{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:48:42Z","timestamp":1786981722138,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover (TIHO)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Poisoning is often suspected to be the origin of disease in South American camelids (SACs) by owners, but only in a few cases this assumption can be confirmed. In small ruminants, rhododendron poisoning is a common emergency for livestock veterinarians. However, this condition has rarely been reported in SACs so far. This paper provides information regarding clinical findings, hematology, clinical chemistry, and treatment of four alpacas after presumed intake of rhododendron leaves including pathological findings of one of the animals. Rhododendron leaves contain grayanatoxins that lead to hyperpolarization of excitable cells. Clinical signs that were observed in the presented alpacas comprised: salivation, dehydration, decreased motility of compartment 1, uncoordinated regurgitation, and cardiac arrhythmia. Clinical chemistry revealed that rhododendron poisoning was associated with metabolic acidosis and azotaemia, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Most striking macroscopic and histopathological findings included gastric ulceration, and renal infarcts along with inflammatory changes. Leaves of\n                    <jats:italic>Rhododendron<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were identified in the forestomach content of this animal. Affected animals were treated symptomatically as there is no specific antidote in rhododendron poisoning. This included parenteral rehydration, treatment of metabolic acidosis (infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution), and oral administration of activated charcoal to bind potential toxins. In addition, antibiotic treatment might be necessary to prevent aspiration pneumonia in case of uncoordinated regurgitation. Of the four animals, the worst affected alpaca was euthanized, one had minimal signs and two responded to supportive care and recovered. In conclusion, rhododendron poisoning might be fatal for alpacas in individual cases and therefore rhododendron bushes should not be placed in the habitat of SACs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10334-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T04:46:20Z","timestamp":1710391580000},"page":"1671-1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rhododendron poisoning in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Northern Germany"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Schregel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9926-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Zdora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingo","family":"Gerhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Maria","family":"Punsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9863-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Aboling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ganter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias Gerhard","family":"Wagener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0426-z","volume":"10","author":"K Bischoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bischoff K, Smith MC, Stump S (2014) Treatment of pieris ingestion in goats with intravenous lipid emulsion. J Med Toxicol 10(4):411\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13181-014-0426-z","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10334_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.15.363","volume":"128","author":"D Black","year":"1991","unstructured":"Black D (1991) Rhododendron poisoning in sheep. Vet Rec 128(15):363\u2013364","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"21","key":"10334_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.21.742","volume":"158","author":"S Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown S (2006) Rhododendron species intoxication in Testudo species tortoises. Vet Rec 158(21):742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.158.21.742","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10334_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-58392008000200003","volume":"68","author":"G Castellaro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castellaro G, Squella FN, Le\u00f3n FC, Raggi AS (2008) Composici\u00f3n Bot\u00e1nica De La Dieta De Alpaca (Lama pacos Linn.) En Un Pastizal Del Secano Mediterr\u00e1neo De La Zona Central De Chile. Chil J Agricultural Res 68:136\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0718-58392008000200003","journal-title":"Chil J Agricultural Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10334_CR5","first-page":"61","volume":"54","author":"MF Chamorro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chamorro MF, Passler T, Joiner K, Poppenga RH, Bayne J, Walz PH (2013) Acute renal failure in 2 adult llamas after exposure to Oak trees (Quercus spp). Can Vet J 54(1):61\u201364","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"10334_CR6","unstructured":"Commission Regulation (EU) No 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009. Pharmacologically Active Substances and their Classification Regarding Maximum Residue Limits in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin (Annex Table 1). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32010R0037&from=DE (accessed on 22 May 2023)"},{"key":"10334_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603358","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.603358","volume":"7","author":"PD Constable","year":"2020","unstructured":"Constable PD, Trefz FM, Sen I, Berchtold J, Nouri M, Smith G, Gr\u00fcnberg W (2020) Intravenous and oral fluid therapy in neonatal calves with diarrhea or Sepsis and in adult cattle. Front Vet Sci 7:603358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.603358","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"10334_CR8","first-page":"680","volume":"144","author":"JE Crawford","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crawford JE (1999) Rhododendron poisoning in alpacas. Vet Rec 144(24):680","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00361.x","volume":"40","author":"DR Dawson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dawson DR, DeFrancisco RJ, Mix SD, Stokol T (2011) Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in serum and heparinized plasma and serum protein fractions in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Vet Clin Pathol 40(4):538\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00361.x","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.578","volume":"225","author":"SF Dewitt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dewitt SF, Bedenice D, Mazan MR (2004) Hemolysis and Heinz body formation associated with ingestion of red maple leaves in two alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225(4):578\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2004.225.578","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13071","volume":"31","author":"CE Dixon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dixon CE, Kelley D, Froehlich JM, Gruntman A, Oura T, Mazan MR, Labato MA (2021) Therapeutic plasma exchange to mitigate flunixin meglumine overdose in a cria. