{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1789962329401,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urol Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-008-9343-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,20]],"date-time":"2008-02-20T08:21:56Z","timestamp":1203495716000},"page":"909-920","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa: \u201csmaller twin\u201d of a region\u2019s prostatic diseases?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Chukwunonso E. C. C.","family":"Ejike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence U. S.","family":"Ezeanyika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"9343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.49.1.8","volume":"49","author":"SH Landis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S (1999) Cancer statistics 1999. Cancer J Clin 49:8\u201313","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"9343_CR2","unstructured":"Kumar RJ, Bargawi AIB, Crawford DE (2004) Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Business briefing, US oncology review, pp 1\u20136"},{"issue":"8","key":"9343_CR3","first-page":"54","volume":"37","author":"OM Parkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parkin OM, Bray FI, Devesa SS (2001) Cancer burden in the year 2000: the global picture. Eur J Cancer 37(8):54\u201366","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"9343_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.47.5.273","volume":"47","author":"GP Haas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haas GP, Sakr WA (1997) Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Cancer J Clin 47:273\u2013287","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"9343_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.50.1.7","volume":"50","author":"RT Greenlee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA (2000) Cancer statistics 2000. Cancer J Clin 50:7\u201333","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"9343_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7782","volume":"86","author":"ME Taplin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taplin ME, Ho S-M (2001) The endocrinology of prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(8):3467\u20133477","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9343_CR7","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2004) Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.2822.x","volume":"90","author":"M Quinn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Quinn M, Babb P (2002) Patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality. I. International comparisons. BJU Int 90(2):162\u2013173","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"17","key":"9343_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.17.1985","volume":"162","author":"LX Clegg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clegg LX, Li FP, Hankey BF, Chu K, Edwards BK (2002) Cancer survival among US whites and minorities: a SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result) programme population-based study. Arch Intern Med 162(17):1985\u20131993","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"9343_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.47.1.5","volume":"47","author":"SI Parker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parker SI, Tong T, Bolden S et al (1997) Cancer statistics 1997. Cancer J Clin 47:5\u201327","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"9343_CR11","unstructured":"Ejike CECC (2006) Prostate disorders in Nsukka, in relation to some biochemical parameters. Dissertation, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria"},{"key":"9343_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15552.x","volume":"118","author":"K Shibata","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shibata K, Hirasawa A, Morinyma N (1996) Alpha 1a-adrenoceptor polymorphism: pharmacological characterisation and association with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Br J Pharmacol 118:140\u2013148","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9343_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90543-X","volume":"24","author":"WM Garraway","year":"1991","unstructured":"Garraway WM, Collins GN, Lee RJ (1991) High prevalence of benign prostate hypertrophy in the community. Lancet 24:469\u2013471","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"9343_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63760-1","volume":"159","author":"JA Chicharro-Molero","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chicharro-Molero JA, Burgos-Rodriguez R, Sanchez-Cruz JJ, del Rosal-Samaniego JM, Rodero-Carcia P, Rodriguez-Vallejo JM (1998) Prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Spanish men 40\u00a0years old or older. J Urol 159(3):878\u2013882","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"9343_CR15","first-page":"141","volume":"9","author":"YH Park","year":"2001","unstructured":"Park YH, Chung MK (2001) The prevalence of clinical BPH and LUTS in South-East Korea: a community-based study. J Pusan Natl Univ Hosp 9:141\u2013157","journal-title":"J Pusan Natl Univ Hosp"},{"key":"9343_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00354-8","volume":"42","author":"KM Verhamme","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verhamme KM, Dieleman JP, Bleumink GS et al (2002) Incidence and prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostate hyperplasia in primary care\u2014the TRIUMPH project. Eur Urol 42:323\u2013328","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR17","first-page":"127","volume":"18","author":"LUS Ezeanyika","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ezeanyika LUS, Ejike CECC, Obidoa O, Elom SO (2006) Prostate disorders in an apparently normal Nigerian population. I. Prevalence. Biokemistri 18(2):127\u2013132","journal-title":"Biokemistri"},{"key":"9343_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00836.x","volume":"86","author":"A Mehik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Sarpola A, Lukkarinen O, Jarvelin MR (2000) Epidemiology of prostatitis in Finnish men: a population-based cross-sectional study in Finland. BJU Int 86:443\u2013448","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"9343_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66541-X","volume":"165","author":"JC Nickel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nickel JC, Downey J, Hunter D, Clark J (2001) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population-based study, using the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index. J Urol 