{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:44:51Z","timestamp":1775580291585,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bursa Uludag University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Bovine viral diarrhea virus continues to threaten animal health with serious economic losses worldwide. Various killed, live-modified, or recombinant vaccine strategies are being developed for protection and control against this virus. The most important thing discovered is the choice of local and widespread strains in the vaccine content. In this study, the effectiveness of a Montanide<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> ISA 206 adjuvanted killed trivalent vaccine containing endemic local strains (TR-21 [BVDV-1<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>], TR-26 [BVDV-1f], and TR-15 [BVDV-2b]) isolated from T\u00fcrkiye, was evaluated with a cattle challenge study. Experimental groups were designed as single dose vaccination (Group-I, n:11), two dose vaccination (Group-II, n:11), and unvaccinated (Group-III, n:6) with male calves aged about 6 months. Following the immunization, challenge virus (TR-72 [BVDV-1<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>], TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> 10<jats:sup>6.5<\/jats:sup>) was given intranasally to each group (5 animals in Group-I and II and 4 animals in Group-III), and clinical findings, hematological changes, virus shedding, side effects, and viremia were monitored for 14 days after inoculation. Serological monitoring of the remaining animals against homologous and heterologous strains was carried out at one-month intervals between the 21st and 201st days after the first vaccination. The obtained results showed that the viremia, hematological changes, and clinical findings shown in unvaccinated animals (Group-III) were significantly suppressed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in the vaccinated groups (Group-I and II). In addition, it was found that serologically monitored animals maintained protective neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers\u2009\u2265\u20098 log<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> for vaccinal and also for all reference BVDV-1 strains, which is more than three-fold protective antibody response, lasting more than 7 months after the first vaccination, whether in single or two dose application. The rise of nAbs was also detected for heterogous BVDV strains. The detected nAb titers were significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in the two dose vaccination group. Based on the results, it was concluded that this trivalent- inactivated vaccine candidate can protect cattle against acute BVDV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10792-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T01:37:59Z","timestamp":1749778679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A novel killed oil adjuvanted bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine protects from viremia and clinical manifestations: an immune response and challenge study in cattle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berfin","family":"Ert\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-081X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gizem","family":"Ayto\u011fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1793-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadir","family":"Ye\u015filba\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10792_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.034","volume":"175","author":"G Alpay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alpay G, Ye\u015filba\u011f K (2015) Serological relationships among subgroups in bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 (BVDV-1). Vet Microbiol 175:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.034","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1803-43","volume":"43","author":"G Alpay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alpay G, Ye\u015fi\u0307lba\u011f K (2019) Neutralizing antibody titers against field strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination with three commercial vaccines. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci 43:716\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/vet-1803-43","journal-title":"Turkish J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"10792_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00276-5","volume":"77","author":"M Beer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beer M, Hehnen HR, Wolfmeyer A et al (2000) A new inactivated BVDV genotype I and II vaccine an immunisation and challenge study with BVDV genotype I. Vet Microbiol 77:195\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00276-5","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.05.703","volume":"51","author":"SR Bolin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bolin SR, Ridpath JF (1990) Range of viral neutralizing activity and molecular specificity of antibodies induced in cattle by inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines. Am J Vet Res 51:703\u2013707","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10792_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02747-7","volume":"17","author":"L Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang L, Qi Y, Liu D et al (2021) Molecular detection and genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Western China. BMC Vet Res 17:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02747-7","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05565-w","volume":"167","author":"PSB de Oliveira","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Oliveira PSB, Silva J\u00fanior JVJ, Weiblen RFEF (2022) A new (old) bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 subtype: BVDV\u20132e. Arch Virol 167:2545\u20132553","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10792_CR7","first-page":"95","volume":"39","author":"GF El-Bagoury","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Bagoury GF, El-Sabbagh MM, El-Hawary RI (2020) Improving of combined inactivated respiratory viral vaccine pneumo-3 by using of Montanide oil ISA 206 as an adjuvant. BVMJ 39:95\u201399","journal-title":"BVMJ"},{"key":"10792_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13068","volume":"66","author":"CA Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans CA, Pinior B, Larska M et al (2019) Global knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 66:640\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.13068","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"10792_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.685114","volume":"8","author":"SM Falkenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Terhaar B et al (2021) Evaluation of antigenic comparisons among BVDV isolates as it relates to humoral and cell mediated responses. Front Vet Sci 8:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.685114","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107198","volume":"254","author":"JTT Fritzen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fritzen JTT, Zucoloto NZ, Lorenzetti E et al (2024) Outbreak of persistently infected heifer calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes 1b and 1d in a BVDV-vaccinated open dairy herd. Acta Trop 254:107198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107198","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.4.3.380-383.1997","volume":"4","author":"RW Fulton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fulton RW, Saliki JT, Burge LJ et al (1997) Neutralizing antibodies to type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses: detection by Inhibition of viral cytopathology and infectivity by immunoperoxidase assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4:380\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cdli.4.3.380-383.1997","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10792_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.03.058","volume":"38","author":"RW Fulton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Payton ME et al (2020) Immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines detecting antibodies to BVDV subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2c. Vaccine 38:4032\u20134037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.03.058","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Glotov AG, Glotova TI, Koteneva SV et al (2016) Virulent properties of Russian bovine viral diarrhea virus strains in experimentally infected calves. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7034509","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7034509"},{"key":"10792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122431","volume":"13","author":"Y Goto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Fukunari K (2021) An importance of long-term clinical analysis to accurately diagnose calves persistently and acutely infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus 2. Viruses 13:2431","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10792_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.8.236","volume":"153","author":"C Hamers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hamers C, Couvreur B, Dehan R et al (2003) Assessment of the clinical and virological protection provided by a commercial inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 vaccine against a BVDV genotype 2 challenge. Vet Rec 153:236\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.153.8.236","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10792_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.9775\/kvfd.2019.23273","volume":"26","author":"Y He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He Y, Ma X, Huang X et al (2020) Detection of BVDV 1q in china: genetic characterization and experimental infection for the investigation of it\u2019s pathogenicity. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 26:377\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9775\/kvfd.2019.23273","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg"},{"key":"10792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.21608\/jvmr.2017.43261","volume":"24","author":"R I.EL-Hawary","year":"2017","unstructured":"I.EL-Hawary R, Mostafa A H (2017) Immunological response of locally prepared oil adjuvanted pneumo-5 vaccine in calves. J Vet Med Res 24:41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jvmr.2017.43261","journal-title":"J Vet Med Res"},{"key":"10792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1189-1198","volume":"8","author":"EES Ibrahim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ibrahim EES, Gamal WM, Hassan AI et al (2015) Comparative study on the immunopotentiator effect of ISA 201, ISA 61, ISA 50, ISA 206 used in trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine. Vet World 8:1189\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1189-1198","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"10792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kadiro\u011flu B, Ye\u015filba\u011f K (2025) Optimum processing conditions for a trivalent-inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine using field strains and immunogenicity of candidate formulations with different adjuvants. Vet Res Commun 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-024-10608-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10608-5"},{"key":"10792_CR20","first-page":"17","volume":"29","author":"M Kocat\u00fcrk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kocat\u00fcrk M, Ye\u015fi\u0307lba\u011f K, Yilmaz Z (2010) Evaluation of red blood cell and platelet indices in cattle naturally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med 29:17\u201322","journal-title":"Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med"},{"key":"10792_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(97)00133-5","volume":"61","author":"M Leenaars","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leenaars M, Koedam MA, Hendriksen CFM et al (1998) Immune responses and side effects of five different oil-based adjuvants in mice. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 61:291\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-2427(97)00133-5","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1575","volume":"63","author":"EM Liebler-Tenorio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liebler-Tenorio EM, Ridpath JF, Neill JD (2002) Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection with highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves. Am J Vet Res 63:1575\u20131584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1575","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00003-2","volume":"19","author":"B Makoschey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Makoschey B, Janssen MGJ, Vrijenhoek MP et al (2001) An inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine affords clinical protection against BVDV type 2. Vaccine 19:3261\u20133268","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10792_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.110","volume":"25","author":"B Makoschey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Makoschey B, Sonnemans D, Bielsa JM et al (2007) Evaluation of the induction of NS3 specific BVDV antibodies using a commercial inactivated BVDV vaccine in immunization and challenge trials. Vaccine 25:6140\u20136145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.110","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10792_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05797-4","volume":"168","author":"F Murilo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murilo F, Stuart Z, Elliot GS et al (2023) Changes to virus taxonomy and the ICTV statutes ratified by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (2023). Arch