{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:55:45Z","timestamp":1784001345192,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/39\/O\/NZ5\/01238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/39\/O\/NZ5\/01238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/39\/O\/NZ5\/01238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/39\/O\/NZ5\/01238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Myxomatous mitral valve disease is a major problem in canine cardiology. Degenerative changes extend from the valve leaflets to reach the rest of the subvalvular apparatus. The chordae tendineae (CT) play a key role in the mechanics of the mitral valve and ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart. Degenerative changes within the chordae tendineae can severely disrupt their function, ultimately leading to an episode of chordae rupture. The study aimed to analyse the structure of healthy and degenerated CTs via histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The mitral valve was assessed macroscopically using the Whitney scale to identify degenerative changes. The chordae tendineae were classified on a four-grade scale (0\u20133) on the basis of structural changes and subsequently analysed through immunohistochemical staining with antibodies targeting collagens I, III, and IV, as well as fibronectin, chondroitin, and tenascin. The findings revealed alterations in the extracellular matrix in degenerated chordae tendineae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10761-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T02:09:05Z","timestamp":1746497345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of chordae tendineae affected by degenerative processes in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8130-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyn","family":"Gach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3956-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mackiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Janus-Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Noszczyk-Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"10761_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(99)00003-4","volume":"8","author":"S Akhtar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akhtar S, Meek KM, James V (1999) Immunolocalization of Elastin, collagen type I and type III, fibronectin, and vitronectin in extracellular matrix components of normal and myxomatous mitral heart valve chordae tendineae. Cardiovasc Pathol 8:203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1054-8807(99)00003-4","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"10761_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","volume":"18","author":"H Akoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akoglu H (2018) User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients. Turk J Emerg Med 18:91\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10761_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.01.009","volume":"87","author":"H Aupperle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aupperle H, M\u00e4rz I, Thielebein J et al (2009) Immunohistochemical characterization of the extracellular matrix in normal mitral valves and in chronic valve disease (endocardiosis) in dogs. Res Vet Sci 87:277\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.01.009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10761_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.07.003","volume":"134","author":"S Baade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baade S, Aupperle H, Grevel V, Schoon H-A (2006) Histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of hepatic lesions associated with congenital portosystemic shunt in dogs. J Comp Pathol 134:80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.07.003","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"10761_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(88)80195-3","volume":"19","author":"PB Baker","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baker PB, Bansal G, Boudoulas H et al (1988) Floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae: histopathologic alterations. Hum Pathol 19:507\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0046-8177(88)80195-3","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10761_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.03.008","volume":"40","author":"M Borgarelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borgarelli M, Haggstrom J (2010) Canine degenerative myxomatous mitral valve disease: natural history, clinical presentation and therapy. Veterinary Clin North America: Small Anim Pract 40:651\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.03.008","journal-title":"Veterinary Clin North America: Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10761_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10322-5","volume":"28","author":"KD Boudoulas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boudoulas KD, Triposkiadis F, Koenig S et al (2023) Acute mitral regurgitation with and without acute heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 28:1201\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-023-10322-5","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10761_CR8","first-page":"75","volume":"21","author":"JW Buchanan","year":"1977","unstructured":"Buchanan JW (1977) Chronic valvular disease (endocardiosis) in dogs. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 21:75\u2013106","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"10761_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2004)18<311:asomcm>2.0.co;2","volume":"18","author":"CC Cornell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cornell CC, Kittleson MD, Della Torre P et al (2004) Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs. J Vet Intern Med 18:311\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1892\/0891-6640(2004)18%3C;311:asomcm%3E;2.0.co;2","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10761_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.846782","volume":"120","author":"JP Dal-Bianco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dal-Bianco JP, Aikawa E, Bischoff J et al (2009) Active adaptation of the tethered mitral valve. Circulation 120:334\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.846782","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10761_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.06.040","volume":"135","author":"W Flameng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flameng W, Meuris B, Herijgers P, Herregods M-C (2008) Durability of mitral valve repair in Barlow disease versus fibroelastic deficiency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:274\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.06.040","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10761_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(98)00021-0","volume":"8","author":"P Fornes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fornes P, Heudes D, Fuzellier J-F et al (1999) Correlation between clinical and histologic patterns of degenerative mitral valve insufficiency. Cardiovasc Pathol 8:81\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1054-8807(98)00021-0","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"10761_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.02.001","volume":"14","author":"PR Fox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fox PR (2012) Pathology of myxomatous mitral valve disease in the dog. J Veterinary Cardiol 14:103\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.02.001","journal-title":"J Veterinary Cardiol"},{"key":"10761_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4804(61)80039-5","volume":"1","author":"RWM Frater","year":"1961","unstructured":"Frater RWM, Ellis FH (1961) The anatomy of the canine mitral valve. J Surg Res 1:171\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-4804(61)80039-5","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10761_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gach J, Janus I, Mackiewicz A et al (2021) Biomechanical-Structural correlation of chordae tendineae in animal models: A pilot study. Anim (Basel) 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11061678","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061678"},{"key":"10761_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04586-2","volume":"21","author":"J Gach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gach J, Mackiewicz A, Janus-Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska I, Noszczyk-Nowak A (2025) Reverse impact of chordae tendineae structural changes on its Biomechanical properties as a part of pathogenesis in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. BMC Vet Res 21:105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-025-04586-2","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10761_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwh076","volume":"14","author":"KJ Grande-Allen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grande-Allen KJ (2004) Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in normal mitral valve leaflets and chordae: association with regions of tensile and compressive loading. Glycobiology 14:621\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/glycob\/cwh076","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10761_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00626-0","volume":"42","author":"KJ Grande-Allen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grande-Allen KJ, Griffin BP, Ratliff NB et al (2003) Glycosaminoglycan profiles of myxomatous mitral leaflets and chordae parallel the severity of mechanical alterations. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:271\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00626-0","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10761_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.107847","volume":"93","author":"M Hadian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hadian M, Corcoran BM, Han RI et al (2007) Collagen organization in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: an X-Ray diffraction study. Biophys J 93:2472\u20132476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1529\/biophysj.107.107847","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10761_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.05.002","volume":"34","author":"J H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m J, Duelund Pedersen H, Vet Sci D, Kvart C (2004) New insights into degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34:1209\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.05.002","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10761_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00800.x","volume":"50","author":"J H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m J, H\u00f6glund K, Borgarelli M (2009) An update on treatment and prognostic indicators in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 50:25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00800.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10761_CR22","first-page":"60","volume":"19","author":"RI Han","year":"2010","unstructured":"Han RI, Black A, Culshaw G et al (2010) Structural and cellular changes in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: an image analysis study. J Heart Valve Dis 19:60\u201370","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"10761_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.092","volume":"167","author":"JM Icardo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Icardo JM, Colvee E, Revuelta JM (2013) Structural analysis of chordae tendineae in degenerative disease of the mitral valve. Int J Cardiol 167:1603\u20131609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.092","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10761_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12010074","volume":"12","author":"I Janus-Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Janus-Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska I, Bubak J (2025) The impact of Short-Term formalin fixation on weight and ventricular dimensions in the hearts of cats and Small-to-Medium-Sized dogs. Vet Sci 12:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12010074","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"10761_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-013-1759-8","volume":"23","author":"T Jiranantasak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiranantasak T, Rungsipipat A, Surachetpong S (2014) Histopathological changes and apoptosis detection in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease using tissue microarray technique. Comp Clin Path 23:1173\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00580-013-1759-8","journal-title":"Comp Clin Path"},{"key":"10761_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.26.6.689","volume":"26","author":"S Karas","year":"1970","unstructured":"Karas S, Elkins RC (1970) Mechanism of function of the mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae and left ventricular papillary muscles in dogs. Circ Res 26:689\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.RES.26.6.689","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10761_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.06.037","volume":"137","author":"K Lindmark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lindmark K, S\u00f6derberg S, Teien D, N\u00e4slund U (2009) Long-term follow-up of mitral valve regurgitation\u2014Importance of mitral valve pathology and left ventricular function on survival. Int J Cardiol 137:145\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.06.037","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10761_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2440597","volume":"244","author":"Y Lis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lis Y, Burleigh MC, Parker DJ et al (1987) Biochemical characterization of individual normal, floppy and rheumatic human mitral valves. Biochem J 244:597\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj2440597","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10761_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030763","volume":"21","author":"RS Madhurapantula","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madhurapantula RS, Krell G, Morfin B et al (2020) Advanced methodology and preliminary measurements of molecular and mechanical properties of heart valves under dynamic strain. Int J Mol Sci 21:763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21030763","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10761_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.01.009","volume":"156","author":"G Markby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markby G, Summers KM, MacRae VE et al (2017) Myxomatous degeneration of the canine mitral valve: from gross changes to molecular events. J Comp Pathol 156:371\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.01.009","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"10761_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12591","volume":"29","author":"MJ Mattin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mattin MJ, Boswood A, Church DB et al (2015) Prevalence of and risk factors for degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs attending Primary-care veterinary practices in England. J Vet Intern Med 29:847\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.12591","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10761_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1998.19240573.x","volume":"192","author":"C Millington-Sanders","year":"1998","unstructured":"Millington-Sanders C, Meir A, Lawrence L, Stolinski C (1998) Structure of chordae tendineae in the left ventricle of the human heart. J Anat 192:573\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1998.19240573.x","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10761_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01305.x","volume":"54","author":"T Mizuno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mizuno T, Mizukoshi T, Uechi M (2013) Long-term outcome in dogs undergoing mitral valve repair with suture annuloplasty and chordae tendinae replacement. J Small Anim Pract 54:104\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01305.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10761_CR34","first-page":"193","volume":"41","author":"S Nazari","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nazari S, Carli F, Salvi S et al (2000) Patterns of systolic stress distribution on mitral valve anterior leaflet chordal apparatus. A structural mechanical theoretical analysis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 41:193\u2013202","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)"},{"key":"10761_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711330303","volume":"133","author":"W Scott-Jupp","year":"1981","unstructured":"Scott-Jupp W, Barnett NL, Gallagher PJ et al (1981) Ultrastructural changes in spontaneous rupture of mitral chordae tendineae. J Pathol 133:185\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1711330303","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10761_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[258:ctridw]2.0.co;2","volume":"21","author":"F Serres","year":"2007","unstructured":"Serres F, Chetboul V, Tissier R et al (2007) Chordae tendineae rupture in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: prevalence, survival, and prognostic factors (114 cases, 2001\u20132006). J Vet Intern Med 21:258\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1892\/0891-6640(2007)21[258:ctridw]2.0.co;2","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10761_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1974.tb06529.x","volume":"15","author":"JG Whitney","year":"1974","unstructured":"Whitney JG (1974) Observations on the effect of age on the severity of heart valve lesions in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 15:511\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1974.tb06529.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10761-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10761-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10761-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T04:29:11Z","timestamp":1756441751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10761-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10761-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. According to Polish law, studies conducted on animal tissue (including organs collected post-mortem) do not require permission from the Ethical Board. Polish Parliament: Act on the protection of animals used for scientific or educational purposes ( (2015) (accessed on 13 February 2025). Cadavers were taken from the Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The samples from the dogs included in our study were taken during routine necropsies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"190"}}