165(3):842\u2013845","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9343_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2003.04520.x","volume":"92","author":"M Rizzo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rizzo M, Marchelti F, Travaglini F, Trinchieri A, Nickel JC (2003) Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis in Italy: a prospective urology outpatient practice study. BJU Int 92(9):955\u2013959","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"9343_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64170-5","volume":"168","author":"RO Rosebud","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosebud RO, Debra JJ, Girman CJ, Rhodis T, Leiber MM, Steven JJ (2002) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a community based cohort of older men. J Urol 168(6):2467\u20132471","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9343_CR22","first-page":"189","volume":"43","author":"JK Tan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tan JK, Prg DJ, Liew LC, Li MK, Wong ML (2002) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in Singapore: a population-based study. Singapore Med J 43(4):189\u2013193","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"9343_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.604","volume":"11","author":"JGA Domingue Sr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Domingue JGA Sr, Hellstrom YJG (1998) Prostatitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11(4):604\u2013613","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"9343_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.2.157","volume":"46","author":"KG Naber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Naber KG, Weidner W (2000) Chronic prostatitis\u2014an infectious disease? J Antimicrob Chemother 46:157\u2013161","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"9343_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1982.tb13635.x","volume":"54","author":"RS Kirby","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kirby RS, Lowe D, Bultitud I, Shuttleworth KED (1982) Intra prostatic urinary reflux: an aetiological factor in abacterial prostatitis. BJU Int 54:729\u2013731","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"9343_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000464063","volume":"17","author":"CR Chapple","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chapple CR, Blease SCF, Rickards D (1990) What is the clinical significance of urethoprostatic reflux as a radiological finding during videocystourethography in neurologically normal patients? Eur Urol 17:296\u2013298","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9343_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51281-1","volume":"130","author":"GA Barbalias","year":"1983","unstructured":"Barbalias GA, Meares EM Jr, Sant GR (1983) Prostatodynia: clinical and urodynamic characteristics. J Urol 130(3):514\u2013517","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(90)80214-8","volume":"36","author":"GA Barbalias","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barbalias GA (1990) Prostatodynia or painful male urethral syndrome? Urology 36(2):146\u2013153","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"9343_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1990.tb14827.x","volume":"65","author":"A Doble","year":"1990","unstructured":"Doble A, Walker MM, Hannis JRW, Taylor-Robinson D, Whiterow RO, Grave N (1990) Intraprostatic antibody deposition in chronic abacterial prostatitis. BJU Int 65:598\u2013605","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"9343_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000030218","volume":"60","author":"T Nishimura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nishimura T, Abe H, Ikeda K, Oka F, Yamamoto M (1998) IL-1ra versus IL-1 levels in prostatic fluid from prostatitis patients. Urol Int 60:92\u201396","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"9343_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(96)00157-2","volume":"41","author":"JP Berghius","year":"1996","unstructured":"Berghius JP, Heiman JR, Rothman I, Berger RE (1996) Psychological and physiological factors involved in chronic prostatitis. J Psychosom Res 41(4):313\u2013325","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"9343_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2001.02259.x","volume":"88","author":"A Mehik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mehik A, Hellstrom P, Sarpola A, Lukkarinen O, Jarvelin MR (2001) Fears, sexual disturbances and personality features in men with prostatitis: a population-based cross-sectional study in Finland. BJU Int 88:35\u201338","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"9343_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00042307-200301000-00002","volume":"13","author":"CL Eaton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eaton CL (2003) Aetiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Opin Urol 13:7\u201310","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"9343_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)49698-4","volume":"132","author":"SJ Berry","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL (1984) The development of human BPH with age. J Urol 132:474\u2013479","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"9343_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-10-199305150-00007","volume":"118","author":"KJ Pienta","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pienta KJ, Esper PS (1993) Risk factors for prostate cancer. Ann Intern Med 118:793\u2013803","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9343_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990170409","volume":"17","author":"GD Steinberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Steinberg GD, Carter BS, Beaty TH, Childs B, Walsh PC (1990) Family history and risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 17:337\u2013347","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"9343_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960101)77:1<138::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"77","author":"H Gronberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gronberg H, Damber L, Damber JE (1996) Familial prostate cancer in Sweden: a nationwide register cohort study. Cancer 77:138\u2013143","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"9343_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/83.8.551","volume":"83","author":"CR Baquet","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baquet CR, Horm JW, Gibbs T, Greenwald P (1991) Socio-economic factor and cancer incidence among blacks and whites. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:551\u2013557","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"9343_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.42.1.7","volume":"42","author":"CC Borring","year":"1992","unstructured":"Borring CC, Squires TS, Heath CW Jr (1992) Cancer statistics for African-Americans. Cancer J Clin 42:7\u201317","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"9343_CR40","first-page":"167","volume":"61","author":"MA Jackson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jackson MA, Ahluwalia BS, Herson J et al (1977) Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: a continuation report. Cancer Treat Rep 61:167\u2013172","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rep"},{"key":"9343_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.13.2437","volume":"8","author":"SL Neuhausen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Neuhausen SL, Farnhan JM, Kort E, Tavtigian SV, Skolnick MH, Cannon-Albright LA (1999) Prostate cancer susceptibility locus HPC1 in Utah high-risk pedigrees. Hum Mol Genet 8:2437\u20132442","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"9343_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1086\/302342","volume":"64","author":"M Gibbs","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gibbs M, Chakrabarti L, Stanford JL et al (1999) Analysis of chromosome 1q42.2\u201343 in 152 families with high risk of prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 64:1087\u20131095","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"9343_CR43","first-page":"4013","volume":"5","author":"EM Lange","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lange EM, Chen H, Brierly K, Perrone EE, Bock CH, Gillanders E, Ray ME, Cooney KA (1999) Linkage analysis of 153 prostate cancer families over a 30-cM region containing the putative susceptibility locus HPCX. Clin Cancer Res 5:4013\u20134020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"9343_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1086\/302287","volume":"64","author":"M Gibbs","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gibbs M, Stamford JL, McIndoe RA et al (1999) Evidence for rare prostate cancer-susceptibility locus at chromosome 1p36. Am J Hum Genet 64:776\u2013787","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"9343_CR45","first-page":"11","volume":"67","author":"SV Tavtigian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tavtigian SV, Simard J, Labrie F, Skolnick MH, Neuhausen SL, Rommeus J, Cannon-Albright LA (2000) A strong candidate prostate cancer predisposition gene at chromosome 17p. Am J Hum Genet 67 [Suppl]:11","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"9343_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1086\/303096","volume":"67","author":"TR Rebbeck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rebbeck TR, Walker AH, Zeigler-Johnson C, Weisburg S, Martin M, Nathanson KL, Wein AJ, Malkowicz SB (2000) Association of HPC2\/ELAC2 genotypes and prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 67:1014\u20131019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"9343_CR47","first-page":"53","volume":"8","author":"JR Cerhan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cerhan JR, Parker AS, Putman SD, Chui BC, Lynch CF, Cohen MB, Torner JC, Cantor KP (1999) Family history and prostate cancer risk in a population-based cohort of Iowa men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:53\u201360","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"9343_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203974","volume":"19","author":"Q Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhang H, Fishel R, Greene HI (2000) BRAC1 and cell signalling. Oncogene 19:6152\u20136158","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"9343_CR49","first-page":"6479","volume":"60","author":"N Mononen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mononen N, Syrajakoski K, Matikainen M, Schleukler J, Tammela TLJ, Koivisto PA, Kallioniemi OP, Trapman J (2000) Two percent of Finnish cancer patients have a germ-line mutation in the hormone-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene. Cancer Res 60:6479\u20136481","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"9343_CR50","first-page":"1020","volume":"57","author":"N Makridakis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Makridakis N, Ross RK, Pike MC et al (1997) A prevalent missense substitution that modulates activity of prostatic steroid 5\u03b1-reductase. Cancer Res 57:1020\u20131022","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"9343_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/20.9.1727","volume":"20","author":"RM Lunn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lunn RM, Bell DA, Mohler JL, Taylor JA (1999) Prostate cancer risk and polymorphism in 17 hydroxylase (CYP17) and steroid reductase (SRD5A2). Carcinogenesis 20:1727\u20131731","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"9343_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19970915)33:1<9::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"33","author":"SA Devgan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Devgan SA, Henderson BE, Yu MC, Shi CY, Pike MC, Ross RK, Reichardt JKV (1997) Genetic variation of 3\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II in three racial\/ethnic groups: implications for prostate cancer risk. Prostate 33:9\u201312","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"9343_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63028-3","volume":"159","author":"X Lin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lin X, Tascilar M, Lee WH et al (2001) GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation is responsible for the absence of GSTP1 expression in human prostate cancer cells. Am J Pathol 159:1815\u20131826","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"9343_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)69894-X","volume":"165","author":"DK Ornstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ornstein DK, Cinquanter M, Weiler S, Duray PH, Emmert-Buck MR, Vocke CD, Linehan WM, Ferretti JA (2001) Expression studies and mutational analysis of the androgen regulated homeobox gene NKX3.1 in benign and malignant prostate epithelium. J Urol 165:1329\u20131334","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"9343_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/ng994","volume":"32","author":"J Xu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xu J, Zheng SL, Komiya A et al (2002) Germline mutations and sequence variants of the macrophage scavenger receptor 1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk. Nat Genet 32:321\u2013325","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"9343_CR56","first-page":"45","volume":"76","author":"R