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A total of 180 fish (21.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.15\u00a0g) were allocated into four groups\u2014control, CPF (0.24\u00a0mg\/L; 1\/10 of the 96-h LC\u2085\u2080), CPF\u2009+\u2009CV (2%), and CPF\u2009+\u2009\u03b2-glucan (0.1%)\u2014for 60\u00a0days. CPF exposure markedly elevated hepatic enzymes, uric acid, creatinine, and MDA, while antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH) and immune indices (IgM, CRP, respiratory burst, lysozyme) declined. Both CV and \u03b2-glucan mitigated these adverse effects: CV yielded the best growth and survival, and \u03b2-glucan produced stronger antioxidant recovery. Additionally, CPF upregulated TNF-\u03b1 and downregulated IL-10 gene expression in spleen tissues; both additives normalized these cytokines. Overall, dietary CV (2%) and \u03b2-glucan (0.1%) effectively counteracted CPF-induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and growth retardation in\n                    <jats:italic>C. gariepinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , supporting their inclusion as protective nutraceuticals in aquafeeds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-11025-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T11:26:22Z","timestamp":1770204382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ameliorative pharmacological effects of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and \u03b2-glucan on chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress, immunomodulation, and growth performance in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7528-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E. 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