{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:50:25Z","timestamp":1784544625324,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10741-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T10:21:03Z","timestamp":1745230863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of macronutrients and fat quality in cat food"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5925-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagoda","family":"K\u0119pi\u0144ska-Pacelik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"Biel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Biernacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9159-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Tokarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9343-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Bienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47253\/jtrss.v1i1.664","volume":"1","author":"H Amir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amir H, Mona Z (2013) Raw ingredients in Cat food manufacturing: palatability, digestibility and Halal issues in Malaysia. J Trop Resour Sustain Sci 1:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47253\/jtrss.v1i1.664","journal-title":"J Trop Resour Sustain Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR2","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of the AOAC","author":"AOAC","year":"2019","unstructured":"AOAC (2019) Official methods of analysis of the AOAC, 21st edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","edition":"21"},{"key":"10741_CR3","unstructured":"AOAC (2007) Official methods of analyses of association of analytical chemists, 18th ed.; Method 991.39, Fatty acids in encapsulated fish oils. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Rockville, MD, USA"},{"key":"10741_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.4.589","volume":"74","author":"RC Backus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Backus RC, Thomas DG, Fritsche KL (2013) Comparison of inferred fractions of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in feral domestic Cat diets with those in commercial feline extruded diets. Am J Vet Res 74:589\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.74.4.589","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10741_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.5.675","volume":"228","author":"JE Bauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bauer JE (2006) Essential fatty acid metabolism in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:675\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.228.5.675","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10741_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211047062","volume":"24","author":"C Berman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berman C, Lobetti R, Zini E, Fosgate G, Schoeman J (2021) Influence of high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets on serum lipid and Fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 24:759\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X211047062","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.07.003","volume":"12","author":"T Bissot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bissot T, Servet E, Vidal S, Deboise M, Sergheraert R, Egron G, Hugonnard M, Heath SE, Biourge V, German AJ (2010) Novel dietary strategies can improve the outcome of weight loss programs in obese client-owned cats. J Feline Med Surg 12:104\u2013112","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010193","volume":"19","author":"EMC Bouma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bouma EMC, Reijgwart ML, Dijkstra A (2022) Family member, best friend, child or \u2018just\u2019 a pet, owners\u2019 relationship per-ceptions and consequences for their cats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010193","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10741_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(95)02133-7","volume":"114","author":"JWS Bradshaw","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bradshaw JWS, Goodwin D, Legrand-Defr\u00e9tin V, Nott HMR (1996) Food selection by the domestic Cat, an obligate carnivore. Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol 114:205\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0300-9629(95)02133-7","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"10741_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.suppl_12.2643s","volume":"124","author":"CAT Buffington","year":"1994","unstructured":"Buffington CAT (1994) Lower urinary tract disease in cats\u2014new problems, new paradigms. J Nutr 124:2643S\u20132651S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/124.suppl_12.2643s","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"KM Burns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burns KM (2022) Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the role of nutrition. Today Vet Nurs 3:1\u201321","journal-title":"Today Vet Nurs"},{"key":"10741_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae143","volume":"102","author":"S Burron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burron S, Richards T, Krebs G, Trevizan L, Rankovic A, Hartwig S, Pearson W, Ma D, Shoveller AK (2024) The balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in canine, feline, and equine nutrition: exploring sources and the significance of alpha-linolenic acid. J Anim Sci 102:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skae143","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216072","volume":"14","author":"CF Butowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butowski CF, Thomas DG, Young W, Cave NJ, McKenzie CM, Rosendale DI (2019) Addition of plant dietary fibre to a Raw red meat high protein, high fat diet, alters the faecal bacteriome and organic acid profiles of the domestic Cat (Felis Catus). PLoS ONE 14:e0216072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216072","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10741_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0354","volume":"86","author":"LD de-Oliveira","year":"2008","unstructured":"de-Oliveira LD, Carciofi AC, Oliveira MC, Vasconcellos RS, Bazolli RS, Pereira GT, Prada F (2008) Effects of six carbohydrate sources on Cat diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin response. J Anim Sci 86:2237\u20132246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2007-0354","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01203.x","volume":"96","author":"LD de-Oliveira","year":"2012","unstructured":"de-Oliveira LD, Takakura FS, Kienzle E, Brunetto MA, Teshima E, Pereira GT, Vasconcellos RS, Carciofi AC (2012) Fibre analysis and fibre digestibility in pet foods\u2013 a comparison of total dietary fibre, neutral and acid detergent fibre and crude fibre. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 96:895\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01203.x","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz363","volume":"98","author":"S Do","year":"2019","unstructured":"Do S, Koutsos L, Utterback P, Parsons C, De Godoy M, Swanson K (2019) Nutrient and amino acid digestibility of black soldier fly larvae differing in age using the precision-fed customized rooster assay. J Anim Sci 98:363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skz363","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17710589","volume":"20","author":"B Dobenecker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dobenecker B, Webel A, Reese S, Kienzle E (2018) Effect of a high phosphorus diet on indicators of renal health in cats. J Feline Med Surg 20:339\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X17710589","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082348","volume":"11","author":"SAS Dodd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dodd SAS, Shoveller AK, Fascetti AJ, Yu ZZ, Ma DWL, Verbrugghe A (2021a) A comparison of key essential nutrients in commercial plant-based pet foods sold in Canada to American and European canine and feline dietary recommendations. Animals 11:2348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11082348","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10741_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02754-8","volume":"17","author":"SAS Dodd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dodd SAS, Dewey C, Khosa D (2021b) A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets. BMC Vet Res 17:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02754-8","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10741_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010052","volume":"10","author":"A Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D, Semendric I, Whittaker AL (2023) The impact of vegan diets on indicators of health in dogs and cats: a systematic review. Vet Sci 10:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci10010052","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-010-0528-0","volume":"181","author":"R Eisert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eisert R (2011) Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered. J Comp Physiol 181:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00360-010-0528-0","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10741_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(94)00054-9","volume":"1213","author":"EA Emken","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emken EA, Adlof RO, Gulley RM (1994) Dietary Linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled Linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim Biophys Acta 1213:277\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-2760(94)00054-9","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10741_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119375241.ch7","volume":"7","author":"AJ Fascetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fascetti AJ, Delaney SJ (2023) Feeding the healthy dog and Cat. Appl Vet Clin Nutr 7:106\u2013135","journal-title":"Appl Vet Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR25","unstructured":"FEDIAF (2024a) Facts & figures. Annual report. Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"key":"10741_CR26","volume-title":"Nutritional guidelines from complete and complementary pet food for cats and dogs","author":"FEDIAF","year":"2024","unstructured":"FEDIAF (2024b) Nutritional guidelines from complete and complementary pet food for cats and dogs. Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"key":"10741_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(97)90134-x","volume":"62","author":"MJ Fettman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fettman MJ, Stanton CA, Banks LL, Hamar DW, Johnson DE, Hegstad RL, Johnston S (1997) Effects of neutering on bodyweight, metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats. Res Vet Sci 62:131\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0034-5288(97)90134-x","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.4.375","volume":"247","author":"AM Floerchinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Floerchinger AM, Jackson MI, Jewell DE, MacLeay JM, Hahn KA, Paetau-Robinson I (2015) Effect of feeding a weight loss food beyond a caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:365\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.247.4.375","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10741_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.1355","volume":"63","author":"M Funaba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Funaba M, Tanak T, Kaneko M, Iriki T, Hatano Y, Abe M (2001) Fish meal vs. corn gluten meal as a protein source for dry Cat food. J Vet Med Sci 63:1355\u20131357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1292\/jvms.63.1355","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.02.004","volume":"10","author":"AJ German","year":"2008","unstructured":"German AJ, Holden S, Bissot T, Morris PJ, Biourge V (2008) Changes in body composition during weight loss in obese client-owned cats: loss of lean tissue mass correlates with overall percentage of weight lost. J Feline Med Surg 10:452\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.02.004","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1094\/CFW-58-5-0232","volume":"58","author":"M Gibson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gibson M, Alavi S (2013) Pet food processing\u2014understanding transformations in starch during extrusion and baking. Cereal Foods World 58:232\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1094\/CFW-58-5-0232","journal-title":"Cereal Foods World"},{"key":"10741_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187133","volume":"12","author":"JA Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall JA, Brockman JA, Davidson SJ, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE (2017) Increased dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids alter serum fatty acid concentrations and lower