Ross","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ross R, Bernstein L, Judd H Hanisch R, Pike M, Henderson B (1986) Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:45\u201348","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"9343_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(92)90032-5","volume":"57","author":"L Ellis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ellis L, Nyborg H (1992) Racial\/ethnic variations in male testosterone levels: a probable contributor to group differences in health. Steroids 57:72\u201375","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"9343_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4326","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0037","volume":"91","author":"JH Litman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Litman JH, Bhasi S, Link CL, Araujo AB, McKinlay JB (2006) The Boston area community health survey investigators. Serum androgen levels in black, Hispanic and white men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4326\u20134334","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9343_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.4.605","volume":"75","author":"D Heber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heber D (2002) Prostate enlargement: the canary in the coal mine? Am J Clin Nutr 75:605\u2013606","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"9343_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910450310","volume":"45","author":"S Tsugane","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tsugane S, Gotlieb SL, Laurenti R, de Souza JM, Watanabe S (1990) Cancer mortality among Japanese residents in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil. Int J Cancer 45:436\u2013439","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"9343_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.210","volume":"63","author":"H Shimizu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, Yatani R, Henderson BE, Mack TM (1991) Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles county. Br J Cancer 63:963\u2013966","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"9343_CR62","first-page":"144","volume":"31","author":"MC Bosland","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bosland MC, Dreef van der Meulen HC, Schereenberg PM (1990) Effect of dietary fat on rat prostate carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosurea and testosterone [abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 31:144","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"9343_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910150411","volume":"15","author":"B Armstrong","year":"1975","unstructured":"Armstrong B, Doll R (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with specific reference to dietary patterns. Int J Cancer 15:617\u2013631","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"9343_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.9.652","volume":"87","author":"AS Whittemore","year":"1995","unstructured":"Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH et al (1995) Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity and body size in blacks, whites and Asians in the United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(9):652\u2013661","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"9343_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115640","volume":"7","author":"L Kolonel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kolonel L (1996) Nutrition and prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 7:83\u201394","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"9343_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19971127)73:5<634::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-Y","volume":"73","author":"MB Veirod","year":"1997","unstructured":"Veirod MB, Laake P, Thelle OS (1997) Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 25,708 Norwegian men. Int J Cancer 73(5):634\u2013638","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"9343_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(1997)10+<13::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"10","author":"G Giles","year":"1997","unstructured":"Giles G, Ireland P (1997) Diet nutrition and prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 10:13\u201317","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"9343_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03117.x","volume":"46","author":"PJ Ho","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ho PJ, Baxter RC (1997) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in patients with prostate carcinoma and benign prostate hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46(3):333\u2013342","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"9343_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024244","volume":"27","author":"MC Bosland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bosland MC (2000) The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst (Monogr) 27:39\u201366","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst (Monogr)"},{"issue":"8","key":"9343_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2004.04795.x","volume":"93","author":"PC Dagnelie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dagnelie PC, Schurman AG, Goldbohm RA, van der Brandt PA (2004) Diet, anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk: a review of prospective cohort intervention studies. BJU Int 93(8):1139\u20131150","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"9343_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/080370599438365","volume":"8","author":"J Hammarsten","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B (1999) Clinical, anthropometric, metabolic and insulin profile in men with fast annual growth rates of BPH. Blood Press 8(1):29\u201336","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"issue":"4","key":"9343_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.4.689","volume":"75","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Suzuki S, Platz EA, Kawachi I, Willett WC, Giovannucci E (2002) Intake of energy and macronutrients and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Clin Nutr 75(4):689\u2013697","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"9343_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3291","volume":"17","author":"VG Kaklamani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kaklamani VG, Linos A, Kaklamani E, Markaki I, Koumantaki Y, Mantzoros CS (1999) Dietary fat and carbohydrates are independently associated with circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentration