{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:50:04Z","timestamp":1784634604761,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey was performed at an amateur parrot breeding facility in Italy to investigate the presence and molecular characteristics of adenoviruses. Eighty psittacine birds, belonging to seven parrot species, were sampled by cloacal swabs; in addition, 15 livers were collected from specimens that were found dead. Seventy-two out of 95 samples collected were positive for adenoviruses, with a prevalence rate of 75.8%. All seven psittacine species tested positive for at least one genus of the family <jats:italic>Adenoviridae<\/jats:italic>; notably, adenoviral infection was found for the first time in the hooded parrot (<jats:italic>Psephotellus dissimilis<\/jats:italic>). Based on the sequences and phylogenetic analysis, 57 sequences were psittacine adenovirus 2, seven sequences were duck adenovirus 1 and two sequences were identified as psittacine adenovirus 5. The six remaining sequences showed low nucleotide and amino acid identity with the reference strains of accepted species or types, revealing the presence of novel adenoviruses belonging to the genera <jats:italic>Aviadenovirus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Barthadenovirus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Siadenovirus<\/jats:italic>. There were identical adenovirus sequences in both apparently healthy and dead birds suggesting that further investigation into the role and impact of these viruses on the health of psittacine birds is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10533-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T06:08:24Z","timestamp":1726121304000},"page":"4113-4122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of adenoviruses at a psittacine breeding facility"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0690-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Lizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Fasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Quaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3022-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pedrazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Graziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Catelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1496-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Rapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Lupini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091714","volume":"13","author":"A Athukorala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Athukorala A, Phalen DN, Das A, Helbig KJ, Forwood JK, Sarker S (2021) Genomic characterisation of a highly divergent siadenovirus (psittacine siadenovirus F) from the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). Viruses 13(9):1714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13091714","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"10533_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001721","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001721","volume":"103","author":"M Benk\u0151","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benk\u0151 M, Aoki K, Arnberg N, Davison AJ, Echavarr\u00eda M, Hess M, Jones MS, Kaj\u00e1n GL, Kajon AE, Mittal SK, Podgorski II, San Mart\u00edn C, Wadell G, Watanabe H, Harrach B (2022) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Adenoviridae. J Gen Virol 103(3):001721","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10533_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.01.018","volume":"263","author":"E Cassmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cassmann E, Zaffarano B, Chen Q, Li G, Haynes J (2019) Novel siadenovirus infection in a cockatiel with chronic liver disease. Virus Res 263:164\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.01.018","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10533_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.12.031","volume":"502","author":"S Das","year":"2017","unstructured":"Das S, Fearnside K, Sarker S, Forwood JK, Raidal SR (2017) A novel pathogenic Aviadenovirus from red-bellied parrots (Poicephalus rufiventris) unveils deep recombination events among avian host lineages. Virology 502:188\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2016.12.031","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10533_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2020.114037","volume":"289","author":"I Davidson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davidson I (2021) Viruses\u2019 evolvement as a never stopping perpetuum mobile. J Virol Methods 289:114037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2020.114037","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"10533_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090803","volume":"11","author":"MA Duarte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duarte MA, Silva JMF, Brito CR, Teixeira DS, Melo FL, Ribeiro BM, Nagata T, Campos FS (2019) Faecal virome analysis of wild animals from Brazil. Viruses 11(9):803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11090803","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10533_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199.ch9","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"SD Fitzgerald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzgerald SD (2020) Adenovirus infections - introduction. Diseases of Poultry, 14th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 321\u2013322","edition":"14"},{"issue":"3","key":"10533_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-19-00080","volume":"63","author":"NL Gottdenker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gottdenker NL, Gregory CR, Ard MB, Lorenz WW, Nilsen RA, Ritchie BW (2019) Histopathologic changes, ultrastructure, and molecular characterization of an adenovirus in a sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis). Avian Dis 63(3):531\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-19-00080","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10533_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09931-6","volume":"47","author":"B Harrach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrach B, Megyeri A, Papp T, Ursu K, Boldogh SA, Kaj\u00e1n GL (2023) A screening of wild bird samples enhances our knowledge about the biodiversity of avian adenoviruses. Vet Res Commun 47(1):297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-022-09931-6","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"10533_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694","volume":"22","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T (1985) Dating the human-ape split by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol 22:160\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02101694","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10533_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8815","volume":"238","author":"M Hess","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hess M, Bl\u00f6cker H, Brandt P (1997) The complete nucleotide sequence of the egg drop syndrome virus: an intermediate between mastadenoviruses and aviadenoviruses. Virology 238(1):145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/viro.1997.8815","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10533_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2307\/2992540","volume":"42","author":"DM Hillis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hillis DM, Bull JJ (1993) An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Syst Biol 42(2):182\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2992540","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10533_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12350","volume":"93","author":"CL Hulbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hulbert CL, Chamings A, Hewson KA, Steer PA, Gosbell M, Noormohammadi AH (2015) Survey of captive parrot populations around Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, for psittacine beak and feather disease virus, avian polyomavirus and psittacine adenovirus. Aust Vet J 93(8):287\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12350","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10533_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2307\/30161756","volume":"1","author":"ER Jacobson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jacobson ER, Gardiner C, Clubb S (1989) Adenovirus-like infection in white-masked lovebirds (Agapornis personata). J Assoc Avian Vet 1(3):32\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30161756","journal-title":"J Assoc Avian Vet"},{"key":"10533_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson M, Zaretskaya I, Raytselis Y, Merezhuk Y, McGinnis S, Madden TL (2008) NCBI BLAST: A better web interface. