{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:03:23Z","timestamp":1756512203664,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10783-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:50:56Z","timestamp":1749531056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular identification, risk factors\u2019 assessment and phylogenetic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii in goats from Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Irshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumaila","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uswa","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhsin","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Anwar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ubaid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talat","family":"Sabtain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakir","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Iba\u00f1ez-Arancibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricio R.","family":"De Los R\u00edos-Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han\u00e8ne","family":"Belkahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Ben Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Swelum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6030063","volume":"6","author":"MC Abdallah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdallah MC, Kamel M, Karima B, Samir A, Djamel K, Rachid K, Khatima AO (2019) Cross-Sectional survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in Algeria: seroprevalence and risk factors. Vet Sci 6(3):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci6030063","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10783_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1645\/24-103","volume":"110","author":"ADW Acholonu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acholonu ADW, Alexander JS (2024) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats from Southwestern Mississippi USA. J Parasitol 110(5):534\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/24-103","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10783_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4405","volume":"8","author":"N Ahmad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmad N, Qayyum M (2014) Seroprevalence and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in large ruminants in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 8(8):1022\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.4405","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"4","key":"10783_CR4","first-page":"1003","volume":"48","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Tasawar Z (2016) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants from Cholistan Desert and agricultural areas of Rahim Yar Khan and Rajan pur (Punjab) Pakistan. Pak J Zool 48(4):1003\u20131008","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"issue":"4","key":"10783_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.4.439","volume":"54","author":"H Ahmed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmed H, Malik A, Arshad M, Mustafa I, Khan MR, Afzal MS, Ali S, Mobeen M, Simsek S (2016) Seroprevalence and spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan. Korean J Parasitol 54(4):439\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.4.439","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"10783_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.07.004","volume":"133","author":"Y Amdouni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amdouni Y, Rjeibi MR, Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Awadi S, Gharbi M (2017) Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) in Northwest Tunisia. Meat Sci 133:180\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meatsci.2017.07.004","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"10783_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.040","volume":"129","author":"D Anvari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anvari D, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Aghayan SA, Gholami S, Pagheh AS, Hosseini SA, Saberi R, Chegeni TN, Hosseininejad Z, Daryani A (2019) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 129:30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.040","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"10783_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10623-6","volume":"49","author":"IF Arruda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arruda IF, Millar PR, da Silva Lopes F, da Costa CM, Balaro MFA, Zangirolami LA, Ramos RCF, Bonif\u00e1cio TF, Ribeiro JAP, Amendoeira MRR (2025) Seroepidemiology, molecular detection, and isolation attempts of Toxoplasma gondii in dairy goats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Res Commun 49(2):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10623-6","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"10783_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106304","volume":"228","author":"MN Aziz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aziz MN, Iqbal RK, Irfan M, Parveen A, Asif M, Ozubek S, Aktas M, Said MB, Iqbal F (2022) First report on molecular epidemiology, seasonality and phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii infecting goats from Khanewal district in Punjab, Pakistan. Acta Trop 228:106304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106304","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10783_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.02.004","volume":"12","author":"M Bachan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bachan M, Deb AR, Maharana BR, Sudhakar NR, Sudan V, Saravanan BC, Tewari AK (2018) High Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats in Jharkhand state of India. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 12:61\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.02.004","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10783_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05465-3","volume":"14","author":"M Bahreh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahreh M, Hajimohammadi B, Eslami G (2021) Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats from central Iran. BMC Res Notes 14(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-021-05465-3","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10783_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.14.7.1200","volume":"32","author":"SM Bin Dajem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bin Dajem SM, Almushait MA (2012) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA by PCR in blood samples collected from pregnant Saudi women from the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 32(5):507\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.14.7.1200","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10783_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06080-w","volume":"16","author":"RMM Brito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brito RMM, de Lima Bessa G, Bastilho AL, Dantas-Torres F, de Andrade-Neto VF, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Magalh\u00e3es LMD (2023) Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in South America: occurrence, immunity, and fate of infection. Parasites Vectors 16(1):461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-023-06080-w","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10783_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1787-1792.1989","volume":"27","author":"JL Burg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burg JL, Grover CM, Pouletty P, Boothroyd JC (1989) Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 27(8):1787\u20131792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1787-1792.1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10783_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104643","volume":"152","author":"AS Deshmukh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deshmukh AS, Gurupwar R, Mitra P, Aswale K, Shinde S, Chaudhari S (2021) Toxoplasma gondii induces robust humoral immune response against cyst wall antigens in chronically infected animals and humans. Microb Pathog 152:104643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104643","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10783_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.06.014","volume":"132","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar CK, Kwok OCH (2020) Public health and economic importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in goats: the last decade. Res Vet Sci 132:292\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.06.014","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10783_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08092-y","volume":"123","author":"FD Fernandes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandes FD, Tagarra LG, Roman IJ, Moraes DAO, Rodrigues D, de Andrade CM, Br\u00e4unig P, de Oliveira-Filho EF, Cargnelutti JF, Sangioni LA, Vogel FSF (2023) Increased frequency of detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic cats after outbreak of human toxoplasmosis. Parasitol Res 123(1):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08092-y","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10783_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06878-y","volume":"119","author":"AL Gazzonis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gazzonis AL, Marino AMF, Garippa G, Rossi L, Mignone W, Dini V, Giunta RP, Luini M, Villa L, Zanzani SA, Manfredi MT (2020a) Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence in beef cattle raised in Italy: a multicenter study. Parasitol Res 119(11):3893\u20133898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06878-y","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10783_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102060","volume":"76","author":"AL Gazzonis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gazzonis AL, Zanzani SA, Villa L, Manfredi MT (2020b) Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat-producing small ruminants: meat juice serology and genotyping. Parasitol Int 76:102060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102060","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"10783_CR20","first-page":"153","volume":"6","author":"AD Ghaffari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghaffari AD, Dalimi A (2019) Molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii in the native slaughtered cattle of Tehran Province, Iran. J Food Qual Hazards Control 6:153\u2013161","journal-title":"J Food Qual Hazards Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10783_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04107-4","volume":"23","author":"N Gholizadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gholizadeh N, Dalimi A, Ghaffarifar F, Nader-Mohammadi M, Molavi P, Dadkhah M, Molaei S (2023) Berberine improves inhibitory avoidance memory impairment of Toxoplasma gondii-infected rat model of ketamine-induced schizophrenia. BMC Complement Med Ther 23(1):303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-023-04107-4","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10783_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2021.138408.3080","volume":"13","author":"T Gorgani-Firouzjaee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Kalantari N, Ghaffari S (2022) Molecular identification and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from sheep and cattle in Northern Iran. Vet Res Forum 13(3):371\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30466\/vrf.2021.138408.3080","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10783_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2386-2391","volume":"14","author":"T Hasan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasan T, Mannan A, Hossain D, Rekha A, Hossan MM, Alim MA, Uddin AM (2021) Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted fetuses of goats in chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet World 14(9):2386\u20132391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2386-2391","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10783_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105780","volume":"173","author":"BK Hebbar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hebbar BK, Roy M, Mitra P, Chavhan K, Chaudhari S, Shinde S, Deshmukh AS (2022) Seroprevalence, risk factors, and serological cross-reactivity for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in goats in India. Microb Pathog 173(Pt A):105780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105780","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10783_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102184","volume":"109","author":"A Irshad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irshad A, Noreen S, Nouroz F, Rasool A, Zhu M, Mohany M (2024a) First report on prevalence, molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of Toxoplasma gondii infecting sheep of the Malakand Division of Pakistan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 109:102184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102184","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10783_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.152","volume":"44","author":"A