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 31(4):521\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vec.13071","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10334_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12207","volume":"92","author":"KF Duesterdieck-Zellmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF, Van Metre DC, Cardenas A, Cebra CK (2014) Acquired urethral obstruction in New World camelids: 34 cases (1995\u20132008). Aust Vet J 92(8):313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12207","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR13","first-page":"344","volume":"26","author":"K-Y Eo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eo K-Y, Kwon O-D (2009) Rhododendron poisoning in sheep and goats. J Veterinary Clin 26(4):344\u2013347","journal-title":"J Veterinary Clin"},{"key":"10334_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2023.113707","volume":"212","author":"R Fattorini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fattorini R, Egan PA, Rosindell J, Farrell IW, Stevenson PC (2023) Grayanotoxin I variation across tissues and species of Rhododendron suggests pollinator-herbivore defence trade-offs. Phytochemistry 212:113707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2023.113707","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10334_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.1.49","volume":"74","author":"RH Fitts","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fitts RH (1994) Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 74(1):49\u201394","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10334_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.04.019","volume":"204","author":"S Franz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Franz S, Wittek T, Joachim A, Hinney B, Dadak AM (2015) Llamas and alpacas in Europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Vet J 204(3):255\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.04.019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"20","key":"10334_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.20.515","volume":"132","author":"D Frape","year":"1993","unstructured":"Frape D, Ward A (1993) Suspected rhododendron poisoning in dogs. Vet Rec 132(20):515\u2013516","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"12","key":"10334_CR18","first-page":"1310","volume":"53","author":"N Galvan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galvan N, Middleton JR, Nagy DW, Schultz LG, Schaeffer JW (2012) Anthelmintic resistance in a herd of alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Can Vet J 53(12):1310\u20131313","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10334_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0462.x","volume":"24","author":"C Gerspach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerspach C, Bateman S, Sherding R, Chew DJ, Besier AS, Grieves JL, Lakritz J (2010) Acute renal failure and Anuria Associated with vitamin D intoxication in Two Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Cria. J Vet Intern Med 24(2):443\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0462.x","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10334_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12147","volume":"44","author":"K Go\u017adziewska-Har\u0142ajczuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Go\u017adziewska-Har\u0142ajczuk K, Kle\u0107kowska-Nawrot J, Janeczek M, Zawadzki M (2015) Morphology of the Lingual and Buccal Papillae in Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) \u2013 light and scanning Electron Microscopy. Anat Histol Embryol 44(5):345\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ahe.12147","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10334_CR21","first-page":"348","volume":"88","author":"A Grosche","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grosche A, Hoops M, Wittek T (2007) Acute kidney failure in a male alpaca caused by a severe dehydration. Prakt Tierarzt 88(5):348\u2013360","journal-title":"Prakt Tierarzt"},{"issue":"2","key":"10334_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100213","volume":"21","author":"A Gr\u00fcss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcss A, Priymenko N (2009) Cotoneaster sp. poisoning in a llama (Lama glama). J Vet Diagn Invest 21(2):247\u2013249","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb15558.x","volume":"69","author":"P Hajduk","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hajduk P (1992) Haematological reference values for alpacas. Aust Vet J 69(4):89\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb15558.x","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10334_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.147.08.335","volume":"147","author":"I Hengrave Burri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hengrave Burri I, Tschudi P, Martig J, Liesegang A, Meylan M (2005) South American camelids in Switzerland. II. Reference values for blood parameters. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 147(8):335\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0036-7281.147.08.335","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.4.110-a","volume":"118","author":"B Hosie","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hosie B, Mullen C, Gillespie I, Cochrane GW (1986) Rhododendron poisoning in lambs. Vet Rec 118(4):110","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"10334_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1997.tb10057.x","volume":"77","author":"I Hough","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hough I (1997) Rhododendron poisoning in a western grey kangaroo. Aust Vet J 77(3):174\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1997.tb10057.x","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"21","key":"10334_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.113.21.503","volume":"113","author":"DJ Humphreys","year":"1983","unstructured":"Humphreys DJ, Stodulski JB, Stocker JG (1983) Rhododendron poisoning in goats. Vet Rec 113(21):503\u2013504","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"10334_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.243","volume":"218","author":"JM Ivany","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ivany JM, Anderson DE (2001) Propylene glycol toxicosis in a llama. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(2):243\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2001.218.243","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10334_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-012-9162-2","volume":"12","author":"SA Jansen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jansen SA, Kleerekooper I, Hofman ZL, Kappen IFPM, Stary-Weinzinger A, van der Heyden MAG (2012) Grayanotoxin poisoning: \u2018mad honey disease\u2019 and beyond. Cardiovasc Toxicol 12(3):208\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12012-012-9162-2","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"key":"10334_CR30","unstructured":"Kietzmann M (2021) Rhododendron. In: Bostedt H, Ganter M, & Hiepe T (eds) Klinik der Schaf- und Ziegenkrankheiten, 2nd edn, Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Stuttgart, p 232"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2005.00116.x","volume":"34","author":"C-Y Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim C-Y, Han JS, Suzuki T, Han S-S (2005) Indirect indicator of transport stress in hematological values in newly acquired cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Primatol 34(4):188\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2005.00116.x","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10334_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.3.305","volume":"235","author":"TA Kozikowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kozikowski TA, Magdesian KG, Puschner B (2009) Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995\u20132006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 235(3):305\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.235.3.305","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10334_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer S (1991) Rhododendron. In Practice 13(6): 232","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.13.6.232"},{"key":"10334_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mc Kenzie R, Gordon A, Burren B, Gibson JA, Gardner MP (2009) Alpaca plant poisonings: nitrate-nitrite and possible cyanide. Aust Vet J 87(3):113-115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00400.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00400.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"10334_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.259.4.406","volume":"259","author":"EC McKenzie","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKenzie EC, Guerra JC, Middleton JR, Kim DY, Williams F 3rd, Garcia TM, Russell DS (2021) Black oil sunflower seed ingestion associated with renal azotemia, gastroesophageal ulceration, and a high mortality rate in four alpacas and two llamas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 259(4):406\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.259.4.406","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10334_CR36","first-page":"66","volume":"8","author":"RV McNiven","year":"1993","unstructured":"McNiven RV, Guajardo GU, Raggi SLA (1993) Cestrum parqui poisoning in south American camelids reared in the arid area of central Chile. Av en Ciencias Veterinarias 8(1):66\u201368","journal-title":"Av en Ciencias Veterinarias"},{"issue":"5","key":"10334_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00232.x","volume":"44","author":"I Mitsui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mitsui I, Jackson LP, Couetul LL, Hooser S, Barr C, Ramos-Vara JA (2007) Renal failure due to Rumex plant ingestion in a llama (Lama glama). Vet Pathol 44(5):756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00232.x","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"10334_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877257","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.877257","volume":"9","author":"S Neubert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neubert S, Puff C, Kleinschmidt S, Kammeyer P, von Altrock A, Wendt M, Wagener MG (2022) Gastric ulcers in Alpacas- Clinical, Laboratory, and pathological findings. Front Vet Sci 9:877257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.877257","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10334_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niehaus AJ (2022) Physical Exam and Diagnostics. In: Niehaus AJ (ed) Medicine and surgery of camelids. 4th edn. Wiley Blackwell, Iowa, pp 108\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119583295.ch4","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119583295.ch4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10334_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33774-3","volume":"16","author":"C Ortiz","year":"1974","unstructured":"Ortiz C, Cavero J, Sillau H, Cueva S (1974) The parotid saliva of the Alpaca (Lama pacos). Res Vet Sci 16(1):54\u201356","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10334_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.02.022","volume":"147","author":"R Popescu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Popescu R, Kopp B (2013) The genus Rhododendron: an ethnopharmacological and toxicological review. J Ethnopharmacol 147(1):42\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2013.02.022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10334_CR42","unstructured":"Puls R (1994) Mineral levels in animal health: diagnostic data, 2nd edn. Sherpa International, Canada"},{"key":"10334_CR44","unstructured":"Puschner B (2003) Grayanotoxins Clinical veterinary toxicology. In: Plumlee KH (ed) Clinical veterinary toxicology. St. Louis, Missouri 63146: Elsevier, pp.413\u2013415"},{"key":"10334_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puschner B, Holstege DM, Lamberski N (2001) Grayanotoxin poisoning in three goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218: 573\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2001.218.573","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.573"},{"issue":"8","key":"10334_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1071\/EA06325","volume":"48","author":"N Sampaio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sampaio N, Gishen M, Reed K, Brown M, Gregory D, Munyard K (2008) The occurrence and severity of grass toxicoses in Australian alpaca (Vicugna pacos) herds. Aust J Exp Agric 48(8):1099\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/EA06325","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Agric"},{"key":"10334_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038642","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1038642","volume":"9","author":"J Schregel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schregel J, Kleinschmidt S, von Altrock A, H\u00f6ltig D, Ganter M, Wagener MG (2022) Case report: Urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis and a urinary bladder malformation in a seven-month-old alpaca cria. Front Vet Sci 9:1038642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1038642","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10334_CR47","first-page":"456","volume":"54","author":"KM Simpson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simpson KM, Streeter RN, De Souza P, Genova SG, Morgan SE (2013) Cantharidin toxicosis in 2 alpacas. Can Vet J 54(5):456\u2013462","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"10334_CR48","first-page":"3","volume":"105","author":"A Stanitznig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stanitznig A, Lambacher B, Nuyken P, Kiefer L, Franz S, Wittek T (2018) Haematological and clinical-chemical parameters, mineral and trace element serum concentrations in New World camelids in Austria. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschrift 105:3\u201312","journal-title":"Wien Tierarztl Monatsschrift"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"10334_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-128-409","volume":"128","author":"AM St\u00f6lzl","year":"2015","unstructured":"St\u00f6lzl AM, Lambertz C, Gauly M (2015) Grazing behaviour and dry matter intake of llamas (Lama glama) and German black- head mutton sheep (Ovis orientalis forma aries) under central European conditions. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 128(9\/10):409\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2376\/0005-9366-128-409","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"10334_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366.15125","volume":"130","author":"AM St\u00f6lzl","year":"2017","unstructured":"St\u00f6lzl AM, Lambertz C, Hummel J, Breves G, Gauly M (2017) Dry matter intake and feed selection in South American camelids under central European conditions: do gender or species specific differences on different hay qualities exist? Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 130(9\/10):415\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2376\/0005-9366.15125","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10334_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.529","volume":"43","author":"MP Swan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Swan MP, Hickman DL (2014) Evaluation of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a measure of distress in rats. Lab Anim 43(8):276\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/laban.529","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"10334_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.17.411-a","volume":"128","author":"AK Thiemann","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thiemann AK (1991) Rhododendron poisoning. Vet Rec 128:411","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"10334_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.021","volume":"200","author":"DF Twomey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Twomey DF, Wu G, Nicholson R, Watson EN, Foster AP (2014) Review of laboratory submissions from New World camelids in England and Wales (2000\u20132011). Vet J 200(1):51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.021","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10334_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.06.1128","volume":"209","author":"RJ Van Saun","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van Saun RJ, Smith BB, Watrous BJ (1996) Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. J Vet Am Med Assoc 209(6):1128\u20131133","journal-title":"J Vet Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10334_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12628","volume":"47","author":"LC Viesselmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viesselmann LC, Videla R, Flatland B (2018) Verification of the Heska element point-of-care blood gas instrument for use with venous blood from alpacas and llamas, with determination of reference intervals. Vet Clin Pathol 47(3):435\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.12628","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10334_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082332","volume":"11","author":"MG Wagener","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagener MG, Helmer C, Kammeyer P, Kleinschmidt S, Punsmann TM, Meilwes JM, Schwennen C, von Altrock A, Wilkens M, Schwert B, von Keyserlingk-Eberius N, Ganter M (2021) Calcinosis in Alpaca Crias (Vicugna pacos) due to vitamin D Intoxication\u2014Clinical, Laboratory and pathological findings with a focus on kidney function. Animals 11:2332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11082332","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10334_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126399","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126399","volume":"10","author":"MG Wagener","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagener MG, Schregel J, Ossowski N, Trojakowska A, Ganter M, Kiene F (2023) The influence of different examiners on the body Condition score (BCS) in south American camelids-experiences from a mixed llama and alpaca herd. Front Vet Sci 10:1126399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126399","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10334_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferasin L, Ogden DM, Davies SJ, Kirby RJ, D\u2019Alterio GL (2005)                Electrocardiographic parameters of normal alpacas (Lama pacos)              Vet Rec 157(12):341-343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.157.12.341","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.12.341"},{"key":"10334_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakritz J (2022) Toxicology. In: Niehaus AJ (ed) Medicine and surgery of camelids. 4th edn. Wiley Blackwell, Iowa, pp 590\u2013620.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119583295.ch22","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119583295.ch22"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10334-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10334-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10334-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T07:18:13Z","timestamp":1717399093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10334-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10334-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical review and approval was not required for the animal study because all data used for this study were collected during clinical treatment, pathological examination, and were obtained to diagnose the clinical case. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}