risk of urine stone formation in cats. PLoS ONE 12:e0187133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0187133","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10741_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173450","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.173450","volume":"221","author":"JA Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall JA, Vondran JC, Vanchina MA, Jewell DE (2018) When fed foods with similar palatability, healthy adult dogs and cats choose different macronutrient compositions. J Exp Biol 221:173450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.173450","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10741_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02496.x","volume":"42","author":"EJ Harperm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harperm EJ, Stack DM, Watson TD, Moxham G (2001) Effects of feeding regimens on bodyweight, composition and condition score in cats following ovariohysterectomy. J Small Anim Pract 42:433\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02496.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10741_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01024.x","volume":"95","author":"R Heuberger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heuberger R, Wakshlag J (2011) The relationship of feeding patterns and obesity in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 95:98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01024.x","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.049429","volume":"214","author":"AK Hewson-Hughes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hewson-Hughes AK, Hewson-Hughes VL, Miller AT, Hall SR, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D (2011) Geometric analysis of macronutrient selection in the adult domestic Cat, Felis catus. J Exp Biol 214:1039\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.049429","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10741_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPREGU.00313.2006","volume":"292","author":"M Hoenig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoenig M, Thomaseth K, Waldron M, Ferguson D (2007) Insulin sensitivity, fat distribution, and adipocytokine response to different diets in lean and obese cats before and after weight loss. Am J Physiol 292:227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPREGU.00313.2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10741_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa278.561","volume":"98","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu Y, He F, Mangian H, Lambrakis L, Saad F, Godoy M (2020) PSVI-26 insect meals as novel protein sources in wet pet foods for adult cats. J Anim Sci 98:315\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa278.561","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-5877(02)00088-0","volume":"55","author":"KL Hughes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hughes KL, Slater MR, Geller S, Burkholder WJ, Fitzgerald C (2002) Diet and lifestyle variables as risk factors for chronic renal failure in pet cats. Prev Vet Med 55:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0167-5877(02)00088-0","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10741_CR41","volume-title":"Animal feeding stuffs\u2013 guidelines for sample preparation","author":"ISO 6498:2012","year":"2012","unstructured":"ISO 6498:2012 (2012) Animal feeding stuffs\u2013 guidelines for sample Preparation. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"10741_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.620447","volume":"2021","author":"D Jewell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jewell D, Panickar K (2021) Botanicals reduce Circulating concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides and work synergistically with arachidonic acid to reduce inflammatory cytokines in cats. Front Vet Sci 2021:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.620447","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1997.36003","volume":"45","author":"BR Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones BR, Sanson RL, Morris RS (1997) Elucidating the risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease. N Zeal Vet J 45:100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00480169.1997.36003","journal-title":"N Zeal Vet J"},{"key":"10741_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284132","volume":"18","author":"A Knight","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knight A, Bauer A, Brown H (2023) Vegan versus meat-based Cat food: Guardian-reported health outcomes in 1,369 Cats, after controlling for feline demographic factors. PLoS ONE 18:e0284132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284132","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10741_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e505","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221136815","volume":"24","author":"S Kobayashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kobayashi S, Kawarasaki M, Aono A, Cho J, Hashimoto T, Sato R (2022) Renoprotective effects of docosahexaenoic acid in cats with early chronic kidney disease due to polycystic kidney disease: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 24:e505\u2013e512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X221136815","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15961","volume":"34","author":"D Laflamme","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laflamme D, Backus R, Brown S, Butterwick R, Czarnecki-Maulden G, Elliott J, Fascetti A, Polzin D (2020) A review of phosphorus homeostasis and the impact of different types and amounts of dietary phosphate on metabolism and renal health in cats. J Vet Intern Med 34:2187\u20132196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15961","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10741_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.06.0291","volume":"260","author":"DP Laflamme","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laflamme DP, Backus RC, Forrester SD, Hoenig M (2022) Evidence does not support the controversy regarding carbo-hydrates in feline diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 260:506\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.21.06.0291","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10741_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"DP Laflammme","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laflammme