Irshad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irshad A, Noreen S, Khan W, Rasool A (2024b) Sero-epidemiology, spatial distribution and phylogenetic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii in goats of Malakand division of Pakistan. Pak Vet J 44(2):2074\u20137764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.152","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10783_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08397-6","volume":"123","author":"MTA Kakimori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kakimori MTA, Osman AM, Silva ACS, Ibrahim AM, Shair MA, Cavallieri AC, Barros LD, Garcia JL, Vieira TSWJ, Hassan-Kadle AA, Vieira RFC (2024) Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in ruminants from Somalia. Parasitol Res 123(11):376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-024-08397-6","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10783_CR28","first-page":"116","volume":"1","author":"FU Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan FU, Hussain N (2020) Serological and molecular based diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii in Galliformes by using ToxPK1 gene. J Sci Res Med Biol Sci 1(2):116\u2013122","journal-title":"J Sci Res Med Biol Sci"},{"key":"10783_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e267369","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.267369","volume":"83","author":"S Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan S, Rafiq K, Khabir MN, Khan MB, Khan SN, Khattak A, Attaullah S (2023) Toxoplasma gondii in lactating animals: potential risk to milk consuming population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Braz J Biol 83:e267369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1519-6984.267369","journal-title":"Braz J Biol"},{"key":"10783_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","volume":"8","author":"Q Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu Q, Wang ZD, Huang SY, Zhu XQ (2015) Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites Vectors 8:292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10783_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.056","volume":"195","author":"WD Lopes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lopes WD, Rodriguez JD, Souza FA, dos Santos TR, dos Santos RS, Rosanese WM, Lopes WR, Sakamoto CA, da Costa AJ (2013) Sexual transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep. Vet Parasitol 195(1\u20132):47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.056","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10783_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905326","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/905326","volume":"2013","author":"F Mancianti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mancianti F, Nardoni S, D\u2019Ascenzi C, Pedonese F, Mugnaini L, Franco F, Papini R (2013) Seroprevalence, detection of DNA in blood and milk, and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a goat population in Italy. Biomed Res Int 2013:905326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/905326","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"10783_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111331","volume":"11","author":"T Mumtaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mumtaz T, Awan UA, Mushtaq A, Afzal MS, Mahmood T, Wasif S, Ali A, Ajmal K, Mohamed T, Muhammad A, Liu H, Ahmed H, Cao J (2022) Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats in Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens 11(11):1331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11111331","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10783_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.013","volume":"156","author":"JO Neto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neto JO, Azevedo SS, Gennari SM, Funada MR, Pena HF, Ara\u00fajo AR, Batista CS, Silva ML, Gomes AA, Piatti RM, Alves CJ (2008) Prevalence and risk factors for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in goats of the Serid\u00f3 Oriental microregion, Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeast region of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 156(3\u20134):329\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10783_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1472-3","volume":"105","author":"JW Pinheiro Jr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pinheiro JW Jr, Mota RA, Oliveira AA, Faria EB, Gondim LF, da Silva AV, Anderlini GA (2009) Prevalence and risk factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in ovine in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Parasitol Res 105(3):709\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-009-1472-3","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10783_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2021.020","volume":"42","author":"A Rafique","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rafique A, Nasir S, Ashraf A, Nawaz Z, Zahid FM, Abbas A, Masood S (2022) Serosurveillance and risk factor analysis of caprine Toxoplasmosis in Faisalabad Punjab, Pakistan. Pak Vet J 42(1):102\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29261\/pakvetj\/2021.020","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"10783_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.04.010","volume":"141","author":"WMF R\u00eago","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00eago WMF, Paula NRO, Vitor RWA, Silva RAB, Diniz BLM, Sousa MM, Coelho WAC, Porfirio KP, Pinheiro RR, Alves FSF, Cavalcante ACR, Cardoso JFS (2016) Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats and sheep raised in the State of Piau\u00ed in Northeast Brazil. Small Rumin Res 141:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.04.010","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"10783_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0906-6","volume":"22","author":"V Rilling","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rilling V, Dietz K, Krczal D, Knotek F, Enders G (2003) Evaluation of a commercial IgG\/IgM western blot assay for early postnatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:174\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-003-0906-6","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10783_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.08.016","volume":"48","author":"MS Roiko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roiko MS, LaFavers K, Leland D, Arrizabalaga G (2018) Toxoplasma gondii-positive human sera recognise intracellular tachyzoites and bradyzoites with diverse patterns of immunoreactivity. Int J Parasitol 48(3\u20134):225\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.08.016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10783_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2019.100347","volume":"18","author":"RP Sah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sah RP, Dey AR, Rahman AKMA, Alam MZ, Talukder MH (2019) Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii from aborted fetuses of sheep, goats and cattle in Bangladesh. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 18:100347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2019.100347","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"10783_CR41","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"J Sambrook","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Russell DW (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, pp 23\u201344"},{"key":"10783_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_58_18","volume":"7","author":"K Sardarian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sardarian K, Maghsood AH, Farimani M, Hajiloii M, Saidijam M, Rezaeepoor M, Mahaki H, Zamani A (2018) Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in placental tissues of pregnant women with acute toxoplasmosis. Adv Biomed Res 7:119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/abr.abr_58_18","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10783_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03603-6","volume":"55","author":"A Selim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Selim A, Marzok M, Alshammari A, Al-Jabr OA, Salem M, Wakid MH (2023) Toxoplasma gondii infection in Egyptian domestic sheep and goats: seroprevalence and risk factors. Trop Anim Health Prod 55(3):182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-023-03603-6","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"6","key":"10783_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060675","volume":"11","author":"T Shoukat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shoukat T, Awan UA, Mahmood T, Afzal MS, Wasif S, Ahmed H, Cao J (2022) Epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis among the Pakistani population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens 11(6):675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11060675","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10783_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.007","volume":"162","author":"MS Silva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silva MS, Uz\u00eada RS, Costa KS, Santos SL, Macedo AC, Abe-Sandes K, Gondim LF (2009) Detection of Hammondia heydorni and related coccidia (Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii) in goats slaughtered in Bahia. Brazil Vet Parasitol 162(1\u20132):156\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.007","journal-title":"Brazil Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10783_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04106-1","volume":"13","author":"J Sroka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sroka J, Karamon J, W\u00f3jcik-Fatla A, Piotrowska W, Dutkiewicz J, Bilska-Zaj\u0105c E, Zaj\u0105c V, Kochanowski M, D\u0105browska J, Cencek T (2020) Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered pigs and cattle in Poland: seroprevalence, molecular detection and characterization of parasites in meat. Parasites Vectors 13(1):223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04106-1","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10783_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00037","volume":"15","author":"S Stelzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stelzer S, Basso W, Benavides Silv\u00e1n J, Ortega-Mora LM, Maksimov P, Gethmann J, Conraths FJ, Schares G (2019) Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: risk factors and economic impact. Food Waterborne Parasitol 15:e00037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00037","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"10783_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101782","volume":"84","author":"I Taalay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taalay I, Iqbal RK, Asif M, Ahmad A, Amjad M, Anwar FN, Aktas M, Ben Said M, Iqbal F (2022) Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle and buffaloes and phylogenetic position of Pakistani isolates based on ITS-1 gene. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 84:101782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101782","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10783_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol 38(7):3022\u20133027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10783_CR50","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thrusfield M (2005) Veterinary epidemiology, third. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 305\u2013330","edition":"third"},{"issue":"3","key":"10783_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-018-01076-1","volume":"43","author":"ABN Tonouhewa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tonouhewa ABN, Akpo Y, Sherasiya A, Sessou P, Adinci JM, Aplogan GL, Youssao I, Assogba MN, Farougou S (2019) A serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goat from Benin, West-Africa. J Parasit Dis 43(3):343\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-018-01076-1","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10783_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13012","volume":"70","author":"AM Uddin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uddin AM, Hasan T, Hossain D, Nahar K, Islam T, Islam MT, Saraf MSH, Karim MR, Atikuzzaman M, Ahsan MI (2023) First report of knowledge and practices towards toxoplasmosis among cat owners: a cross-sectional survey in Bangladesh. Zoonoses Public Health 70(2):134\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.13012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10783-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10783-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10783-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T04:28:54Z","timestamp":1756441734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10783-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10783-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0165-7380"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7446"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research was approved by the Advanced Study and Research Board (ASRB) of Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, during its 53rd meeting (No. Directorate A&R\/Notifications\/HU\/2023\/190).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"217"}}