{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:10:27Z","timestamp":1778605827487,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The red squirrel <jats:italic>(Sciurus vulgaris)<\/jats:italic> is a medium-sized rodent protected in most of Europe. The present study aimed to investigate and describe the arterial vascularization of the head of the adult red squirrel. In the study, 48 specimens of adult red squirrels were used. The first preparation method used in the study was corrosion casting using a stained solution of the chemo-setting acrylic material injected into bilateral common carotid arteries resulting in corrosion castings of the vessels on a bone scaffold. The second method was injecting liquid-stained latex into both common carotid arteries. It resulted in a stained arterial vessel on fixed soft tissue preparations. The main vessels providing blood to the head were paired with common carotid arteries that divide into external and internal carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery passes into the stapedial artery. After giving its branches, the stapedial artery exits the cranial cavity through the sphenofrontal foramen and enters the orbit. The suborbital and the mandibular regions were supplied by the maxillary artery, linguofacial trunk, and their branches. Description of the detailed anatomy of the head arteries in red squirrels may contribute to establishing diagnostic and treatment protocols for wildlife rehabilitation centers, which may be crucial since red squirrels are endangered by the spreading of invasive Eastern gray squirrels (<jats:italic>Sciurus carolinensis<\/jats:italic>) in Europe. It may also contribute to veterinary care for other members of the Sciuridae family kept as pets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-10033-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T22:02:50Z","timestamp":1668117770000},"page":"723-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Head arteries of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1126-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zdun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1256-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub J.","family":"Ruszkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4654-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Hetman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz Z.","family":"Felsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10033_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aydin A (2008) The morphology of circulus arteriosus cerebri in the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Vet Med (Praha) 53(5):272 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17221\/1948-VETMED","DOI":"10.17221\/1948-VETMED"},{"key":"10033_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aydin A (2011) The arteries originating from the aortic arch and the branches of these arteries in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Vet Med (Praha) 56(3):131\u2013134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17221\/3158-VETMED","DOI":"10.17221\/3158-VETMED"},{"key":"10033_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052040105","volume":"204","author":"P Brylski","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brylski P (1990) Development and Evolution of the Carotid Circulation in Geomyoid Rodents in Relationship to Their Craniomorphology. J Morphol 204:33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmor.1052040105","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10033_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2002.00071.x","volume":"76","author":"J Bugge","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bugge J (1970) The contribution of the stapedial artery to the cephalic arterial supply in muroid rodents. Cells Tissues Organs 76(3):313\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2002.00071.x","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10033_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000143636","volume":"79","author":"J Bugge","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bugge J (1971a) The cephalic arterial system in mole-rats (Spalacidae) bamboo rats (Rhizomyidae), jumping mice and jerboas (Dipodoidea) and dormice (Gliroidea) with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Acta Anat 79(2):165\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000143636","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"issue":"4","key":"10033_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1159\/000143713","volume":"80","author":"J Bugge","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bugge J (1971b) The cephalic arterial system in New and Old World hystricomorphs, and in bathyergoids, with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Cells Tissues Organs 80(4):516\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000143713","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10033_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1159\/000143699","volume":"80","author":"J Bugge","year":"1971","unstructured":"Bugge J (1971c) The cephalic arterial system in sciuromorphs with special referene to the systematic classificatin of rodents. Acta Anat 80(3):336\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000143699","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"10033_CR8","unstructured":"Capello V (2005). Rabbit and Rodent Dentistry. Zoological Education Network, Lake Worth."},{"key":"10033_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva RSB, de Oliveira, GB, Junior CMO, Bezerra FVF, C\u00e2mara FV, de Oliveira REM, de Oliveira MF (2016) Arterial vascularization of the brain of the agouti (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1766). Semina: Ci\u00eanc Agr\u00e1r 37(2):773\u2013784","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2016v37n2p773"},{"issue":"2","key":"10033_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.98-18","volume":"43","author":"H Fr\u0105ckowiak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fr\u0105ckowiak H, \u015amie\u0142owski J (1998) Cephalic arteries in the European beaver Castor fiber. Acta Theriol 43(2):219\u2013224","journal-title":"Acta Theriol"},{"key":"10033_CR11","volume-title":"Anatomy of the rat","author":"EC Greene","year":"1968","unstructured":"Greene EC (1968) Anatomy of the rat. Hafner Publishing Company, New York"},{"key":"10033_CR12","unstructured":"Hermanson J, de Lahunta A, Evans HE (2018) Miller and Evans' Anatomy of the Dog 5th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10033_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000838","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2019-000838","volume":"7","author":"P Holmes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holmes P, Everest DJ, Spiro S, Wessels M, Shuttleworth C (2019) First report of dermatophilosis in wild European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). Vet Rec Case Rep 7(3):e000838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vetreccr-2019-000838","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"key":"10033_CR14","unstructured":"International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. Nomina anatomica veterinaria. 