJ, Bailey G, Gonsalves JR, Jenkins C (2013) Distribution and temporal prevalence of Theileria orientalis major piroplasm surface protein genotypes in eastern Australian cattle herds. Aust Vet J 91:332\u2013340","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"5431_CR13","unstructured":"FAO (2018) Restoring livelihoods and strengthening resilience in Northern Sri Lanka. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Colombo, Sri Lanka"},{"key":"5431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x","volume":"39","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1985","unstructured":"Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"5431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.08.002","volume":"186","author":"SR Fereidouni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fereidouni SR et al (2012) Saving resources: avian influenza surveillance using pooled swab samples and reduced reaction volumes in real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 186:119\u2013125","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"5431_CR16","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"ZA Ganaie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ganaie ZA, Shahardar RA, Maqbool I, Bulbul KH, Allaie IM, Wani ZA (2019) An overview of bovine theileriosis. Int J Veterinary Sci Anim Husb 4(1):9\u201313. https:\/\/www.veterinarypaper.com\/archives\/2019\/4\/1\/A\/3-6-8","journal-title":"Int J Veterinary Sci Anim Husb"},{"key":"5431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26475","volume":"93","author":"J Garg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garg J et al (2021) Evaluation of sample pooling for diagnosis of COVID-19 by real time-PCR: a resource-saving combat strategy. J Med Virol 93:1526\u20131531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26475","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5431_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.06.005","volume":"31","author":"H Gebrekidan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gebrekidan H, Gasser RB, Stevenson MA, McGrath S, Jabbar A (2017) Assessing the performance of multiplexed tandem PCR for the diagnosis of pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis using pooled blood samples from cattle. Mol Cell Probes 31:70\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.06.005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"5431_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06557-7","volume":"119","author":"H Gebrekidan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gebrekidan H, Perera PK, Ghafar A, Abbas T, Gasser RB, Jabbar A (2020) An appraisal of oriental theileriosis and the Theileria orientalis complex, with an emphasis on diagnosis and genetic characterisation. Parasitol Res 119:11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-019-06557-7","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"5431_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11030211","volume":"11","author":"T Gopalakrishnan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan T, Kumar L (2021) Linking long-term changes in soil salinity to paddy land abandonment in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. Agriculture 11:211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture11030211","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"5431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.03.004","volume":"71","author":"E Gunasekara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gunasekara E, Sivakumar T, Kothalawala H, Abeysekera TS, Weerasingha AS, Vimalakumar SC et al (2019) Epidemiological survey of hemoprotozoan parasites in cattle from low-country wet zone in Sri Lanka. Parasitol Int 71:5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2019.03.004","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"5431_CR22","first-page":"371","volume":"93","author":"JF Hammer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammer JF, Emery D, Bogema DR, Jenkins C (2015) Detection of Theileria orientalis genotypes associated with clinical disease in cattle in Australia. Aust Vet J 93:371\u2013377","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"5431_CR23","first-page":"109691","volume":"305","author":"JF Hammer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hammer JF, Jenkins C, Emery D, Bogema DR (2022) Clinical and production impacts of Theileria orientalis infections in cattle: recent advances and emerging challenges. Vet Parasitol 305:109691","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5431_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00522-10","volume":"48","author":"MS Hsiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hsiang MS, Lin M, Dokomajilar C, Kemere J, Pilcher CD, Dorsey G, Greenhouse B (2010) PCR-based pooling of dried blood spots for detection of malaria parasites: optimization and application to a cohort of Ugandan children. J Clin Microbiol 48:3539\u20133543","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5431_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111367","volume":"10","author":"C Jenkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jenkins C, Bogema DR (2021) Emerging bovine theileriosis in Australasia and the global expansion of Theileria orientalis. Pathogens 10:1356","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5431_CR26","first-page":"298","volume":"170","author":"W Jeong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeong W, Yoon SH, An DJ, Kim JY, Roh DH, Kim HJ, Lee KK (2010) The prevalence and clinical manifestation of Theileria orientalis infection in cattle in the Republic of Korea. Vet Parasitol 170:298\u2013304","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5431_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0472","volume":"73","author":"A Khukhuu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khukhuu A, Lan DTB, Long PT, Ueno A, Li Y, Luo Y, Macedo ACC, Matsumoto K, Inokuma H, Kawazu S, Sugimoto C, Yokoyama N (2011) Molecular epidemiological survey of Theileria orientalis in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 73:701\u2013705","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5431_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102078","volume":"14","author":"M Kuibagarov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuibagarov M, Makhamed R, Zhylkibayev A, Berdikulov M, Abdrakhmanov S, Kozhabayev M, Akhmetollayev I, Mukanov K, Ryskeldina A, Ramankulov Y, Shustov A, Bauer C, Shevtsov A (2023) Theileria and Babesia infection in cattle \u2013 First molecular survey in Kazakhstan. Ticks Tick-borne Dis 14:102078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102078","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"5431_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12101187","volume":"12","author":"BT Lakew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lakew BT, Cintur\u00e3o S, Tabor AE (2023) Epidemiology and transmission of Theileria orientalis in Australia. Pathogens 12:1187","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5431_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13083","volume":"42","author":"E Laurin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laurin E, Thakur K, Mohr PG et al (2019) To pool or not to pool? Guidelines for pooling samples for use in surveillance testing of infectious diseases in aquatic animals. J Fish Dis 42:1471\u20131491","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"5431_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"BJ Mans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mans BJ, Pienaar R, Latif AA (2015) A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology in livestock. Parasites Vectors 8:1\u201317","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"5431_CR33","first-page":"101430","volume":"11","author":"D Marendy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marendy D, Baker K, Emery D, Rolls P, Stutchbury R (2020) Haemaphysalis longicornis: the