{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:30:57Z","timestamp":1774582257215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urol Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The most common renal symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are angiomyolipomas (AMLs) and renal cysts; however, some patients with TSC also develop urolithiasis. We retrospectively investigated the characteristics and treatment of urolithiasis associated with TSC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed 142 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for TSC, of whom 20 (14.1%) had urolithiasis. We compared the patients\u2019 characteristics, urinary specific gravity, urine pH, serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone in the urolithiasis and non-urolithiasis groups. In the urolithiasis group, the stone characteristics and various treatments were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The antiepileptic drugs topiramate and zonisamide were more frequently administered to the urolithiasis group than the non-urolithiasis group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048, respectively). The urine specific gravity and urine pH levels were higher in the urolithiasis group than in the non-urolithiasis group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042, respectively). A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that urine-specific gravity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018; odds ratio 1.471; 95% confidence interval 1.098\u20131.872) was a significant predictor of TSC-associated urolithiasis. Four patients could not receive extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy due to the risk of bleeding from the AML.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with TSC who have an increased urine specific gravity, alkaline urine, and a longer administration of topiramate and zonisamide tend to demonstrate an increased risk of developing urolithiasis and therefore such cases require adequate care. If urolithiasis is comorbid with TSC-associated AML, the treatment options are more limited in cases with multiple AMLs around the stone due to an increased risk of hemorrhage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02871-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T16:02:35Z","timestamp":1619366555000},"page":"1785-1790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The characteristics and optimal treatment of urolithiasis associated with tuberous sclerosis complex"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8163-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Hatano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy215","volume":"112","author":"S Amin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amin S, Kingswood JC, Bolton RF, Elmslie F, Gale DP, Harland C et al (2019) The UK guidelines for management and surveillance of tuberous sclerosis complex. 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