{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:06:29Z","timestamp":1789632389971,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Urol Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-026-05130-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:54:21Z","timestamp":1776963261000},"page":"4499-4512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Causal association between sleep disorders and nephrolithiasis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Lewei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianhui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingwei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"5130_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2908","volume":"161","author":"A Qaseem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, Starkey M, Denberg TD, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of P (2014) Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 161:659\u2013667","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5130_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.006","volume":"192","author":"MS Pearle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, Curhan G, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Matlaga BR et al (2014) Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol 192:316\u2013324","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"5130_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.05.091","volume":"196","author":"D Assimos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Assimos D, Krambeck A, Miller NL, Monga M, Murad MH, Nelson CP et al (2016) Surgical management of stones: American urological association\/endourological society guideline. PART II J Urol 196:1161\u20131169","journal-title":"PART II J Urol"},{"key":"5130_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i52","volume":"352","author":"MS Morgan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morgan MS, Pearle MS (2016) Medical management of renal stones. BMJ 352:i52","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5130_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0332-x","volume":"17","author":"SA Howles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howles SA, Thakker RV (2020) Genetics of kidney stone disease. Nat Rev Urol 17:407\u2013421","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"5130_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2020.02.003","volume":"17S","author":"J Halbritter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halbritter J (2021) Genetics of kidney stone disease-Polygenic meets monogenic. Nephrol Ther 17S:S88\u2013S94","journal-title":"Nephrol Ther"},{"key":"5130_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf062","volume":"40","author":"A Spasiano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spasiano A, Letavernier E, Ferraro PM, Unwin RJ, Gambaro G (2025) Kidney stone biology: insights from genetics. Nephrol Dial Transplant 40:2239\u20132255","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"5130_CR8","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). AASM international classification of sleep disorders, 3rd ed, text revision (ICSD-3-TR), 2023 Jun. Darien: AASM; 2023"},{"key":"5130_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27497","volume":"5","author":"LJ Epstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ Jr, Friedman N, Malhotra A, Patil SP et al (2009) Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 5:263\u2013276","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"5130_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","volume":"34","author":"CV Senaratna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Campbell BE, Matheson MC et al (2017) Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 34:70\u201381","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"5130_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-014-9304-x","volume":"16","author":"D Unnikrishnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unnikrishnan D, Jun J, Polotsky V (2015) Inflammation in sleep apnea: an update. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 16:25\u201334","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"5130_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D 2019 Obstructive sleep apnea and inflammation: proof of concept based on two illustrative cytokines. Int J Mol Sci, 20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030459"},{"key":"5130_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-023-01421-x","volume":"51","author":"JE Tallman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tallman JE, Stone BV, Sui W, Miller NL, Hsi RS (2023) Association between obstructive sleep apnea and 24-h urine chemistry risk factors for urinary stone disease. Urolithiasis 51:46","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"5130_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7102","volume":"14","author":"SH Tsai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsai SH, Stoller ML, Sherer BA, Chao ZH, Tung TH (2018) Risk of nephrolithiasis in patients with sleep apnea: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med 14:767\u2013773","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"5130_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38210","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038210","volume":"103","author":"B Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan B, Yu J, Fang Q, Qiu H, Shen C, Wang J et al (2024) Association between kidney stones and poor sleep factors in U.S. adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 103:e38210","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"5130_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.06.005","volume":"101","author":"PM Visscher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Visscher PM, Wray NR, Zhang Q, Sklar P, McCarthy MI, Brown MA et al (2017) 10 years of GWAS discovery: biology, function, and translation. Am J Hum Genet 101:5\u201322","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"5130_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.82","volume":"17","author":"A Sud","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sud A, Kinnersley B, Houlston RS (2017) Genome-wide association studies of cancer: current insights and future perspectives. Nat Rev Cancer 17:692\u2013704","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"5130_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith GD, Ebrahim S (2003) \u201cMendelian randomization\u201d: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol 32:1\u201322","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5130_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hemani G (2014) Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet 23:R89-98","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"5130_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010098","volume":"27","author":"P Sekula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sekula P, Del Greco MF, Pattaro C, Kottgen A (2016) Mendelian randomization as an approach to assess causality using observational data. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:3253\u20133265","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"5130_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Yarmolinsky J, Davies NM, Swanson SA et al (2021) Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA 326:1614\u20131621","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5130_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S (2016) Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol 40:304\u2013314","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"5130_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000238","volume":"34","author":"CE Lovegrove","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lovegrove CE, Besevic J, Wiberg A, Lacey B, Littlejohns TJ, Allen NE et al (2023) Central adiposity increases risk of kidney stone disease through effects on serum calcium concentrations. J Am Soc Nephrol 34:1991\u20132011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"5130_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr178","volume":"41","author":"OA Panagiotou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Panagiotou OA, Ioannidis JP, Genome-Wide Significance P (2012) What should the genome-wide significance threshold be? Empirical replication of borderline genetic associations. Int J Epidemiol 41:273\u2013286","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5130_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85333-z","volume":"11","author":"C Charon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charon C, Allodji R, Meyer V, Deleuze JF (2021) Impact of pre- and post-variant filtration strategies on imputation. Sci Rep 11:6214","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5130_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000310","volume":"5","author":"NS Raghavan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raghavan NS, Vardarajan B, Mayeux R (2019) Genomic variation in educational attainment modifies Alzheimer disease risk. Neurol Genet 5:e310","journal-title":"Neurol Genet"},{"key":"5130_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00159-8","volume":"2","author":"P Timmers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Timmers P, Tiys ES, Sakaue S, Akiyama M, Kiiskinen TTJ, Zhou W et al (2022) Mendelian randomization of genetically independent aging phenotypes identifies LPA and VCAM1 as biological targets for human aging. Nat Aging 