life-cycle on dogs and cats and preliminary evidence of vector competence for Theileria orientalis. Ticks Tick-borne Dis 11:101430","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"5431_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.552857","volume":"59","author":"A McFadden","year":"2011","unstructured":"McFadden A, Rawdon T, Meyer J, Makin J, Morley C, Clough R, Tham K, M\u00fcllner P, Geysen D (2011) An outbreak of haemolytic anaemia associated with infection of Theileria orientalis in na\u00efve cattle. N Z Vet J 59:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00480169.2011.552857","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"9","key":"5431_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190088","volume":"25","author":"VJ Oakes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oakes VJ, Yabsley MJ, Schwartz D, LeRoith T, Bissett C, Broaddus C, Lahmers KK (2019) Theileria orientalis Ikeda Genotype in Cattle, Virginia, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 25(9):1653\u20131659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2509.190088","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5431_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.937","volume":"71","author":"N Ota","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ota N, Mizuno D, Kuboki N, Igarashi I, Nakamura Y, Yamashina H, Hanzaike T, Fujii K, Onoe S, Hata H, Kondo S, Matsui S, Koga M, Matsumoto K, Inokuma H, Yokoyama N (2009) Epidemiological survey of Theileria orientalis infection in grazing cattle in the eastern part of Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 71:937\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.71.937","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"5431_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.06.023","volume":"197","author":"PK Perera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perera PK, Gasser RB, Anderson GA, Jeffers M, Bell CM, Jabbar A (2013) Epidemiological survey following oriental theileriosis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, on selected cattle farms. Vet Parasitol 197:509\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.06.023","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5431_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-73","volume":"7","author":"PK Perera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perera PK, Gasser RB, Firestone SM, Anderson GA, Malmo J, Davis G, Beggs DS, Jabbar A (2014) Oriental theileriosis in dairy cows causes a significant milk production loss. Parasites Vectors 7:73","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"5431_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"42","author":"SL Perkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perkins SL (2012) Emerging tick-borne diseases of cattle and their epidemiological significance. Int J Parasitol 42:1\u20138","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"5431_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121426","volume":"12","author":"M Riaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riaz M, Rashid MI, Saqib M et al (2023) Advances and challenges in molecular diagnostics of bovine tick-borne pathogens in low-resource settings. Pathogens 12:456","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5431_CR41","first-page":"28","volume":"13","author":"P Seneviratne","year":"1965","unstructured":"Seneviratne P (1965) The Ixodidae (ticks) of Ceylon. Ceylon Veterinary J 13:28\u201345","journal-title":"Ceylon Veterinary J"},{"key":"5431_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.05.014","volume":"190","author":"T Sivakumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sivakumar T, Kothalawala H, Abeyratne SAE, Vimalakumar SC, Meewewa AS, Hadirampela DT, Puvirajan T, Sukumar S, Kuleswarakumar K, Chandrasiri ADN, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N (2012) A PCR-based survey of selected Babesia and Theileria parasites in cattle in Sri Lanka. Vet Parasitol 190:263\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.05.014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"5431_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.11.009","volume":"4","author":"T Sivakumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sivakumar T, Yoshinari T, Igarashi I, Kothalawala H, Abeyratne SAE, Vimalakumar SC, Meewewa AS, Kuleswarakumar K, Chandrasiri ADN, Yokoyama N (2013) Genetic diversity within Theileria orientalis parasites detected in Sri Lankan cattle. Ticks Tick-borne Dis 4:235\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.11.009","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"5431_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.013","volume":"27","author":"T Sivakumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sivakumar T, Hayashida K, Sugimoto C, Yokoyama N (2014) Evolution and genetic diversity of Theileria. Infect Genet Evol 27:250\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"5431_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2024.101115","volume":"55","author":"J Subhasinghe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subhasinghe J, Mahakapuge TAN, Madusanka KS, Rajakaruna RS, Jabbar A, Perera PK (2024) First report of oriental theileriosis in the Intermediate Zone, Sri Lanka: Is Theileria orientalis type 7 always apathogenic? Veterinary Parasitology: Reg Stud Rep 55:101115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2024.101115","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology: Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"5431_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","volume":"30","author":"K Tamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725\u20132729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"5431_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091551","volume":"13","author":"SS Thilakarathne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thilakarathne SS, Yuen NKY, Hassan MM, Yahathugoda TC, Abdullah S (2023) Animal and human dirofilariasis in India and Sri Lanka: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Animals 13:1551","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"5431_CR48","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology","author":"G Weiser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weiser G (2012) Introduction to leukocytes and the leukogram. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ (eds) Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, pp 118\u2013122"},{"key":"5431_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/d14020082","volume":"14","author":"J Zeb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeb J, Song B, Aziz MU, Hussain S, Zarin R, Sparagano O (2022) Diversity and distribution of Theileria species and their vectors in ruminants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Diversity 14:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d14020082","journal-title":"Diversity"}],"container-title":["Tropical Animal Health and Production"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05431-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05431-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05431-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:02:49Z","timestamp":1792620169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05431-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-026-05431-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4747","1573-7438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4747","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7438","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was obtained from the Committee for Ethical Clearance (CEC) of the Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Reference no: CEC_PGIS_2023_04).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Ethical approval<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statements and declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"612"}}