in healthy adults. J Clin Oncol 17:3291\u20133299","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"9343_CR74","first-page":"4667","volume":"57","author":"SE Dunn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dunn SE, Kari FW, French J et al (1997) Dietary restriction regulates IGF-1 levels which modulates apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour progression in p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res 57:4667\u20134672","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"9343_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.10.105","volume":"22","author":"P Stattin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stattin P, Rinaldi S, Biessy C, Stenmen UH, Hallmans G, Kaaks R (2004) High levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 increase prostate cancer risk: a prospective study in a population-based nonscreened cohort. J Clin Oncol 22:3104\u20133112","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5350","key":"9343_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5350.563","volume":"279","author":"JM Chan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chan JM, Stampter MJ, Giovannucci E et al (1998) Plasma insulin like growth factor-1 and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 279(5350):563\u2013566","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9343_CR77","volume-title":"What color is your diet?","author":"D Heber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heber D, Bowerman S (2001) What color is your diet? Regan\/Harper, New York"},{"key":"9343_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.6.440","volume":"90","author":"OP Heinonen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J et al (1998) Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:440\u2013446","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"9343_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1159\/000019914","volume":"35","author":"DM Peehl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peehl DM (1999) Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk. Eur Urol 35:392\u2013394","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"9343_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::AID-CNCR2820701224>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"70","author":"CI Hanchette","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanchette CI, Schwartz GG (1992) Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality: evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. Cancer 70:2861\u20132869","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"9343_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00630.x","volume":"81","author":"L Clark","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clark L, Dalkin B, Kronrad A, Combs G, Turnbull B (1998) Decreased risk of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double blind cancer prevention study. BJU Int 81:730\u2013734","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"9343_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92188-Y","volume":"342","author":"H Adlercreutz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adlercreutz H, Markkanen H, Watanabe S (1993) Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 342:1209\u20131210","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9343_CR83","first-page":"181","volume":"18","author":"T Shirai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shirai T, Asamoto M, Takahashi S, Imaida K (2002) Diet and prostate cancer. Toxicology 18:181\u2013182","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9343_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2004.04.023","volume":"430","author":"K Wertz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wertz K, Silver U, Goralczyk R (2004) Lycopene: modes of action to promote prostate health. Arch Biochem Biophys 430(1):127\u2013134","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"9343_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02796203","volume":"17","author":"SN Pentyala","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pentyala SN, Lee J, Hsieh K, Waltzer WC, Trocchia A, Musacchia L, Rebecchi MJ, Khan SA (2000) Prostate cancer: a comprehensive review. Med Oncol 17:85\u2013105","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"9343_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199003000-00005","volume":"1","author":"NA Elghany","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elghany NA, Schumacher MC, Slattery ML, West DW, Lee JS (1990) Occupation, cadmium exposure, and prostate cancer. Epidemiology 1:107\u2013115","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"9343_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990220402","volume":"22","author":"H Matzkin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Matzkin H, Soloway MS (1993) Cigarette smoking: a review of possible association with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 22:277\u2013290","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"9343_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990170403","volume":"17","author":"K Oishi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Oishi K, Okada K, Yoshida O et al (1990) A case control study of prostatic cancer in Tokyo, Japan: sexual risk factors. Prostate 17:269\u2013279","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"9343_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.544312","volume":"112","author":"PA Kenge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kenge PA, Amoah AGB, Mbanya JC (2005) Cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa. Circulation 112:3592\u20133601","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"9343_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2616","volume":"291","author":"D Yach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yach D, Hawlees C, Grould CL, Hofman KJ (2004) The global burden of chronic diseases: overcoming impediments to prevention and control. JAMA 291:2616\u20132622","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"9343_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6","volume":"109","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith ST Jr, Lentant C (2004) Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 109:433\u2013438","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"9343_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21625","volume":"114","author":"S Furukawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Furukawa S, Fujuta T, Shimabukuro M et al (2004) Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 