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Horses were subjected to road transport for competition, therefore, they were not subjected to road transport for the sole purpose of the current study. According to the mentioned legal regulations, the study cannot legally be classified as an animal experiment. As blood sampling is a common part of health monitoring in horses in accordance with good veterinary practice, it does not need any separate ethical approval, according to Italian legislation. The blood sampling was performed by trained veterinarian while the owners or legal representatives (FEI licensed and accredited trainers) were present and the procedures have been carried out according to the Section III of the Directive 2010\/63\/EU (Examples of different types of procedure assigned to each of the severity categories on the basis of factors related to the type of the procedure) point (b). Moreover, each animal was enrolled in the study for free choice of the owners who have issued their informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}