Virol 168:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-023-05797-4","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.014","volume":"25","author":"JF Ridpath","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Peterhans E (2007) Impact of variation in acute virulence of BVDV1 strains on design of better vaccine efficacy challenge models. Vaccine 25:8058\u20138066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.09.014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10792_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200203","volume":"22","author":"JF Ridpath","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ridpath JF, Fulton RW, Kirkland PD et al (2010) Prevalence and antigenic differences observed between bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes isolated from cattle in Australia and feedlots in the Southwestern united States. J Vet Diagn Investig 22:184\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063871002200203","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"10792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879500700426","volume":"7","author":"DW Scruggs","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scruggs DW, Fleming SA, Maslin WR et al (1995) Osteopetrosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and marrow necrosis in beef calves naturally infected with bovine virus diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Investig 7:555\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063879500700426","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"10792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030374","volume":"8","author":"E Sozzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sozzi E, Righi C, Boldini M et al (2020) Cross-reactivity antibody response after vaccination with modified live and killed bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVD) vaccines. Vaccines 8:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8030374","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108797","volume":"247","author":"EB Toker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toker EB, Aytogu G, Kadiroglu B et al (2020) Failure in dry period vaccination strategy for bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol J 247:108797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108797","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol J"},{"key":"10792_CR31","unstructured":"USA-CFR (1987) USA Code of Federal Regulations. Animal Products. The Office of Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration, Parts 1 to 199"},{"key":"10792_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.12.016","volume":"245","author":"L van Duijn","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Duijn L, Veldhuis AMB, Mars MH et al (2019) Efficacy of a voluntary BVDV control programme: experiences from the Netherlands. Vet J 245:55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.12.016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10792_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1095","volume":"62","author":"PH Walz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Walz PH, Bell TG, Wells JL et al (2001) Relationship between degree of viremia and disease manifestations in calves with experimentally induced bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Am J Vet Res 62:1095\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1095","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10792_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.043","volume":"28","author":"W Xue","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xue W, Ellis J, Mattick D et al (2010) Immunogenicity of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus when administered intranasally in young calves. Vaccine 28:3784\u20133792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.043","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10792_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.01.016","volume":"130","author":"K Ye\u015filba\u011f","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ye\u015filba\u011f K, F\u00f6rster C, Bank-Wolf B et al (2008) Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from turkey: identification of a new subgroup in BVDV-1. Vet Microbiol 130:258\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.01.016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10792_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060128","volume":"9","author":"K Ye\u015filba\u011f","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye\u015filba\u011f K, Alpay G, Becher P (2017) Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses 9:128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v9060128","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10792_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109945","volume":"289","author":"K Ye\u015filba\u011f","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye\u015filba\u011f K, Ayto\u011fu G, Kadiro\u011flu B et al (2024) Pathogenicity assessment of a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1l (BVDV-1l) strain in experimentally infected calves. Vet Microbiol 289:109945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109945","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10792_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.12.005","volume":"169","author":"K Ye\u015filba\u01e7","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ye\u015filba\u01e7 K, F\u00f6rster C, Ozyi\u01e7it MO et al (2014) Characterisation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from an outbreak with haemorrhagic enteritis and severe pneumonia. Vet Microbiol 169:42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.12.005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10792-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10792-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10792-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T19:21:42Z","timestamp":1757186502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10792-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10792-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-7380","1573-7446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-7380","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7446","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In this article, the reference details for El-Bagoury GF. et al.  was incorrect and should have been 'El-Bagoury GF, El-Sabbagh MM, El-Hawary RI (2020) Improving of combined inactivated respiratory viral vaccine pneumo-3 by using of Montanide oil ISA 206 as an adjuvant. BVMJ 39:95\u201399'.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experiment conducted according to ethical rules determined by the regulations and permitted by Bursa Uludag University Ethical Commity for Experimental Animals (BU\u00dc-HADYEK 2018-08\/03).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}