114:1752\u20131761","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"9343_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021562","volume":"349","author":"WG Nelson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nelson WG, DeMarzo AM, Issacs WB (2003) Prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 349:366\u2013381","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9343_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.3.0399","volume":"21","author":"HM Khandawala","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khandawala HM, McCutcheon IE, Flybierg A, Friend KT (2000) The effects of IGF on tumorigenesis and neoplastic growth. Endocr Rev 21:215\u2013244","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"9343_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20061","volume":"61","author":"W Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang W, Bergh A, Damber JE (2004) Chronic inflammation in BPH is associated with focal upregulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2, Bd-2 and cell proliferation in glandular epithelium. Prostate 61:60\u201372","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"9343_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000088845.17586.EC","volume":"108","author":"S Haffner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haffner S, Taegtmeger H (2003) Epidemic obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 108:1541\u20131545","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"9343_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602083340607","volume":"334","author":"GM Reaven","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reaven GM, Lithell A, Landsberg L (1996) Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities: the role of insulin resistance and sympathetic adrenal system. N Engl J Med 334:374\u2013381","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9343_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00300-3","volume":"5","author":"SJ Hunter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hunter SJ, Garvey T (1998) Insulin action and insulin resistance: involving defects in insulin receptor, signal transduction and glucose transport effector system. Am J Med 5:331\u2013346","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9343_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.3.S47","volume":"45","author":"JR Sowers","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sowers JR (1996) Effects of insulin and IGF-1 on vascular smooth muscle glucose and cation metabolism. Diabetes 45(3):S47\u2013S51","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"9343_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.29.3.691","volume":"29","author":"JR Sowers","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sowers JR (1997) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor in normal and pathological cardiovascular physiology. Hypertension 29:691\u2013699","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR101","first-page":"713","volume":"86","author":"SI McFarlane","year":"2001","unstructured":"McFarlane SI, Banerji M, Sowers JR (2001) Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):713\u2013718","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9343_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79438-1","volume":"351","author":"J Holly","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holly J (1998) Insulin-like growth factor and new opportunities for cancer prevention. Lancet 351:1373\u20131374","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7211","volume":"86","author":"J Khosravi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Khosravi J, Diamandi A, Mistry J, Scorilas A (2001) Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein 3 in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):694\u2013699","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"9343_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109790","volume":"65","author":"OF Kolterman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kolterman OF, Insel J, Sackow M, Olefsky M (1980) Mechanism of insulin resistance in human obesity: evidence for receptor and postreceptor defects. J Clin Invest 65(6):838\u2013844","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"9343_CR105","first-page":"1","volume":"854","author":"WHO","year":"1995","unstructured":"WHO (1995) Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Tech Rep Ser 854:1\u2013452","journal-title":"WHO Tech Rep Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"9343_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800541","volume":"22","author":"KM Flegal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Flegal KM, Caroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnsom CL (1998) Overweight and obesity in the US: prevalence and trends, 1960\u20131994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22(1):39\u201347","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"9343_CR107","first-page":"179","volume":"13","author":"NS Levitt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levitt NS, Lambert EV (2002) The foetal origins of the metabolic syndrome: a South African perspective. Cardiovasc J S Afr 13:179\u2013180","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J S Afr"},{"key":"9343_CR108","first-page":"341","volume":"57","author":"HH Vorster","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vorster HH, Bourne LT, Venter CS, Oosthluzen W (1999) Contribution of nutrition to the health transition in developing countries: a framework for research and intervention. Nutr Res 57:341\u2013349","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"9343_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048310","volume":"352","author":"B Caballero","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caballero B (2005) A nutrition paradox\u2014underweight and obesity in less developed countries. N Engl J Med 352(15):1514\u20131516","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9343_CR110","unstructured":"WHO (2005) WHO global infobase online. http:\/\/www.who.int . Accessed 20 Oct 2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36067-6","volume":"149","author":"HW Daniel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Daniel HW (1993) Larger prostatic adenomas in obese men with no associated increase in obstructive uropathy. J Urol 149(2):315\u2013317","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9343_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117206","volume":"140","author":"E Giovannucci","year":"1994","unstructured":"Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Chute CG, Kawachi I, Golditz GA, Stamer MI, Willet WC (1994) Obesity and benign prostate hyperplasia. Am J