6th ed. Hannover: Editorial Committee Germany (Hanover), Belgium (Ghent), U.S.A. World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (wava-amav.org) Accessed 2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"10033_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23638","volume":"300","author":"K Kowalczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kowalczyk K, Fr\u0105ckowiak H (2017) Arterial patterns of the face in Perissodactyla. Anat Rec 300(9):1529\u20131534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23638","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"10033_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23952","volume":"13","author":"K Kowalczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kowalczyk K, Fr\u0105ckowiak H (2019) The patterns of facial arteries in the suiformes. Nauka Przyroda Technol 13(1):33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23952","journal-title":"Nauka Przyroda Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10033_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23952","volume":"301","author":"K Kowalczyk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kowalczyk K, Zdun M, Fr\u0105ckowiak H (2018) Arterial patterns of the face in Camelidamorpha. Anat Rec 301(12):2122\u20132127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23952","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"10033_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23801","volume":"11","author":"J Kuchinka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuchinka J, Nowak E, Szczurkowski A, Kuder T (2008) Arteries supplying the base of the brain in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Pol J Vet Sci 11(4):295\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23801","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10033_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.04.008","volume":"19","author":"E Mancinelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mancinelli E, Capello V (2016) Anatomy and disorders of the oral cavity of rat-like and squirrel-like rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 19(3):871\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.04.008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10033_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.2.442","volume":"47","author":"D Mart\u00ednez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Jim\u00e9nez D, Graham D, Couper D, Benk\u00f6 M, Sch\u00f6niger S, Gurnell J, Sainsbury AW (2011) Epizootiology and pathologic findings associated with a newly described adenovirus in the red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris. J Wildl Dis 47(2):442\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-47.2.442","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10033_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1963.tb00009.x","volume":"10","author":"R Nickel","year":"1963","unstructured":"Nickel R, Schwarz R (1963) Vergleichende Betrachtung der Kopfarterien der Haus-s\u00e4ugetiere (Katze, Hund, Schwein, Rind, Schaf, Ziege, Pferd). Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 10(2):89\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1963.tb00009.x","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A"},{"key":"10033_CR22","unstructured":"Nowak RM, Walker EP (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World 1, 6th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore"},{"key":"10033_CR23","unstructured":"Popesko P, Rejtova V, Horak J (2010) Atlas anatomii ma\u0142ych zwierz\u0105t laboratoryjnych. PWRiL, Warszawa"},{"issue":"2","key":"10033_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.185","volume":"40","author":"AW Sainsbury","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sainsbury AW, Kountouri A, DuBoulay G, Kertesz P (2004) Oral disease in free-living red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom. J Wildl Dis 40(2):185\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.185","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"10033_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shar S, Lkhagvasuren D, Bertolino S, Henttonen H, Kry\u0161tufek B, Meinig H (2016) Sciurus vulgaris(errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T20025A115155900.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20025A22245887.en","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20025A22245887.en"},{"issue":"11","key":"10033_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-014-0668-3","volume":"16","author":"AL Signorile","year":"2014","unstructured":"Signorile AL, Paoloni D, Reuman DC (2014) Grey squirrels in central Italy: a new threat for endemic red squirrel subspecies. Biol Invasions 16(11):2339\u20132350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-014-0668-3","journal-title":"Biol Invasions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10033_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.08.006","volume":"22","author":"M Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith M, Dodd JR, Hobson HP, Hoppes S (2013) Clinical techniques: surgical removal of elodontomas in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) and eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). J Exot Pet Med 22(3):258\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.08.006","journal-title":"J Exot Pet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10033_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.02.002","volume":"156","author":"SH Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith SH, Stevenson K, Del-Pozo J, Moss S, Meredith A (2017) Atypical histiocytosis in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). J Comp Pathol 156(4):446\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.02.002","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"10033_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2014.11.005","volume":"3","author":"CD Stevenson-Holt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevenson-Holt CD, Sinclair W (2015) Assessing the geographic origin of the invasive grey squirrel using DNA sequencing: Implications for management strategies. Glob Ecol Conserv 3:20\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gecco.2014.11.005","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Conserv"},{"key":"10033_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0539-0_11","volume-title":"Cranial foramina of rodents. Evolutionary relationships among rodents","author":"JH Wahlert","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wahlert JH (1985) Cranial foramina of rodents. Evolutionary relationships among rodents. Springer, Boston, pp 311\u2013332"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10033_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2013.12.006","volume":"196","author":"M Zdun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zdun M, Fr\u0105ckowiak H, Kowalczyk K, Maryniak H, Kie\u0142tyka-Kurc A (2014) Comparative analysis of the course of the facial and transverse facial arteries in selected ruminant species. Ann Anat 196(2\u20133):129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aanat.2013.12.006","journal-title":"Ann Anat"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-022-10033-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-022-10033-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-022-10033-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T10:30:40Z","timestamp":1684924240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-022-10033-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-022-10033-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted only on cadavers. All procedures involving cadavers in accordance with the law of 15 January 2015 on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes do not require the approval of the local ethics committee (Journal of Laws 2015, item 266).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}}]}}