{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:59:13Z","timestamp":1790769553810,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Equine back function is of concern to riders, as well as to veterinarians and physiotherapists; these groups may benefit from knowledge about spinal motion on the circle. This descriptive and comparative study aimed to quantify equine neck, back and pelvic motion in walk, trot and canter on a 9\u00a0m circle. Sixteen healthy horses in training, of varying breed and conformation, were measured using optical motion capture (150\u00a0Hz), with optical markers on the poll, withers, T15, tubera coxae and lumbosacral joint. Cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar flexion\u2013extension and lateral bending, and pelvic roll, pitch and yaw, were statistically evaluated using mixed models. Motion patterns showed distinct differences between gaits, but were generally similar between horses. The thoracolumbar back was bent towards the inside of the circle (stride mean 5-6\u00ba for all gaits). The cervicothoracic spine was more flexed in walk (18\u00b0), and more extended in canter (-4\u2014-8\u00b0), compared to trot (6\u20137\u00b0), whereas the thoracolumbar spine was slightly less extended in canter than in walk. Thoracolumbar flexion\u2013extension range of motion (ROM) increased from walk (4\u00b0) to canter (9\u00b0), as did pelvic pitch ROM (walk 7\u00b0 and canter 15\u201316\u00b0), while back lateral bending ROM and pelvic yaw ROM were lowest in trot. Taken together, the study findings suggest that neck and back motion patterns on the circle reflect an interaction between the constraints of circular movement, and the mechanics and characteristics of each gait.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-023-10132-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T03:15:13Z","timestamp":1682997313000},"page":"1831-1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Back motion in unridden horses in walk, trot and canter on a circle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8677-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agneta","family":"Egenvall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Engstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"10132_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audigi\u00e9 F, Pourcelot P, Degueurce C, Denoix JM, Geiger D, Bortolussi C (1998) Asymmetry in placement of bilateral skin markers on horses and effects of asymmetric skin marker placement on kinematic variables. Am J Vet Res 59:938\u2013944","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.08.938"},{"key":"10132_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030850","volume":"18","author":"S Bosch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bosch S, Serra Bragan\u00e7a F, Marin-Perianu M, Marin-Perianu R, van der Zwaag BJ, Voskamp J, Back W, van Weeren R, Havinga P (2018) EquiMoves: a wireless networked inertial measurement system for objective examination of horse gait. Sensors (Basel) 18:850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18030850","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"10132_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.11.009","volume":"199","author":"C Brocklehurst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brocklehurst C, Weller R, Pfau T (2014) Effect of turn direction on body lean angle in the horse in trot and canter. Vet J 199:258\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.11.009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10132_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92272-2","volume":"11","author":"A Bystr\u00f6m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bystr\u00f6m A, Hardeman AM, Serra Bragan\u00e7a FM, Roepstorff L, Swagemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Egenvall A (2021) Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot. Sci Rep 11:12832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92272-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10132_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP190022","volume":"16","author":"A Bystr\u00f6m","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bystr\u00f6m A, Clayton HM, Hernlund E, Rhodin M, Egenvall A (2020) Equestrian and biomechanical perspectives on laterality in the horse. Comp Exerc Phys 16:35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/CEP190022","journal-title":"Comp Exerc Phys"},{"key":"10132_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.013","volume":"34","author":"EJ Davidson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davidson EJ (2018) Lameness evaluation of the athletic horse. Vet Clin N Am - Eq Pract 34:181\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.013","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am - Eq Pract"},{"key":"10132_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-0739(17)30162-1","volume":"15","author":"JM Denoix","year":"1999","unstructured":"Denoix JM (1999) Spinal biomechanics and functional anatomy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:27\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0749-0739(17)30162-1","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"10132_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.399","volume":"61","author":"M Faber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Faber M, Schamhardt H, van Weeren R, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A (2000) Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res 61:399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.399","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10132_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.757","volume":"62","author":"M Faber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Faber M, Johnston C, Schamhardt H, van Weeren R, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A (2001a) Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses trotting on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res 62:757\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.757","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10132_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05378.x","volume":"33","author":"M Faber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Faber M, Johnston C, Schamhardt HC, van Weeren PR, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A (2001b) Three-dimensional kinematics of the equine spine during canter. Equine Vet J Suppl 33:145\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05378.x","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10132_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.00527.x","volume":"50","author":"MJ Faber","year":"2003","unstructured":"Faber MJ, van Weeren PR, Scheper M, Barneveld A (2003) Long-term follow-up of manipulative treatment in a horse with back problems. J Vet Med Ser A- Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:241\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.00527.x","journal-title":"J Vet Med Ser A- Physiol Pathol Clin Med"},{"key":"10132_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632706","volume":"15","author":"KS Gellman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gellman KS, Bertram JEA (2002) The equine nuchal ligament. 2. Passive dynamic energy exchange in locomotion. Vet Comp Orthopaed 15:7\u201314","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthopaed"},{"key":"10132_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00204.x","volume":"38","author":"L Goff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goff L, Van Weeren PR, Jeffcott L, Condie P, McGowan C (2010) Quantification of equine sacral and iliac motion during gait: a comparison between motion capture with skin-mounted and bone-fixated sensors. Equine Vet J Suppl 38:468\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00204.x","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10132_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.06.004","volume":"217","author":"L Greve","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greve L, Dyson S (2016) Body lean angle in sound dressage horses in-hand, on the lunge and ridden. Vet J 217:52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.06.004","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10132_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.003","volume":"220","author":"L Greve","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greve L, Pfau T, Dyson S (2017) Thoracolumbar movement in sound horses trotting in straight lines in hand and on the lunge and the relationship with hind limb symmetry or asymmetry. Vet J 220:95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.003","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10132_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.07.006","volume":"239","author":"L Greve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greve L, Pfau T, Dyson S (2018) Alterations in body lean angle in lame horses before and after diagnostic analgesia in straight lines in hand and on the lunge. Vet J 239:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.07.006","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10132_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222822","volume":"15","author":"AM