Epidemiol 140(11):989\u20131002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9343_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02550138","volume":"28","author":"T Soyg\u00fcr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Soyg\u00fcr T, K\u00fcpeli B, Aydos K, K\u00fcpeli S, Arikan N, M\u00fcft\u00fc\u011flu YZ (1996) Effect of obesity in prostate hyperplasia: its relation to sex steroids. Int Urol Nephrol 28(1):55\u201359","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"17","key":"9343_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423","volume":"348","author":"EE Calle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Then MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity and the mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 348(17):1625\u20131638","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9343_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.21","volume":"14","author":"S Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee S, Min GH, Choi SH, Kin YJ, Oh SW, Kims YJ, Park Y, Kin SS (2006) Central obesity as a risk factor for prostatic hyperplasia. Obesity 14:172\u2013179","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"7","key":"9343_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2799","volume":"91","author":"JK Parsons","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parsons JK, Carter BH, Partin AW, Windham BG, Metter FJ, Ferucci LI, Landis P, Platz EA (2006) Metabolic factors associated with BPH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(7):2562\u20132568","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9343_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411243312107","volume":"331","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK (1994) The pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 331:1428\u20131436","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9343_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10842","volume":"106","author":"BB Kahn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kahn BB, Flier JS (2000) Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 106:473\u2013481","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"9343_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.9.1414","volume":"21","author":"H King","year":"1998","unstructured":"King H, Auber RE, Herman WH (1998) Global burden of diabetes, 1995\u20132025: prevalence, numerical estimates and projections. Diabetes Care 21:1414\u20131431","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"9343_CR120","first-page":"628","volume":"27","author":"E Sobngwi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sobngwi E, Mauvis-Javis F, Vexiau P, Mbanya JC, Gantier JF (2001) Diabetes in Africa. I. Epidemiology and clinical specificities. Diabetes Metab 27:628\u2013634","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"9343_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00043798-200304000-00002","volume":"10","author":"AA Motala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Motala AA, Omar MA, Pirie FJ (2003) Diabetes in Africa: epidemiology of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in Africa. J Cardiovasc Risk 10:77\u201383","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Risk"},{"key":"9343_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.4.651","volume":"22","author":"AB Swai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Swai AB, McLarty DG, Kitange HM, Kilma PM, Tatalla S, Keen N, Chuwa LM, Alberti KG (1993) Low prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease in rural Tanzania. Int J Epidemiol 22:651\u2013659","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"9343_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001050","volume":"14","author":"MA Sande van der","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van der Sande MA, Milligan PJ, Nyan OA et al (2000) Blood pressure patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban Gambian communities. J Hum Hypertens 14:489\u2013496","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"9343_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.141","volume":"10","author":"T Puoane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Fourie J, Lamber V, Mbanaga N (2002) Obesity in South Africa: the South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res 10:1038\u20131048","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"9343_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.2.181","volume":"27","author":"JCN Mbanya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mbanya JCN, Minkonlou EM, Salah JN, Balkau B (1998) The prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon. Int J Epidemiol 27:181\u2013185","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9343_CR126","first-page":"74","volume":"3","author":"D Mitropoulous","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mitropoulous D, Plomidou K, Kyroudi-Voutgari A et al (2004) Effect of hypercholesterol diet (HD) on sex steroid plasma levels in rats [abstract]. Eur Urol 3(2):74","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"9343_CR127","first-page":"151","volume":"17","author":"WHO Guidance Subcommittee","year":"1999","unstructured":"WHO Guidance Subcommittee (1999) World Health Organization International Society for Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151\u2013183","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"9343_CR128","first-page":"90","volume":"85","author":"WF Mollentze","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mollentze WF, Moore AJ, Steyn A (1995) Coronary heart disease risk factors in a rural and urban Orange Free State black population. S Afr Med J 85:90\u201397","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"9343_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00134-6","volume":"79","author":"M Njelekela","year":"2001","unstructured":"Njelekela M, Negishi H, Nara Y et al (2001) Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: a revisit. Acta Trop 79:231\u2013239","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["International Urology and Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11255-008-9343-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11255-008-9343-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11255-008-9343-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1630755475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11255-008-9343-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-008-9343-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-1623","1573-2584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-1623","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]]}}}