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Despite these emerging cases, clinicopathological data on leishmaniosis in captive wildlife remain limited. Here, we report the first confirmed case of clinical visceral leishmaniosis in a zoo-captive white-naped mangabey (\n                    <jats:italic>Cercocebus lunulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in Spain. The affected animal presented with progressive weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, polyclonal gammopathy, and cytological evidence of pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis containing intralesional protozoal amastigotes consistent with\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. The animal eventually died, and a detailed necropsy was performed. Moreover, to confirm\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, histopathological analysis, serological assays, including immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), Western blot (WB), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis of affected tissues were conducted. Gross pathological examination revealed disseminated visceral involvement, characterized by multiple white nodules in the lungs, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Microscopically, these lesions corresponded to areas of coagulative necrosis surrounded by macrophage-rich inflammatory infiltrates, many of which contained protozoal amastigotes compatible with\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was confirmed by all aforementioned serological tests, PCR, and immunohistochemistry. This case highlights the expanding host range of\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and underscores the need to include leishmaniosis in the differential diagnosis of primates in zoological institutions, especially in endemic regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10894-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T10:18:39Z","timestamp":1758277119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Naturally acquired visceral leishmaniosis in a captive white-naped mangabey (Cercocebus lunulatus) in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Villanueva-Saz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Lebrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacobo","family":"Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvador Mar\u00edn","family":"Lillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Roca-Geron\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roser","family":"Fisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"de Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Arnal","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Qu\u00edlez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lex","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Marteles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04682-w","volume":"14","author":"MM Alcover","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alcover MM, Basurco A, Fernandez A et al (2021) A cross-sectional study of Leishmania infantum infection in stray cats in the City of Zaragoza (Spain) using serology and PCR. 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The Centro de Conservaci\u00f3n\n                      zoos located in endemic areas\n                      C\u00f3rdoba (C\u00f3rdoba, Spain) provided informed consent for publication by signing the official acceptance form issued by the University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"318"}}