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Web Server issue):W5-W9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkn201","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn201"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10533_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.04.012","volume":"144","author":"H Katoh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Katoh H, Ohya K, Kubo M, Murata K, Yanai T, Fukushi H (2009) A novel budgerigar-adenovirus belonging to group II avian adenovirus of Siadenovirus. Virus Res 144(1\u20132):294\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.04.012","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10533_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0022","volume":"72","author":"H Katoh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katoh H, Ogawa H, Ohya K, Fukushi H (2010) A review of DNA viral infections in psittacine birds. J Vet Med Sci 72(9):1099\u20131106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.10-0022","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"10533_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182316","volume":"12","author":"C Konicek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konicek C, Heenemann K, Cramer K, Vahlenkamp TW, Schmidt V (2022) Case series of disseminated xanthogranulomatosis in red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) with detection of psittacine adenovirus 2 (PsAdV-2). Anim (Basel) 12(18):2316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12182316","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10533_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35(6):1547\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10533_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn067","volume":"25","author":"SQ Le","year":"2008","unstructured":"Le SQ, Gascuel O (2008) An improved general amino acid replacement matrix. Mol Biol Evol 25(7):1307\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msn067","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10533_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450701691260","volume":"36","author":"D L\u00fcschow","year":"2007","unstructured":"L\u00fcschow D, Prusas C, Lierz M, Gerlach H, Soike D, Hafez HM (2007) Adenovirus of psittacine birds: investigations on isolation and development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction for specific detection. Avian Pathol 36(6):487\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079450701691260","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10533_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458908418591","volume":"18","author":"F Mori","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mori F, Touchi A, Suwa T, Itakura C, Hashimoto A, Hirai K (1989) Inclusion bodies containing adenovirus-like particles in the kidneys of psittacine birds. Avian Pathol 18(1):197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079458908418591","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10533_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108277","volume":"9","author":"BM Muhire","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muhire BM, Varsani A, Martin DP (2014) SDT: a virus classification tool based on pairwise sequence alignment and identity calculation. PLoS ONE 9(9):e108277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108277","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10533_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1617835","volume":"48","author":"DN Phalen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phalen DN, Agius J, Vaz FF, Eden JS, Setyo LC, Donahoe S (2019) A survey of a mixed species aviary provides new insights into the pathogenicity, diversity, evolution, host range, and distribution of psittacine and passerine adenoviruses. Avian Pathol 48(5):437\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079457.2019.1617835","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"10533_CR25","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"S Rautenschlein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rautenschlein S, Mahsoub HM, Fitzgerald SD, Pierson FW (2020) Adenovirus infections\u2013 hemorragic enteritis and related infections. Diseases of Poultry, 14th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 339\u2013348","edition":"14"},{"key":"10533_CR26","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"WM Reed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reed WM, Jack SW (2020) Adenovirus infections\u2013 quail bronchitis. Diseases of Poultry, 14th edn. Hoboken, NJ, pp 348\u2013352","edition":"14"},{"key":"10533_CR27","first-page":"332","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"JA Smyth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smyth JA (2020) Adenovirus infections\u2013 atadenovirus (egg drop syndrome of chickens and related infections). Diseases of Poultry, 14th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 332\u2013339","edition":"14"},{"issue":"22","key":"10533_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22(22):4673\u20134680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10533_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"veaa024","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa024","volume":"6","author":"FF Vaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaz FF, Raso TF, Agius JE, Hunt T, Leishman A, Eden JS, Phalen DN (2020) Opportunistic sampling of wild native and invasive birds reveals a rich diversity of adenoviruses in Australia. Virus Evol 6(1):veaa024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ve\/veaa024","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10533_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13366","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.23.13366-13369.2004","volume":"78","author":"JFX Wellehan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wellehan JFX, Johnson AJ, Harrach B, Benk\u0151 M, Pessier AP, Johnson CM, Garner MM, Childress A, Jacobson ER (2004) Detection and analysis of six lizard adenovirus by consensus primer PCR provides further evidence of a reptilian origin for the atadenoviruses. J Virol 78(23):13366\u201313369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.78.23.13366-13369.2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10533_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450903183660","volume":"38","author":"JFX Wellehan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wellehan JFX, Greenacre CB, Fleming GJ, Stetter MD, Childress AL, Terrell SP (2009) Siadenovirus infection in two psittacine bird species. Avian Pathol 38(5):413\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079450903183660","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10533_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208674","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208674","volume":"14","author":"N Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang N, McLelland J, McLelland DJ, Clarke J, Woolford L, Eden P, Phalen DN (2019) Psittacid adenovirus-2 infection in the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema Chrysogastor): a key threatening process or an example of a host-adapted virus? PLoS ONE 14(2):e0208674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208674","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10533_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zadravec M, Ra\u010dnik J, Slavec B, Ballmann MZ, Kaj\u00e1n GL, Doszpoly A, Zorman-Rojs O, Marhold C, Harrach B (2022) Novel adenoviruses from captive psittacine birds in Slovenia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 90\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101902"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10533-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10533-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10533-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T18:07:04Z","timestamp":1730830024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10533-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10533-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors give consent for the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The research falls within the Art. 2 of D.Lvo 26\/2014 \u201cImplementation of Directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes\u201d as it is attributable to veterinary clinical practices for non-experimental purposes in compliance with the European Code of Good Veterinary Practices.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Animal ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}