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The objective of this study is to alleviate stress and prevent cannibalism, thereby improving the fish\u2019s performance and welfare. A 90-day growth experiment investigated the dietary inclusion of melatonin (ML) on\n                    <jats:italic>Sparus aurata<\/jats:italic>\n                    performance, physiology, immunity, histopathology, and welfare when grown in saline groundwater (36 ppt) at stocking densities (SD) of 50 fish\/500 L\u2012tank (SD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and 100 fish\/500 L\u2012tank (SD\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Six fish groups in triplicate were fed three increasing levels of ML (0, 25, and 50\u00a0mg\/kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    diet) expressed as T1, T2 and T3 under SD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and T4, T5, and T6 under SD\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Fish (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091350) weighing 16.46\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18\u00a0g\/fish were grown using a flow-through system and a daily feeding rate of 4%. The results revealed significant declines in nitrogen by-product (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) levels of fish fed ML in a dose density-dependent manner. Fish fed ML under both densities showed significantly improved growth indices, FCR, growth hormone, and crude protein content compared with those fed the control diet, with T2 and T6 groups achieving the highest values. ML augmentation enhanced serum lipase, protease, immunoglobulin, albumin, globulin, antioxidants, and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1\u03b2 and lowered serum cortisol, glucose, ALT, AST, and ALP. Under both densities, the ML-fish presented healthier livers and intestines than those fed the control diet, which showed marked liver vacuoles and steatotic changes. The ML-SD interaction showed superior fish performance, particularly in groups T2 and T6; thus, it is recommended to administer dietary melatonin at 25\u00a0mg\/kg for seabream reared at 50 fish per 500-liter tank and 50\u00a0mg\/kg for those cultivated at 100 fish per 500-liter tank using groundwater.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10992-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T12:20:59Z","timestamp":1766665259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Melatonin supplementation alleviates stocking-density stress and enhances growth, immune, and physiological performance of Sparus aurata cultured in groundwater-based systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2784-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf. 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