Hardeman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hardeman AM, Bystr\u00f6m A, Roepstorff L, Swagemakers JH, van Weeren PR (2020) Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the straight line and on the lunge. PLOS One 15:e0222822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0222822","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10132_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05381.x","volume":"33","author":"KK Haussler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haussler KK, Bertram JE, Gellman K, Hermanson JW (2001) Segmental in vivo vertebral kinematics at the walk, trot and canter: a preliminary study. Equine Vet J Suppl 33:160\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05381.x","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10132_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00334.x","volume":"43","author":"SJ Hobbs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hobbs SJ, Licka T, Polman R (2011) The difference in kinematics of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a flat and banked 10 m circle. Equine Vet J 43:686\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00334.x","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10132_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05439.x","volume":"34","author":"C Johnston","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnston C, Holm K, Faber M, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S (2002) Effect of conformational aspects on the movement of the equine back. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:314\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05439.x","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10132_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044877431","volume":"36","author":"C Johnston","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnston C, Holm KR, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S (2004) Kinematic evaluation of the back in fully functioning riding horses. Equine Vet J 36:495\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2746\/0425164044877431","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"1829","key":"10132_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20152947","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.2947","volume":"283","author":"KE Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones KE (2016) New insights on equid locomotor evolution from the lumbar region of fossil horses. Proc Biol Sc 283(1829):20152947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.2947","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sc"},{"key":"10132_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e818","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12840","volume":"102","author":"K Kienapfel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kienapfel K, Preuschoft H, Wulf A, Wagner H (2018) The biomechanical construction of the horse\u2019s body and activity patterns of three important muscles of the trunk in the walk, trot and canter. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 102:e818\u2013e827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpn.12840","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"10132_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20161908","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.1908","volume":"283","author":"DM Loscher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loscher DM, Meyer F, Kracht K, Nyakatura JA (2016) Timing of head movements is consistent with energy minimization in walking ungulates. Proc R Soc B 283:20161908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2016.1908","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"10132_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030888","volume":"11","author":"R MacKechnie-Guire","year":"2021","unstructured":"MacKechnie-Guire R, Pfau T (2021) Differential rotational movement of the thoracolumbosacral spine in high-level dressage horses ridden in a straight line, in sitting trot and seated canter compared to in-hand trot. Animals 11:888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11030888","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10132_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.016","volume":"49","author":"P Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin P, Cheze L, Pourcelot P, Desquilbet L, Duray L, Chateau H (2016) Effect of the rider position during rising trot on the horse\u05f3s biomechanics (back and trunk kinematics and pressure under the saddle). J Biomech 49:1027\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.016","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10132_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.12.018","volume":"221","author":"P Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin P, Cheze L, Pourcelot P, Desquilbet L, Duray L, Chateau H (2017) Effects of the rider on the kinematics of the equine spine under the saddle during the trot using inertial measurement units: Methodological study and preliminary results. Vet J 221:6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.12.018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10132_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221117","volume":"14","author":"E Persson-Sj\u00f6din","year":"2019","unstructured":"Persson-Sj\u00f6din E, Hernlund E, Pfau T, Haubro Andersen P, Holm Forsstr\u00f6m K, Rhodin M (2019) Effect of meloxicam treatment on movement asymmetry in riding horses in training. PLoS One 14(8):e0221117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221117","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Pt 13","key":"10132_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01658","volume":"208","author":"T Pfau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pfau T, Witte TH, Wilson AM (2005) A method for deriving displacement data during cyclical movement using an inertial sensor. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 13):2503\u20132514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.01658","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10132_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.12.1890","volume":"73","author":"T Pfau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pfau T, Stubbs NC, Kaiser LJ, Brown LE, Clayton HM (2012) Effect of trotting speed and circle radius on movement symmetry in horses during lunging on a soft surface. Am J Vet Res 73:1890\u20131899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.73.12.1890","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10132_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X394436","volume":"41","author":"M Rhodin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rhodin M, \u00c1lvarez CBG, Bystr\u00f6m A, Johnston C, Van Weeren PR, Roepstorff L, Weishaupt MA (2009) The effect of different head and neck positions on the caudal back and hindlimb kinematics in the elite dressage horse at trot. Equine Vet J 41:274\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2746\/042516409X394436","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10132_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.04.004","volume":"237","author":"A Ruina","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ruina A, Bertram JE, Srinivasan M (2005) A collisional model of the energetic cost of support work qualitatively explains leg sequencing in walking and galloping, pseudo-elastic leg behavior in running and the walk-to-run transition. J Theor Biol 237:170\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.04.004","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"10132_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spoormakers TJP, St. George L, Smit IH, Hobbs SJ, Brommer H, Clayton HM, Roy SH, Richards J, Serra Bragan\u00e7a FM (2023) Adaptations in equine axial movement and muscle activity occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: a kinematic and electromyographic evaluation during in-hand trot. Equine Vet J 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.13906","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13906"},{"key":"10132_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044848226","volume":"36","author":"J Wennerstrand","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wennerstrand J, Johnston C, Roethlisberger-Holm K, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S (2004) Kinematic evaluation of the back in the sport horse with back pain. Equine Vet J 36:707\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2746\/0425164044848226","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-023-10132-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-023-10132-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-023-10132-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T15:36:39Z","timestamp":1729352199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-023-10132-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-023-10132-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"According to Swedish law, animal ethical approval is not required for non-invasive experiments that don\u2019t subject animals to any risks above their normal daily activities. Horse owners gave written informed consent for the data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}