DP (2010) Focus on nutrition: cats and carbohydrates: implications for health and disease. Compendium 32:1\u20133","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"10741_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00827-8","volume":"14","author":"P Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li P, Wu G (2023) Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in domestic cats and dogs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 14:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-022-00827-8","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"10741_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/113.7.1422","volume":"113","author":"M MacDonald","year":"1983","unstructured":"MacDonald M, Rogers Q, Morris J (1983) Role of linoleate as an essential fatty acid for the Cat independent of arachidonate synthesis. J Nutr 113:1422\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JN\/113.7.1422","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/114.4.719","volume":"114","author":"M MacDonald","year":"1984","unstructured":"MacDonald M, Rogers Q, Morris J, Cupps P (1984) Effects of linoleate and arachidonate deficiencies on reproduction and spermatogenesis in the Cat. J Nutr 114:719\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JN\/114.4.719","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR52","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","author":"NRC","year":"2006","unstructured":"NRC (2006) Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Research Council, National Academy, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10741_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00284","volume":"6","author":"Y Okada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okada Y, Ueno H, Mizorogi T, Ohara K, Kawasumi K, Arai T (2019) Diagnostic criteria for obesity disease in cats. Front Vet Sci 6:284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2019.00284","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.105058","volume":"159","author":"M Onwezen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onwezen M, Bouwman E, Reinders M, Dagevos H (2020) A systematic review on consumer acceptance of alternative proteins: pulses, algae, insects, plant-based meat alternatives, and cultured meat. Appetite 159:105058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2020.105058","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10741_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192543","volume":"12","author":"MR Panasevich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panasevich MR, Daristotle L, Yamka RM, Frantz NZ (2022) Dietary ground flaxseed increases serum alpha-linolenic acid concentrations in adult cats. Animals 12:2543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12192543","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10741_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.02.024","volume":"141","author":"HJ Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park HJ, Park JS, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA, Chew BP (2011) Dietary fish oil and flaxseed oil suppress inflammation and immunity in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 141:301\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.02.024","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10741_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39949-1","volume":"35","author":"R Pawlosky","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pawlosky R, Barnes A, Salem N (1994) Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline: relationship between liver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 35:2032\u20132040","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10741_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56968-w","volume":"10","author":"K Piyarungsri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piyarungsri K, Tangtrongsup S, Thitaram N, Lekklar P, Kittinuntasilp A (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai. Thail Sci Rep 10:196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56968-w","journal-title":"Thail Sci Rep"},{"key":"10741_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPL.1989.66.6.2721","volume":"66","author":"D Rotto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rotto D, Massey K, Burton K, Kaufman M (1989) Static contraction increases arachidonic acid levels in gastrocnemius muscles of cats. J Appl Physiol 66:2721\u20132724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPL.1989.66.6.2721","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10741_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03129.x","volume":"41","author":"K Russell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Russell K, Sabin R, Holt S, Bradley R, Harper EJ (2000) Influence of feeding regimen on body condition in the Cat. J Small Anim Pract 41:12\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03129.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10741_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12542","volume":"101","author":"F Salaun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salaun F, Blanchard G, Le Paih L, Roberti F, Niceron C (2017) Impact of macronutrient composition and palatability in wet diets on food selection in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 101:320\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpn.12542","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-3278(99)80021-0","volume":"60","author":"N Salem","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salem N, Pawlosky R, Wegher B, Hibbeln J (1999) In vivo conversion of Linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in human adults. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 60:407\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0952-3278(99)80021-0","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids"},{"key":"10741_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520004067","volume":"126","author":"S Scheibel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheibel S, de Oliveira CAL, de Alvarenga Boyd M, Pereira LC, Rodrigues DM, Lingiardi Barion MR, Carbonera F, Visentainer JV, Huppes RR, Ribeiro LB, Vasconcellos RS (2021) DHA from microalgae Schizochytrium spp. (Thraustochytriaceae) modifies the inflammatory response and gonadal lipid profile in domestic cats. Bri J Nutr 126:172\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114520004067","journal-title":"Bri J Nutr"},{"key":"10741_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2013.10","volume":"2","author":"S Serisier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Serisier S, Feugier A, Venet C, Biourge V, German AJ (2013) Faster growth rate in ad libitum-fed cats: a risk factor predicting the likelihood of becoming overweight during adulthood. J Nutr Sci 2:e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2013.10","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"J Sigler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sigler J, Videle J, Perry C, Gray A (2017) Animal-based agriculture vs. plant-based agriculture. A multi-product data comparison. Hum Party Agricultural Comparison Rep 1:1\u201327","journal-title":"Hum Party Agricultural Comparison Rep"},{"key":"10741_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02533508","volume":"14","author":"A Sinclair","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sinclair A, Mclean J, Monger E (1979) Metabolism of Linoleic acid in the Cat. Lipids 14:932\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02533508","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"10741_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.05.021","volume":"144","author":"KT Teng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JA, Raubenheimer D, Kendall K, Dhand NK (2017) Risk factors for underweight and overweight in cats in metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Prev Vet Med 144:102\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.05.021","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10741_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.09.006","volume":"6","author":"S Thiess","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thiess S, Becskei C, Tomsa K, Lutz T, Wanner M (2004) Effects of high carbohydrate and high fat diet on plasma metabolite levels and on Iv glucose tolerance test in intact and neutered male cats. J Feline Med Surg 6:207\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.09.006","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR69","unstructured":"TIBCO (2023) Available online: https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/321061529\/STATISTICA-Electronic-Manual. Accessed 4 April 2023"},{"key":"10741_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci4040055","volume":"4","author":"A Verbrugghe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verbrugghe A, Hesta M (2017) Cats and carbohydrates: the carnivore fantasy? Vet Sci 4:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci4040055","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"10741_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221090389","volume":"24","author":"C Villaverde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Villaverde C, Chandler M (2022) Commercial vs homemade Cat diets. What you need to know. J Feline Med Surg 24:415\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X221090389","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1892\/07-016.1","volume":"1","author":"M Weber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weber M, Bissot T, Servet E, Sergheraert R, Biourge V, German AJ (2007) A high-protein, high\u2010fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1:1203\u20131208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1892\/07-016.1","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10741_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01266","volume":"11","author":"SM Wernimont","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS (2020) The effects of nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of cats and dogs: impact on health and disease. Front Microbiol 11:1266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01266","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10741_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.10.1172","volume":"254","author":"SA Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson SA, Villaverde C, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA (2019) Evaluation of the nutritional adequacy of recipes for home-prepared maintenance diets for cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 254:1172\u20131179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.254.10.1172","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10741_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221106355","volume":"24","author":"PG Xenoulis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xenoulis PG, Fracassi F (2022) Clinical perspective on diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis. J Feline Med Surg 24:651\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X221106355","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"10741_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227046","volume":"15","author":"RVA Zafalon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zafalon RVA, Risolla LW, Vendramini THA, Ayres Rodrigues RB, Pedrinelli V, Texeira FA (2020) Nutritional inadequacies in commercial vegan foods for dogs and cats. PLoS ONE 15:e0227046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227046","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10741_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.004","volume":"51","author":"AL Ziese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ziese AL, Suchodolski J (2021) Impact of changes in Gastrointestinal microbiota in canine and feline digestive diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 51:155\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.004","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10741_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1559","volume":"221","author":"DL Zoran","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zoran DL (2002) The carnivore connection to nutrition in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1559\u20131567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1559","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10741-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10741-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10741-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T08:21:28Z","timestamp":1746692488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10741-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10741-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not require ethics approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Animal ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"171"}}