2:19\u201330","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"5130_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2294691","volume":"37","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu S, Wu C, Yu H, Ji X (2024) Association between circulating unsaturated fatty acid and preeclampsia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 37:2294691","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"5130_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.267997.120","volume":"30","author":"D Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang D, Yi X, Zhou Y, Yao H, Xu H, Wang J et al (2020) Ultrafast and scalable variant annotation and prioritization with big functional genomics data. Genome Res 30:1789\u20131801","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"5130_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG (2013) Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol 37:658\u2013665","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"5130_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S (2015) Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol 44:512\u2013525","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5130_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","volume":"46","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartwig FP, Davey Smith G, Bowden J (2017) Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int J Epidemiol 46:1985\u20131998","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5130_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02761-6","volume":"21","author":"Y Long","year":"2023","unstructured":"Long Y, Tang L, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Zhu H (2023) Causal relationship between gut microbiota and cancers: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. BMC Med 21:66","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"5130_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","volume":"36","author":"J Bowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowden J, Del Greco MF, Minelli C, Davey Smith G, Sheehan N, Thompson J (2017) A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization. Stat Med 36:1783\u20131802","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"5130_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R (2018) Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet 50:693\u2013698","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"5130_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","volume":"9","author":"L Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J et al (2018) Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9:7204\u20137218","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"5130_CR37","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Goyal A, Jialal I 2024 Chronic Inflammation. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Amandeep Goyal declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Ishwarlal Jialal declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies"},{"key":"5130_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ditmer M, Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Bialasiewicz P, Malecka-Wojciesko E, Sochal M 2021 Sleep problems in chronic inflammatory diseases: prevalence, treatment, and new perspectives: a narrative review. J Clin Med, 11","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010067"},{"key":"5130_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","volume":"80","author":"MR Irwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Carroll JE (2016) Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation. Biol Psychiatry 80:40\u201352","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5130_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01905-2","volume":"17","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Ma Y, Ouyang R, Zeng Z, Zhan Z, Lu H et al (2020) The relationship between inflammation and neurocognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 17:229","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"5130_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2017.0699","volume":"32","author":"AY Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun AY, Hinck B, Cohen BR, Keslar K, Fairchild RL, Monga M (2018) Inflammatory cytokines in the papillary tips and urine of nephrolithiasis patients. J Endourol 32:236\u2013244","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"5130_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00427.x","volume":"68","author":"MY Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang MY, Chaturvedi LS, Koul S, Koul HK (2005) Oxalate stimulates IL-6 production in HK-2 cells, a line of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int 68:497\u2013503","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"5130_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081926","author":"P Wigner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wigner P, Grebowski R, Bijak M, Szemraj J, Saluk-Bijak J (2021) The molecular aspect of nephrolithiasis development. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10081926","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"5130_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.033","volume":"191","author":"J Shoag","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shoag J, Eisner BH (2014) Relationship between C-reactive protein and kidney stone prevalence. J Urol 191:372\u2013375","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"5130_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.112040","volume":"135","author":"M Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li M, Wu W, Ma Z, Zhang S, Guan T, Wang J et al (2025) Atraric acid alleviates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and ferroptosis in obstructive sleep apnea mice through the Nrf2\/GPX4 pathway. Cell Signal 135:112040","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"5130_CR46","volume":"43","author":"Y Hua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hua Y, Huang Z, Yin Y, Song R, Meng X (2025) Genetic architecture and mechanisms shared between kidney and ureteral stones, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive GWAS analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 43:102116","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"5130_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1631281","volume":"12","author":"F Pintus","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pintus F, Giordano N, Giachino DF, Mandrile G (2025) Genetics of kidney stones and the role of genetic testing in prevention: a guide for urologists. Front Med 12:1631281","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"5130_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI186915","author":"CE Lovegrove","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lovegrove CE, Goldsworthy M, Haley J, Smelser D, Gorvin C, Hannan FM et al (2025) Genetic variants predisposing to an increased risk of kidney stone disease. J Clin Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI186915","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"5130_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S377209","volume":"14","author":"R Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang R, Xu XX, Liu H, Dai W, Zhang ZQ, Wang TT et al (2022) The impact of morning surgery or afternoon surgery on postoperative sleep quality and melatonin levels of elderly patients: a prospective. Randomized Study Nat Sci Sleep 14:1677\u20131686","journal-title":"Randomized Study Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"5130_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.08.003","volume":"8","author":"S Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin S, Wang J, Bai Y, Yang Z, Cui J, Wang J (2022) Association between sleep duration and kidney stones in 34 190 American adults: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2007-2018. Sleep Health 8:671\u2013677","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"5130_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-019-01145-x","volume":"48","author":"TY Chuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chuang TY, Chiu YC, Fan YH, Hung SC, Cheng WM (2020) Better sleep quality could reinforce the relationship between sleep posture and kidney stone laterality in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Urolithiasis 48:245\u2013249","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"5130_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14187-5","volume":"22","author":"S Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhou X, Qiu S, Cai B, Li Y, Zhang C et al (2022) Association between sleep quality and urolithiasis among general population in Western China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 22:1787","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5130_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt084","volume":"178","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pierce BL, Burgess S (2013) Efficient design for Mendelian randomization studies: subsample and 2-sample instrumental variable estimators. Am J Epidemiol 178:1177\u20131184","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["International Urology and Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11255-026-05130-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11255-026-05130-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11255-026-05130-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:53:05Z","timestamp":1789631585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11255-026-05130-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-026-05130-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}