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In surface swabs from BDD lesions,\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema medium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (92%),\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (88%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema brennaborense<\/jats:italic>\n                    (56%) were the most frequently detected species. Interdigital swabs from BDD-positive cows revealed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. medium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 40%,\n                    <jats:italic>T. pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 12%, and\n                    <jats:italic>T. brennaborense<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 4% of samples. In the healthy group,\n                    <jats:italic>T. medium<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 21.3%,\n                    <jats:italic>T. pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 4.8%, and\n                    <jats:italic>T. brennaborense<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 1.3% of samples.\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were also detected in fecal samples from both groups, with\n                    <jats:italic>T. brennaborense<\/jats:italic>\n                    found in 28% of BDD-positive cows and 22.3% of healthy cows, while\n                    <jats:italic>T. pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was present at a similar rate (8%) in both groups. In fecal samples from healthy cows, the proportion of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brennaborense<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly higher compared to\n                    <jats:italic>T. medium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Similarly, analysis of interdigital swabs showed a significantly higher occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brennaborense<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to\n                    <jats:italic>T. medium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). These findings highlight distinct distribution patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    species across different sample types and suggest their potential relevance in the diagnosis and understanding of reservoir dynamics in BDD infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10897-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T05:52:50Z","timestamp":1758261170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular detection and distribution of Treponema species in a commercial dairy cattle herd in Slovakia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Mekkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Sondorov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Ivan\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia \u0160ur\u00edn","family":"Hud\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e1n","family":"Ma\u010far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e1n","family":"Kada\u0161i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavol","family":"Mudro\u0148","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10897_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00201","volume":"161","author":"M Alsaaod","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alsaaod M, Locher I, Jores J et al (2019) Detection of specific Treponema species and Dichelobacter nodosus from digital dermatitis (Mortellaro\u2019s disease) lesions in Swiss cattle. 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