{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:49:40Z","timestamp":1790887780291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urol Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To assess the expression of selected cytokines in penile lichen sclerosus (PLS) and associate them with the occurrence of micro-incontinence (MI) in different stages of PLS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The skin biopsies from 49 PLS affected, and 13 from nonlesional foreskins (healthy control adult males undergoing circumcision due to phimosis caused by short frenulum) were obtained. All specimens were used for RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. Quantitative assessment of the gene expression of <jats:italic>interleukin 1-A (IL-1A<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>interleukin 1-B (IL-1B)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), and interferon-gamma (INF-\u03b3)<\/jats:italic> was performed. To determinate the presence of MI, the patients were asked about voiding patterns, especially leaking tiny drops of urine from the urethral meatus after urination.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>IL-1A, IL-6, and INF-\u03b3 mRNA levels were approximately 150, 16, and 59 times higher in PLS than in control samples, respectively. The highest IL-1A mRNA levels were observed in early PLS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913), INF-\u03b3 in moderate PLS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932), while IL-6 in severe PLS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094). MI was noted in 45 PLS patients vs. 0 in control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). IL-1A and IL-6 vs control ratios were concentration (ca.) 400 and 30\u00a0times higher, respectively, in MI PLS samples than in PLS without MI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Occlusion and irritating urine effect are associated with the clinical progression of penile LS with increased mRNA expression of IL-1A, INF-\u03b3, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines in the foreskin.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-022-03130-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1643724937000},"page":"763-772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The role of occlusion and micro-incontinence in the pathogenesis of penile lichen sclerosus: an observational study of pro-inflammatory cytokines\u2019 gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Wierzbicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Kotulak-Chrz\u0105szcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3296-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Czajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Bolcewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5010-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"K\u0142\u0105cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0503-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Kreft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Nedoszytko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Soko\u0142owska-Wojdy\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.","family":"Kmie\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Kalinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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